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Wang J, Zhao X, Han B, Meng K, Gao L. The up-regulation of PTBP1 expression level in patients with Insomnia by senile dementia and promote cuproptosis of nerve cell by SLC31A1. Sleep Med 2025; 128:206-218. [PMID: 39985973 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2025.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/24/2025]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), often referred to as the modern-day scourge, stands as a significant health challenge characterized by high rates of disability and mortality, particularly among the geriatric population. Thus, the present study investigated the precise details of PTBP1 involvement in cuproptosis of nerve cell of patients with Insomnia by senile dementia (ISD). Patients with ISD, early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) and Normal healthy volunteers were obtained. In the context of ISD, the elevated PTBP1 mRNA expressions were observed in patient samples, correlating positively with diminished cognitive function as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and increased geriatric depression scale scores. The pivotal role of PTBP1 was further underscored by its inhibitory effects in a mice model, which prevented the development of senile dementia, and its influence on neuronal cell proliferation and ROS-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Additionally, PTBP1's regulatory capacity on the cuproptosis of nerve cells and its modulation of SLC31A1 expression, through effects on ubiquitination, were revealed. The stability of PTBP1, critical for its function, was enhanced by the m6A modification mediated by METTL3, highlighting a complex regulatory network in the pathogenesis of ISD. These data confirmed that PTBP1 plays a pivotal role in promoting the oxidative response and cuproptosis in Alzheimer's disease models via the SLC31A1 pathway. The findings suggest that PTBP1 could serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of ISD and AD, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Clinical Psychological, Beijing Huilognguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, China
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2
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Linzhu, Zhang J, Fan W, Su C, Jin Z. Influence of immune cells and inflammatory factors on Alzheimer's disease axis: evidence from mediation Mendelian randomization study. BMC Neurol 2025; 25:49. [PMID: 39910474 PMCID: PMC11796147 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-025-04057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 02/07/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the elderly, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. While the exact etiology of AD remains unclear, immune inflammation is known to play a significant role in the disease. METHODS This study utilized a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to assess the causal relationship between different types of immune cells and AD, while considering inflammatory factors as intermediate variables. Data were collected from three sources: immune cell data (731 phenotypes), inflammatory factors (48 cytokines from 8,293 individuals), and AD data (35,274 cases, 59,163 controls). Multiple MR methods were employed to minimize bias, and detailed descriptions of instrumental variable selection and statistical methods were provided. RESULTS The study findings suggest potential causal relationships between six different types of immune cells and AD, as well as causal relationships between 13 immune cells and inflammatory factors. Additionally, two statistically significant inflammatory factors were found to have potential causal relationships with AD. Specifically, immune cells CD33-HLA DR + and CD45 on CD33-HLA DR + may further influence AD by regulating Interleukin-2 levels. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights into the immunoinflammatory pathogenesis of AD and offers partial guidance for the development of relevant interventions, thereby contributing beneficial information for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chen Su
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhi Jin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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3
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Liu H, Liang C, Liu H, Liang P, Cheng H. MiR-10b-5p attenuates spinal cord injury and alleviates LPS-induced PC12 cells injury by inhibiting TGF-β1 decay and activating TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway through PTBP1. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:554. [PMID: 39558432 PMCID: PMC11575087 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition characterized by significant sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunctions, leading to severe physical, psychological, and financial burdens. The current therapeutic approaches for SCI show limited effectiveness, highlighting the urgent need for innovative treatments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) like miR-10b-5p are known to play pivotal roles in gene expression regulation and have been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, including SCI. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) has also been associated with neural injury responses and recovery. This study aims to explore the interaction between miR-10b-5p and PTBP1 in the context of SCI, hypothesizing that miR-10b-5p regulates PTBP1 to influence SCI pathogenesis and recovery using a rat model of SCI and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PC12 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to measure miR-10b-5p levels, revealing its low expression in SCI rats. We then assessed neurological function, histopathological changes, and spinal cord water content. We found that administering the agomiR-10b-5p significantly improved neurological function and decreased the spinal cord water content and normal motor neuron loss in SCI rats. Additionally, we explored the functions of miR-10b-5p in LPS-treated PC12 cells. Our results showed that miR-10b-5p repressed LPS-stimulated apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in PC12 cells. PTBP1 was predicted as a potential target gene of miR-10b-5p using the TargetScan database. Pulldown and luciferase reporter assays further demonstrated that miR-10b-5p binds to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of PTBP1. RT-qPCR revealed that miR-10b-5p negatively modulated PTBP1 expression both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, rescue assays indicated that miR-10b-5p alleviated SCI in rats and LPS-triggered injury in PC12 cells by downregulating PTBP1. We also investigated the regulation of miR-10b-5p and PTBP1 on the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)/small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad3) pathway. We found that miR-10b-5p targeted PTBP1 to repress TGF-β1 decay and facilitated TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway activation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that miR-10b-5p alleviates SCI by repressing TGF-β1 decay and inducing TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway activation through PTBP1 downregulation. This study provides novel insights into potential targeted therapy plans for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huandong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chong Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Department of Encephalopathy, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210022, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huilin Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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4
