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Lavudi K, Nuguri SM, Pandey P, Kokkanti RR, Wang QE. ALDH and cancer stem cells: Pathways, challenges, and future directions in targeted therapy. Life Sci 2024; 356:123033. [PMID: 39222837 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Human ALDH comprise 19 subfamilies in which ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, ALDH3A1, ALDH5A1, ALDH7A1, and ALDH18A1 are implicated in CSC. Studies have shown that ALDH can also be involved in drug resistance and standard chemotherapy regimens are ineffective in treating patients at the stage of disease recurrence. Existing chemotherapeutic drugs eliminate the bulk of tumors but are usually not effective against CSC which express ALDH+ population. Henceforth, targeting ALDH is convincing to treat the patient's post-relapse. Combination therapies that interlink signaling mechanisms seem promising to increase the overall disease-free survival rate. Therefore, targeting ALDH through ALDH inhibitors along with immunotherapies may create a novel platform for translational research. This review aims to fill in the gap between ALDH1 family members in relation to its cell signaling mechanisms, highlighting their potential as molecular targets to sensitize recurrent tumors and bring forward the future development concerning the current progress and draw backs. This review summarizes the role of cancer stem cells and their upregulation by maintaining the tumor microenvironment in which ALDH is specifically highlighted. It discusses the regulation of ALDH family proteins and the crosstalk between ALDH and CSC in relation to cancer metabolism. Furthermore, it establishes the correlation between ALDH involved signaling mechanisms and their specific targeted inhibitors, as well as their functional modularity, bioavailability, and mechanistic role in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousalya Lavudi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Shreya Madhav Nuguri
- Department of Food science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Prashant Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Steen S, Horn D, Flechtenmacher C, Hoffmann J, Freier K, Ristow O, Hess J, Moratin J. Expression analysis of SOX2 and SOX9 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2024. [PMID: 39180200 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lately SOX2 and SOX9, transcription factors associated with stemness-like phenotypes of cancer cells, have been linked to tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. METHODS This study aimed on evaluating the expression of SOX2 and SOX9 in a large cohort of patients with OSCC including primary and recurrent tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases. Semiautomatic digital pathology scoring was used to determine protein expression and survival analysis was performed to evaluate its prognostic significance. RESULTS We found a significant downregulation of SOX9 from primary disease to lymph node metastases (p < 0.001). SOX9 expression and the subgroup SOX2lowSOX9high were significantly correlated with worse overall survival (p < 0.05). Additionally, SOX2lowSOX9high expression pattern was confirmed as independent prognosticator for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the relevant role of SOX2 and SOX9 in patients with OSCC and show the clinical relevance for further investigation on the molecular mechanisms underlying SOX-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Steen
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Horn
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christa Flechtenmacher
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kolja Freier
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Ristow
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julius Moratin
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Panda M, Biswal S, Biswal BK. Evodiamine potentiates cisplatin-induced cell death and overcomes cisplatin resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer by targeting SOX9-β-catenin axis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:523. [PMID: 38630183 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, phytotherapy has remained as a key therapeutic option for the treatment of various cancers. Evodiamine, an excellent phytocompound from Evodia fructus, exerts anticancer activity in several cancers by modulating drug resistance. However, the role of evodiamine in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells is not clear till now. Therefore, we have used evodiamine as a chemosensitizer to overcome cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. METHODS Here, we looked into SOX9 expression and how it affects the cisplatin sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. MTT and clonogenic assays were performed to check the cell proliferation. AO/EtBr and DAPI staining, ROS measurement assay, transfection, Western blot analysis, RT-PCR, Scratch & invasion, and comet assay were done to check the role of evodiamine in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. RESULTS SOX9 levels were observed to be higher in cisplatin-resistant A549 (A549CR) and NCI-H522 (NCI-H522CR) compared to parental A549 and NCI-H522. It was found that SOX9 promotes cisplatin resistance by regulating β-catenin. Depletion of SOX9 restores cisplatin sensitivity by decreasing cell proliferation and cell migration and inducing apoptosis in A549CR and NCI-H522CR. After evodiamine treatment, it was revealed that evodiamine increases cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in A549CR and NCI-H522CR cells through increasing intracellular ROS generation. The combination of both drugs also significantly inhibited cell migration by inhibiting epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistic investigation revealed that evodiamine resensitizes cisplatin-resistant cells toward cisplatin by decreasing the expression of SOX9 and β-catenin. CONCLUSION The combination of evodiamine and cisplatin may be a novel strategy for combating cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Panda
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha,, 769008, India
| | - Stuti Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha,, 769008, India
| | - Bijesh K Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha,, 769008, India.
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Sheng N, Fu R, Zhou C, Li Y, Fan Y, Wang J, Nan X. SOX9 promotes stemness in the CAL27 cell line of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4000. [PMID: 38566395 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a prevalent form of oral malignancy, with increasing incidence. Unfortunately, the 5-year survival rate for patients has not exceeded 50%. Studies have shown that sex-determining region Y box 9 (SOX9) correlates with malignancy and tumor stemness in a variety of tumors. To investigate the role of SOX9 in TSCC stemness, we analyzed its influence on various aspects of tumor biology, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, sphere and clone formation, and drug resistance in TSCC. Our data suggest a close association between SOX9 expression and both the stemness phenotype and drug resistance in TSCC. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a progressive increase of SOX9 expression in normal oral mucosa, paracancerous tissues, and tongue squamous carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, the expression of SOX9 was closely linked to the TNM stage, but not to lymph node metastasis or tumor diameter. SOX9 is a crucial gene in TSCC responsible for promoting the stemness function of cancer stem cells. Developing drugs that target SOX9 is extremely important in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanning Sheng
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rong Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chuhuan Zhou
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yawei Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Nan
- Faculty of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Duan JJ, Cai J, Gao L, Yu SC. ALDEFLUOR activity, ALDH isoforms, and their clinical significance in cancers. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2166035. [PMID: 36651035 PMCID: PMC9858439 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2166035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a metabolic feature of adult stem cells and various cancer stem cells (CSCs). The ALDEFLUOR system is currently the most commonly used method for evaluating ALDH enzyme activity in viable cells. This system is applied extensively in the isolation of normal stem cells and CSCs from heterogeneous cell populations. For many years, ALDH1A1 has been considered the most important subtype among the 19 ALDH family members in determining ALDEFLUOR activity. However, in recent years, studies of many types of normal and tumour tissues have demonstrated that other ALDH subtypes can also significantly influence ALDEFLUOR activity. In this article, we briefly review the relationships between various members of the ALDH family and ALDEFLUOR activity. The clinical significance of these ALDH isoforms in different cancers and possible directions for future studies are also summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jie Duan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China,International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China,International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital; Third Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China,International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Chongqing, China,Jin-feng Laboratory, Chongqing, China,CONTACT Shi-Cang Yu Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing400038, China
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Xanthis V, Mantso T, Dimtsi A, Pappa A, Fadouloglou VE. Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: A Superfamily of Similar Yet Different Proteins Highly Related to Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4419. [PMID: 37686694 PMCID: PMC10650815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of human aldehyde dehydrogenases (hALDHs) consists of 19 isoenzymes which are critical for several physiological and biosynthetic processes and play a major role in the organism's detoxification via the NAD(P) dependent oxidation of numerous endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Over the last decades, ALDHs have been the subject of several studies as it was revealed that their differential expression patterns in various cancer types are associated either with carcinogenesis or promotion of cell survival. Here, we attempt to provide a thorough review of hALDHs' diverse functions and 3D structures with particular emphasis on their role in cancer pathology and resistance to chemotherapy. We are especially interested in findings regarding the association of structural features and their changes with effects on enzymes' functionalities. Moreover, we provide an updated outline of the hALDHs inhibitors utilized in experimental or clinical settings for cancer therapy. Overall, this review aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of ALDHs in cancer pathology and therapy from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Zeng L, Zhu Y, Moreno CS, Wan Y. New insights into KLFs and SOXs in cancer pathogenesis, stemness, and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:29-44. [PMID: 36806560 PMCID: PMC10023514 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of cancer therapies, the success of most treatments has been impeded by drug resistance. The crucial role of tumor cell plasticity has emerged recently in cancer progression, cancer stemness and eventually drug resistance. Cell plasticity drives tumor cells to reversibly convert their cell identity, analogous to differentiation and dedifferentiation, to adapt to drug treatment. This phenotypical switch is driven by alteration of the transcriptome. Several pluripotent factors from the KLF and SOX families are closely associated with cancer pathogenesis and have been revealed to regulate tumor cell plasticity. In this review, we particularly summarize recent studies about KLF4, KLF5 and SOX factors in cancer development and evolution, focusing on their roles in cancer initiation, invasion, tumor hierarchy and heterogeneity, and lineage plasticity. In addition, we discuss the various regulation of these transcription factors and related cutting-edge drug development approaches that could be used to drug "undruggable" transcription factors, such as PROTAC and PPI targeting, for targeted cancer therapy. Advanced knowledge could pave the way for the development of novel drugs that target transcriptional regulation and could improve the outcome of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Yueming Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
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Al-Shamma SA, Zaher DM, Hersi F, Abu Jayab NN, Omar HA. Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes in combination with chemotherapy and immunotherapy: An approach to tackle resistance in cancer cells. Life Sci 2023; 320:121541. [PMID: 36870386 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern cancer chemotherapy originated in the 1940s, and since then, many chemotherapeutic agents have been developed. However, most of these agents show limited response in patients due to innate and acquired resistance to therapy, which leads to the development of multi-drug resistance to different treatment modalities, leading to cancer recurrence and, eventually, patient death. One of the crucial players in inducing chemotherapy resistance is the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme. ALDH is overexpressed in chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, which detoxifies the generated toxic aldehydes from chemotherapy, preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species and, thus, inhibiting the induction of oxidative stress and the stimulation of DNA damage and cell death. This review discusses the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells promoted by ALDH. In addition, we provide detailed insight into the role of ALDH in cancer stemness, metastasis, metabolism, and cell death. Several studies investigated targeting ALDH in combination with other treatments as a potential therapeutic regimen to overcome resistance. We also highlight novel approaches in ALDH inhibition, including the potential synergistic employment of ALDH inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy against different cancers, including head and neck, colorectal, breast, lung, and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Al-Shamma
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dana M Zaher
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatema Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nour N Abu Jayab
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
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Wei Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Liu P, Huang S, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wu Z, Hu M, Wu Q, Wu H, Liu F, She T, Ning Z. ALDH1: A potential therapeutic target for cancer stem cells in solid tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1026278. [PMID: 36387165 PMCID: PMC9650078 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1026278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors can be divided into benign solid tumors and solid malignant tumors in the academic community, among which malignant solid tumors are called cancers. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, and the global incidence of cancer is increasing yearly New cancer patients in China are always the first. After the concept of stem cells was introduced in the tumor community, the CSC markers represented by ALDH1 have been widely studied due to their strong CSC cell characteristics and potential to be the driving force of tumor metastasis. In the research results in the past five years, it has been found that ALDH1 is highly expressed in various solid cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer, head,and neck cancer. ALDH1 can activate and transform various pathways (such as the USP28/MYC signaling pathway, ALDH1A1/HIF-1α/VEGF axis, wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway), as well as change the intracellular pH value to promote formation and maintenance, resulting in drug resistance in tumors. By targeting and inhibiting ALDH1 in tumor stem cells, it can enhance the sensitivity of drugs and inhibit the proliferation, differentiation, and metastasis of solid tumor stem cells to some extent. This review discusses the relationship and pathway of ALDH1 with various solid tumors. It proposes that ALDH1 may serve as a diagnosis and therapeutic target for CSC, providing new insights and new strategies for reliable tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Wei
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yenan Chen
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yanling Sun
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Meichun Hu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Hongnian Wu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Fuxing Liu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- *Correspondence: Fuxing Liu, ; Tonghui She, ; Zhifeng Ning,
| | - Tonghui She
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- *Correspondence: Fuxing Liu, ; Tonghui She, ; Zhifeng Ning,
| | - Zhifeng Ning
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- *Correspondence: Fuxing Liu, ; Tonghui She, ; Zhifeng Ning,
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Deubiquitylase OTUD1 confers Erlotinib sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer through inhibition of nuclear translocation of YAP1. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:403. [PMID: 36182943 PMCID: PMC9526728 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists suggesting tumor-inhibiting properties of deubiquitylase OTUD1 in various malignancies. We herein investigated the anti-tumor effect and clarified the downstream mechanisms of OTUD1 in the chemoresistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Expression of OTUD1 was examined in NSCLC (PC-9 cells) and erlotinib-resistant NSCLC (PC-9/ER) cell lines. OTUD1 was bioinformatically predicted to be weakly expressed in NSCLC tissue samples and verified in PC-9/ER cells. PC-9/ER cells were subsequently subjected to ectopic expression of OTUD1 alone or combined with SOX9 to dissect out the effect of OTUD1 on the proliferation, chemoresistance and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. OTUD1 upregulation sensitized NSCLC cells to erlotinib both in vitro and in vivo. In the presence of OTUD1 overexpression, nuclear translocation of YAP1 was inhibited and its expression was inactivated. This effect of OTUD1 was associated with the decreased ubiquitination level of YAP1. SOX9/SPP1 inactivation was the consequence of inhibited nuclear translocation of YAP1. Overexpression of SOX9 reversed the inhibitory effect of OTUD1 on the resistance of NSCLC cells to erlotinib. In conclusion, our study reveals that OTUD1 potentially acts as a tumor suppressor and suppresses erlotinib resistance of NSCLC through the YAP1/SOX9/SPP1 axis, suggesting that OTUD1 may serve as a target for reducing chemoresistance for NSCLC.
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Chen H, Chen X, Zeng F, Fu A, Huang M. Prognostic value of SOX9 in cervical cancer: Bioinformatics and experimental approaches. Front Genet 2022; 13:939328. [PMID: 36003340 PMCID: PMC9394184 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among gynecological cancers, cervical cancer is a common malignancy and remains the leading cause of cancer-related death for women. However, the exact molecular pathogenesis of cervical cancer is not known. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cervical cancer pathogenesis will aid in the development of effective treatment modalities. In this research, we attempted to discern candidate biomarkers for cervical cancer by using multiple bioinformatics approaches. First, we performed differential expression analysis based on cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, then used differentially expressed genes for weighted gene co-expression network construction to find the most relevant gene module for cervical cancer. Next, the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed on the module genes, followed by using protein–protein interaction network analysis and Cytoscape to find the key gene. Finally, we validated the key gene by using multiple online sites and experimental methods. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we found the turquoise module was the highest correlated module with cervical cancer diagnosis. The biological process of the module genes focused on cell proliferation, cell adhesion, and protein binding processes, while the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway of the module significantly enriched pathways related to cancer and cell circle. Among the module genes, SOX9 was identified as the hub gene, and its expression was associated with cervical cancer prognosis. We found the expression of SOX9 correlates with cancer-associated fibroblast immune infiltration in immune cells by Timer2.0. Furthermore, cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration is linked to cervical cancer patients’ prognosis. Compared to those in normal adjacent, immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that the protein and mRNA expression of SOX9 in cervical cancer were higher. Therefore, the SOX9 gene acts as an oncogene in cervical cancer, interactive with immune infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts, thereby affecting the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
| | - Xupeng Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
| | - Fanhua Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
| | - Aizhen Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Meiyuan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
- *Correspondence: Meiyuan Huang,
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Kant Tripathi S, Kumar Sahoo R, Kumar Biswal B. SOX9 as an emerging target for anticancer drugs and a prognostic biomarker for cancer drug resistance. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2541-2550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Oh M, Son C, Rho SB, Kim M, Park K, Song SY. Stem Cell Factor SOX9 Interacts with a Cell Death Regulator RIPK1 and Results in Escape of Cancer Stem Cell Death. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030363. [PMID: 35159173 PMCID: PMC8834197 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade ovarian cancer (HGOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer, with high metastasis and recurrence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for its apoptosis resistance, cancer metastasis, and recurrence. Thus, targeting CSCs would be a promising strategy for overcoming chemotherapy resistance and improving patient prognosis in HGOC. Among upregulated oncogenic proteins in HGOC, we found that transcription factor SOX9 showed a strong correlation with stemness-regulating ALDH1A1 and was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of HGOC with lymph node metastasis. In order to address the role of unusual cytoplasmic SOX9 and to explore its underlying mechanism in HGOC malignancy, a Y2H assay was used to identify a necroptotic cell death-associated cytoplasmic protein, receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), as a novel SOX9-interacting partner and further mapped their respective interacting domains. The C-terminal region containing the transactivation domain of SOX9 interacted with the death domain of R1PK1. Consistent with its stemness-promoting function, SOX9 knockdown in vitro resulted in changes in cell morphology, cell cycle, stem cell marker expression, cell invasion, and sphere formation. Furthermore, in vivo knockdown completely inhibited tumor growth in mouse xenograft model. We propose that cytoplasmic SOX9-mediated cell death suppression would contribute to cancer stem cell survival in HGOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Oh
- Medical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Chaeyeon Son
- Medical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Seung Bae Rho
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Kyoungsook Park
- Medical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (S.Y.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8718-3625 (K.P.); +82-10-9933-2803 (S.Y.S.)
| | - Sang Yong Song
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (S.Y.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8718-3625 (K.P.); +82-10-9933-2803 (S.Y.S.)
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Cortes-Dericks L, Galetta D. Impact of Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cell-Driven Drug Resiliency in Lung Tumor: Options in Sight. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:267. [PMID: 35053430 PMCID: PMC8773978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Causing a high mortality rate worldwide, lung cancer remains an incurable malignancy resistant to conventional therapy. Despite the discovery of specific molecular targets and new treatment strategies, there remains a pressing need to develop more efficient therapy to further improve the management of this disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered the root of sustained tumor growth. This consensus corroborates the CSC model asserting that a distinct subpopulation of malignant cells within a tumor drives and maintains tumor progression with high heterogeneity. Besides being highly tumorigenic, CSCs are highly refractory to standard drugs; therefore, cancer treatment should be focused on eliminating these cells. Herein, we present the current knowledge of the existence of CSCs, CSC-associated mechanisms of chemoresistance, the ability of CSCs to evade immune surveillance, and potential CSC inhibitors in lung cancer, to provide a wider insight to drive a more efficient elimination of this pro-oncogenic and treatment-resistant cell fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Galetta
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology-DIPO, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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15
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Li ZF, Meng DD, Liu YY, Bi FG, Tian K, Xu JZ, Sun JG, Gu CX, Li Y. Hypoxia inducible factor-3α promotes osteosarcoma progression by activating KDM3A-mediated demethylation of SOX9. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109759. [PMID: 34826399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia/oxygen-sensing signally is closely associated with many tumor progressions, including osteosarcoma (OS). Previous research principally focused on the function of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α as the major hypoxia-associated transcription factors in OS, however, the role of HIF-3α has not been investigated. Our study found that HIF-3α was upregulated in OS tissues and cell lines. HIF-3α overexpression facilitated cell proliferation and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis, whereas HIF-3α knockdown showed the opposite results. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that lysine demethylase 3A (KDM3A) expression was transcriptionally activated by HIF-3α under hypoxia, and KDM3A occupied the SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) gene promoter region through H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2). Additionally, rescue results revealed that KDM3A or SOX9 overexpression reversed the effects of HIF-3α silence on cell functions. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway inhibitor cucurbitacin I suppressed the promotive effects of HIF-3α overexpression on cell proliferation, invasion and TAK2/STAT3 pathway. Finally, OS cell line MG-63 transfected with HIF-3α short hairpin RNA (HIF-3α shRNA) were subcutaneously injected into nude mice, and the results found that HIF-3α knockdown significantly inhibited the xenograft tumor growth of OS in vivo. In conclusion, this study reveals that HIF-3α promotes OS progression in vitro and in vivo by activating KDM3A-mediated SOX9 promoter demethylation, which may provide a potential therapeutic mechanism for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Yong-Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Fang-Gang Bi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Ke Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Jian-Guang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Chen-Xi Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
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16
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The Human Positive Cofactor 4 is a Promising Chemotherapeutic Target in Lung Adenocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:9958483. [PMID: 34899911 PMCID: PMC8664520 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9958483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reduced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs is almost inevitable in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Thus, understanding the relevant mechanisms is urgent. Positive cofactor 4 (PC4) was at first revealed to be a coactivator of basal transcription. Previous research has shown that PC4 participates in various cellular processes in normal and malignant cells. However, it is still unknown whether PC4 participates in altering the lung adenocarcinoma cell sensitivity to chemotherapy, and the relevant mechanisms remain to be explained. In this study, we discovered that PC4 was overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells. PC4 decreased cisplatin's cytotoxic effects on lung adenocarcinoma in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, PC4 positively correlated with SOX9 in multiple cancers. PC4 was an upstream regulator of SOX9 in lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, PC4 mediated lung adenocarcinoma cell sensitivity to the HIF-PH inhibitor DMOG and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and PC4 mediated the synergistic effect of DMOG and cisplatin. Finally, PC4 destabilized HIF-1α upon cisplatin treatment. Our research showed that PC4 participates in mediating lung adenocarcinoma cell sensitivity to multiple drugs. Mechanistically, PC4 governs multiple downstream pathways associated with chemotherapy resistance, including the SOX9 and HIF-1α pathways. Thus, PC4 is a promising chemotherapeutic target in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Ji A, Qian L, Tian Z, Cui J. WDR5 promotes the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma by inducing SOX9 expression. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1599-1609. [PMID: 34743548 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: WDR5 is a coactivator of transcription factor which promotes the progression of several cancer types, but its function in lung adenocarcinoma (AC) is unknown. Materials & methods: We detected WDR5 expression in lung AC with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results: WDR5 was significantly overexpressed in ACs compared with normal lung tissues. Moreover, WDR5 was an independent prognostic biomarker of lung AC. With clinical analyzation and in vitro experiments, we proved that SOX9 was a downstream effector of WDR5 in promoting A549 proliferation, and that SOX9 was also an unfavorable prognostic biomarker of lung AC. Conclusion: WDR5 and SOX9 are both prognostic biomarkers predicting poor outcome of lung AC. WDR5 could promote proliferation of lung AC by elevating SOX9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Zhenmin Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725000, China
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18
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Insights into Intra-Tumoral Heterogeneity: Transcriptional Profiling of Chemoresistant MPM Cell Subpopulations Reveals Involvement of NFkB and DNA Repair Pathways and Contributes a Prognostic Signature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112071. [PMID: 34769499 PMCID: PMC8585077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a hallmark of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) management and the expression of ALDH1A3 is responsible for the survival and activity of MPM chemoresistant cell subpopulations (ALDHbright cells). We enriched mesothelioma ALDHbright cells to near homogeneity by FACS sorting and an Aldefluor assay and performed unbiased Affymetrix gene expression profiling. Viability and ELISA assays were used to rule out significant apoptosis in the sorted cell subpopulations and to assess target engagement by butein. Statistical analysis of the results, pathway enrichment and promoter enrichment were employed for the generation of the data. Q-RTPCR was used to validate a subset of the identified, modulated mRNAs In this work, we started from the observation that the mRNA levels of the ALDH1A3 isoform could prognostically stratify MPM patients. Thus, we purified MPM ALDHbright cells from NCI-H2595 cells and interrogated their gene expression (GES) profile. We analyzed the GES of the purified cells at both a steady state and upon treatment with butein (a multifunctional tetrahydroxy-chalcone), which abates the ALDHbright cell number, thereby exerting chemo-sensitizing effects in vitro and in vivo. We identified 924 genes modulated in a statistically significant manner as a function of ALDH status and of the response to the inhibitor. Pathway and promoter enrichment identified the molecular determinant of high ALDH status and how butein treatment altered the molecular portrait of those chemoresistant cell subpopulations. Further, we unraveled an eighteen-gene signature with high prognostic significance for MPM patients, and showed that most of the identified prognostic contributors escaped the analysis of unfractionated samples. This work proves that digging into the unexplored field of intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) by working at the cell subpopulation level may provide findings of prognostic relevance, in addition to mechanistic insights into tumor resistance to therapy.
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19
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Cioce M, Canino C, Pass H, Blandino G, Strano S, Fazio VM. Arachidonic acid drives adaptive responses to chemotherapy-induced stress in malignant mesothelioma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:344. [PMID: 34727953 PMCID: PMC8561918 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background High resistance to therapy and poor prognosis characterizes malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). In fact, the current lines of treatment, based on platinum and pemetrexed, have limited impact on the survival of MPM patients. Adaptive response to therapy-induced stress involves complex rearrangements of the MPM secretome, mediated by the acquisition of a senescence-associated-secretory-phenotype (SASP). This fuels the emergence of chemoresistant cell subpopulations, with specific gene expression traits and protumorigenic features. The SASP-driven rearrangement of MPM secretome takes days to weeks to occur. Thus, we have searched for early mediators of such adaptive process and focused on metabolites differentially released in mesothelioma vs mesothelial cell culture media, after treatment with pemetrexed. METHODS Mass spectrometry-based (LC/MS and GC/MS) identification of extracellular metabolites and unbiased statistical analysis were performed on the spent media of mesothelial and mesothelioma cell lines, at steady state and after a pulse with pharmacologically relevant doses of the drug. ELISA based evaluation of arachidonic acid (AA) levels and enzyme inhibition assays were used to explore the role of cPLA2 in AA release and that of LOX/COX-mediated processing of AA. QRT-PCR, flow cytometry analysis of ALDH expressing cells and 3D spheroid growth assays were employed to assess the role of AA at mediating chemoresistance features of MPM. ELISA based detection of p65 and IkBalpha were used to interrogate the NFkB pathway activation in AA-treated cells. RESULTS We first validated what is known or expected from the mechanism of action of the antifolate. Further, we found increased levels of PUFAs and, more specifically, arachidonic acid (AA), in the transformed cell lines treated with pemetrexed. We showed that pharmacologically relevant doses of AA tightly recapitulated the rearrangement of cell subpopulations and the gene expression changes happening in pemetrexed -treated cultures and related to chemoresistance. Further, we showed that release of AA following pemetrexed treatment was due to cPLA2 and that AA signaling impinged on NFkB activation and largely affected anchorage-independent, 3D growth and the resistance of the MPM 3D cultures to the drug. CONCLUSIONS AA is an early mediator of the adaptive response to pem in chemoresistant MPM and, possibly, other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cioce
- Department of Medicine, R.U. in Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Canino
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Radiation Oncology Unit, UPMC Hillmann Cancer Center, San Pietro Hospital FBF, Rome, Italy
| | - Harvey Pass
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Strano
- SAFU Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Department of Medicine, R.U. in Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128, Rome, Italy. .,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133, Rome, Italy. .,Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
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Oncogenic role of SOX9-DHCR24-cholesterol biosynthesis axis in IGH-BCL2 positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2021; 139:73-86. [PMID: 34624089 PMCID: PMC8740888 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX9 plays an oncogenic role in germinal center B-cell type, IGH-BCL2+ DLBCL, by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. SOX9 drives lymphomagenesis through upregulation of DHCR24, the key final enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
Although oncogenicity of the stem cell regulator SOX9 has been implicated in many solid tumors, its role in lymphomagenesis remains largely unknown. In this study, SOX9 was overexpressed preferentially in a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) that harbor IGH-BCL2 translocations. SOX9 positivity in DLBCL correlated with an advanced stage of disease. Silencing of SOX9 decreased cell proliferation, induced G1/S arrest, and increased apoptosis of DLBCL cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Whole-transcriptome analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing assays identified DHCR24, a terminal enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, as a direct target of SOX9, which promotes cholesterol synthesis by increasing DHCR24 expression. Enforced expression of DHCR24 was capable of rescuing the phenotypes associated with SOX9 knockdown in DLBCL cells. In models of DLBCL cell line xenografts, SOX9 knockdown resulted in a lower DHCR24 level, reduced cholesterol content, and decreased tumor load. Pharmacological inhibition of cholesterol synthesis also inhibited DLBCL xenograft tumorigenesis, the reduction of which is more pronounced in DLBCL cell lines with higher SOX9 expression, suggesting that it may be addicted to cholesterol. In summary, our study demonstrated that SOX9 can drive lymphomagenesis through DHCR24 and the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. This SOX9-DHCR24-cholesterol biosynthesis axis may serve as a novel treatment target for DLBCLs.
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21
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Yang H, Liu Y, Kong J. Effect of aerobic exercise on acquired gefitinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101204. [PMID: 34425505 PMCID: PMC8383010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term gefitinib induction could increase the level of oxidative stress in lung adenocarcinoma cells and reduce the antioxidant capacity. Acquired resistance to gefitinib in lung adenocarcinoma was closely related to the high expression of HIF-1 and ALDH1 and the enrichment of CSCs. The inhibitory effect of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress can effectively reduce the expression of HIF-1 and ALDH1 and inhibit the enrichment of CSCs, which can enhance the response of drug-resistant cells to gefitinib.
Lung adenocarcinoma patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations respond well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors but typically develop resistance. Current therapies mainly target differentiated cells, not cancer stem cells (CSCs), but CSCs affect the occurrence, invasion, metastasis and treatment sensitivity of malignant tumours. Recently, aerobic exercise has emerged as adjuvant therapy for cancer. Aerobic exercise can accelerate blood circulation, improve tissue oxygen supply, reduce the stress level of patients, improve the antioxidant capacity of the body, and facilitate the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in tumour tissues, thus weakening its maintenance effect on CSCs. In this study, we successfully established lung adenocarcinoma cell lines with gefitinib resistance. Long-term gefitinib induction could increase the level of oxidative stress in lung adenocarcinoma cells and reduce the antioxidant capacity, resulting in the high expression of HIF-1 and ALDH1 and leading to the enrichment of CSCs, and a decreased response to gefitinib. This may be one of the important reasons for gefitinib-acquired resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. In the case of drug resistance, effective aerobic exercise could reduce ROS, activate SOD, inhibit HIF-1 and ALDH1, and cause a reduction in CSCs to sensitise cells to gefitinib again and ultimately inhibit the malignant proliferation of tumours. Therefore, in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma, the inhibitory effect of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress can enhance the response of drug-resistant cells to gefitinib and can be used as an effective adjunct measure in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- School of PE, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jinyu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
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22
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Targeting NAD-dependent dehydrogenases in drug discovery against infectious diseases and cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:693-707. [PMID: 32311017 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrogenases are oxidoreductase enzymes that play a variety of fundamental functions in the living organisms and have primary roles in pathogen survival and infection processes as well as in cancer development. We review here a sub-set of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases involved in human diseases and the recent advancements in drug development targeting pathogen-associated NAD-dependent dehydrogenases. We focus also on the molecular aspects of the inhibition process listing the structures of the most relevant molecules targeting this enzyme family. Our aim is to review the most impacting findings regarding the discovery of novel inhibitory compounds targeting the selected NAD-dependent dehydrogenases involved in cancer and infectious diseases.
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MKL1-induced lncRNA SNHG18 drives the growth and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer via the miR-211-5p/BRD4 axis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:128. [PMID: 33500406 PMCID: PMC7838315 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytic leukemia 1 (MKL1) is a key transcription factor involved in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) growth and metastasis. Yet, its downstream target genes, especially long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) targets, are poorly investigated. In this study, we employed lncRNA array technology to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in NSCLC cells with or without overexpression of MKL1. Candidate lncRNAs were further explored for their clinical significance and function in NSCLC. The results showed that MKL1 promoted the expression of lncRNA SNHG18 in NSCLC cells. SNHG18 upregulation in NSCLC specimens correlated with lymph node metastasis and reduced overall survival of NSCLC patients. SNHG18 expression served as an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC. Knockdown of SNHG18 blocked MKL1-induced growth and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro. Animal studies validated the requirement for SNHG18 in NSCLC growth and metastasis. Moreover, overexpression of SNHG18 promoted NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion. Mechanically, SNHG18 exerted its prometastatic effects on NSCLC cells through repression of miR-211-5p and induction of BRD4. Clinical evidence indicated that SNHG18 expression was negatively correlated with miR-211-5p expression in NSCLC tissues. Altogether, SNHG18 acts as a lncRNA mediator of MKL1 in NSCLC. SNHG18 facilitates NSCLC growth and metastasis by modulating the miR-211-5p/BRD4 axis. Therefore, SNHG18 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Szenajch J, Szabelska-Beręsewicz A, Świercz A, Zyprych-Walczak J, Siatkowski I, Góralski M, Synowiec A, Handschuh L. Transcriptome Remodeling in Gradual Development of Inverse Resistance between Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9218. [PMID: 33287223 PMCID: PMC7730278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to anti-cancer drugs is the main challenge in oncology. In pre-clinical studies, established cancer cell lines are primary tools in deciphering molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon. In this study, we proposed a new, transcriptome-focused approach, utilizing a model of isogenic cancer cell lines with gradually changing resistance. We analyzed trends in gene expression in the aim to find out a scaffold of resistance development process. The ovarian cancer cell line A2780 was treated with stepwise increased concentrations of paclitaxel (PTX) to generate a series of drug resistant sublines. To monitor transcriptome changes we submitted them to mRNA-sequencing, followed by the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering. Functional interactions of proteins, encoded by DEGs, were analyzed by building protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. We obtained human ovarian cancer cell lines with gradually developed resistance to PTX and collateral sensitivity to cisplatin (CDDP) (inverse resistance). In their transcriptomes, we identified two groups of DEGs: (1) With fluctuations in expression in the course of resistance acquiring; and (2) with a consistently changed expression at each stage of resistance development, constituting a scaffold of the process. In the scaffold PPI network, the cell cycle regulator-polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2); proteins belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and receptor family, as well as to the ephrin receptor family were found, and moreover, proteins linked to osteo- and chondrogenesis and the nervous system development. Our cellular model of drug resistance allowed for keeping track of trends in gene expression and studying this phenomenon as a process of evolution, reflected by global transcriptome remodeling. This approach enabled us to explore novel candidate genes and surmise that abrogation of the osteomimic phenotype in ovarian cancer cells might occur during the development of inverse resistance between PTX and CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Szenajch
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Alicja Szabelska-Beręsewicz
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-B.); (J.Z.-W.); (I.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Świercz
- Laboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.G.); (L.H.)
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zyprych-Walczak
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-B.); (J.Z.-W.); (I.S.)
| | - Idzi Siatkowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-B.); (J.Z.-W.); (I.S.)
| | - Michał Góralski
- Laboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Agnieszka Synowiec
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Luiza Handschuh
- Laboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.G.); (L.H.)
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25
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Cui S, Liu Z, Tao B, Fan S, Pu Y, Meng X, Li D, Xia H, Xu L. miR-145 attenuates cardiac fibrosis through the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway by directly targeting SOX9 in fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:209-221. [PMID: 32890431 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) will inevitably result in cardiac fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of microRNA-145 (miR-145) and transcription factor sex-determining region Y box 9 (SOX9) in the production of cardiac fibrosis induced by MI. MI rat models were established by left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion. Four weeks after LAD, the cardiac fibrosis level was assessed by Masson's trichrome staining. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) exposed to hypoxia were used to simulate MI-induced fibrosis. Flow cytometry, cell counting kit-8, and transwell assays were used to examine changes in CF apoptosis, proliferation, and migration, respectively. miR-145 expression was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis were performed to determine the relative expression of proteins. In comparison to the sham-operated group, the expression of miR-145 was significantly downregulated in the infarction peripheral area, whereas, SOX9 was upregulated. In the infarcted heart, the overexpression of miR-145 significantly ameliorated cardiac fibrosis and cardiac function, and there was a negative correlation between miR-145 and SOX9 expressions in hypoxic CFs in vitro. In addition, SOX9 was verified to be a functional target of miR-145. Overexpression of miR-145 or inhibition of SOX9 decreased CF proliferation, migration, and fibrosis, but augmented their apoptotic rate. Moreover, the upregulation of miR-145 or suppression of SOX9 inhibited AKT and β-catenin signaling in hypoxic CFs. Taken together, this study highlights a potential treatment for cardiac fibrosis through the targeted regulation of SOX9 by miR-145, and our findings indicate that miR-145 exerts anti-fibrotic effects in MI via the negative regulation of SOX9 and its downstream AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhebo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suzhen Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Pu
- Renmin Hospital of Hannan District, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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26
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A Review of ULK1-Mediated Autophagy in Drug Resistance of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020352. [PMID: 32033142 PMCID: PMC7073181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty of early diagnosis and the development of drug resistance are two major barriers to the successful treatment of cancer. Autophagy plays a crucial role in several cellular functions, and its dysregulation is associated with both tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in the initiation of autophagy. Many studies have indicated that compounds that directly or indirectly target ULK1 could be used for tumor therapy. However, reports of the therapeutic effects of these compounds have come to conflicting conclusions. In this work, we reviewed recent studies related to the effects of ULK1 on the regulation of autophagy and the development of drug resistance in cancers, with the aim of clarifying the mechanistic underpinnings of this therapeutic target.
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27
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Sarabia-Sánchez MÁ, Alvarado-Ortiz E, Toledo-Guzman ME, García-Carrancá A, Ortiz-Sánchez E. ALDH HIGH Population Is Regulated by the AKT/β-Catenin Pathway in a Cervical Cancer Model. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1039. [PMID: 32766133 PMCID: PMC7379485 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ALDH is an enzyme involved in different cellular processes, including cancer. It has been shown that a cellular subpopulation with high ALDH activity (ALDHHIGH) within a tumor is related to functional capabilities such as stemness, chemoresistance, and tumorigenicity. However, few studies have focused on determining the mechanisms behind ALDH activity within the cells. Previously, our group reported that ALDHHIGH cells have higher tumorigenicity in Cervical Cancer (CC) cell lines. Based on this, we were interested to know the molecular mediators of the ALDHHIGH cells, specifically β-catenin, inasmuch as β-catenin is regulated through different pathways, such as Wnt signaling, and that it acts as a transcriptional co-activator involved in cancer progression. In this work, we show that the increase in ALDHHIGH cell percentage is reverted by β-catenin knockdown. Consistently, upon GSK3-β inactivation, a negative regulator of β-catenin, we observed an increase in ALDHHIGH cells. Additionally, we observed a low percentage of cells positive for Fzd receptor, suggesting that in our model there is a low capacity to respond to Wnt ligands. The analysis of ALDHHIGH cells in a sphere formation model demonstrated the active state of AKT. In accordance with this, impairment of AKT activity not only reduced β-catenin active state, but also the percentage of ALDHHIGH cells. This corroborates that AKT acts upstream of β-catenin, thus affecting the percentage of ALDHHIGH cells. In conclusion, our results show that ALDHHIGH cells are dependent on β-catenin, in spite of the Wnt pathway seems to be dispensable, while AKT emerges as central player supporting a mechanism in this important axis that is not yet well known but its analysis improves our understanding of ALDH activity on CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Sarabia-Sánchez
- Programa de posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Alvarado-Ortiz
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez ;
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