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Bolívar DA, Mosquera-Heredia MI, Vidal OM, Barceló E, Allegri R, Morales LC, Silvera-Redondo C, Arcos-Burgos M, Garavito-Galofre P, Vélez JI. Exosomal mRNA Signatures as Predictive Biomarkers for Risk and Age of Onset in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:12293. [PMID: 39596356 PMCID: PMC11594294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252212293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. While the precise causes of AD remain unclear, emerging evidence suggests that messenger RNA (mRNA) dysregulation contributes to AD pathology and risk. This study examined exosomal mRNA expression profiles of 15 individuals diagnosed with AD and 15 healthy controls from Barranquilla, Colombia. Utilizing advanced bioinformatics and machine learning (ML) techniques, we identified differentially expressed mRNAs and assessed their predictive power for AD diagnosis and AD age of onset (ADAOO). Our results showed that ENST00000331581 (CADM1) and ENST00000382258 (TNFRSF19) were significantly upregulated in AD patients. Key predictors for AD diagnosis included ENST00000311550 (GABRB3), ENST00000278765 (GGTLC1), ENST00000331581 (CADM1), ENST00000372572 (FOXJ3), and ENST00000636358 (ACY1), achieving > 90% accuracy in both training and testing datasets. For ADAOO, ENST00000340552 (LIMK2) expression correlated with a delay of ~12.6 years, while ENST00000304677 (RNASE6), ENST00000640218 (HNRNPU), ENST00000602017 (PPP5D1), ENST00000224950 (STN1), and ENST00000322088 (PPP2R1A) emerged as the most important predictors. ENST00000304677 (RNASE6) and ENST00000602017 (PPP5D1) showed promising predictive accuracy in unseen data. These findings suggest that mRNA expression profiles may serve as effective biomarkers for AD diagnosis and ADAOO, providing a cost-efficient and minimally invasive tool for early detection and monitoring. Further research is needed to validate these results in larger, diverse cohorts and explore the biological roles of the identified mRNAs in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bolívar
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | | | - Oscar M. Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Ernesto Barceló
- Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad de La Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Grupo Internacional de Investigación Neuro-Conductual (GIINCO), Universidad de La Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Institute for Neurological Research FLENI, Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Luis C. Morales
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | | | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | | | - Jorge I. Vélez
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
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5
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Wang M, Zhang J, Sheng W, Wu W, Du X, Li Q. A variant in long noncoding RNA NORSF affects granulosa cells response to transcription factor RFX7. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31414. [PMID: 39155648 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
NORSF is a nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that contributes to the follicular atresia and restrains 17β-estradiol (E2) release by granulosa cells (GCs). Importantly, it is also a potential candidate gene in the quantitative trait locus (QTLs) for sow fertility traits. We identified NORSF as a candidate (causal) gene affecting sow fertility traits. A novel G-A variant was discovered at -478 nt of the NORSF promoter and termed as g.-478G>A. Association analysis revealed that this variant was associated with sow fertility traits (e.g., the total number of piglets born, the total number of piglets born alive, and the number of healthy piglets). Mechanistically, the g.-478G>A variant reduced the binding activity of the NORSF promoter to its transcription activator regulatory factor X7 (RFX7), leading to decreased NORSF promoter activity and transcription levels in sow GCs (sGCs), and weakened inhibitory effects on the transcription of CYP19A1, which encodes a rate-limiting enzyme for E2 synthesis and E2 release by sGCs. In addition, RFX7 is transcriptionally activated by P53, which restrains E2 release from sGCs via the RFX7/NORSF/CYP19A1 pathway. These findings indicate that the lncRNA NORSF is a causal gene in QTLs for sow fertility traits and define the P53/NORSF/CYP19A1 pathway as a new signaling pathway affecting sow reproduction, which provides a new target for improving female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenmin Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangjun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qifa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Yu Q, Wu T, Xu W, Wei J, Zhao A, Wang M, Li M, Chi G. PTBP1 as a potential regulator of disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:2875-2894. [PMID: 38129625 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family, which plays a key role in alternative splicing of precursor mRNA and RNA metabolism. PTBP1 is universally expressed in various tissues and binds to multiple downstream transcripts to interfere with physiological and pathological processes such as the tumor growth, body metabolism, cardiovascular homeostasis, and central nervous system damage, showing great prospects in many fields. The function of PTBP1 involves the regulation and interaction of various upstream molecules, including circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These regulatory systems are inseparable from the development and treatment of diseases. Here, we review the latest knowledge regarding the structure and molecular functions of PTBP1 and summarize its functions and mechanisms of PTBP1 in various diseases, including controversial studies. Furthermore, we recommend future studies on PTBP1 and discuss the prospects of targeting PTBP1 in new clinical therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongtong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Panizza E, Cerione RA. An interpretable deep learning framework identifies proteomic drivers of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1379984. [PMID: 39355118 PMCID: PMC11442384 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1379984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative pathology in aged individuals, but many questions remain on its pathogenesis, and a cure is still not available. Recent research efforts have generated measurements of multiple omics in individuals that were healthy or diagnosed with AD. Although machine learning approaches are well-suited to handle the complexity of omics data, the models typically lack interpretability. Additionally, while the genetic landscape of AD is somewhat more established, the proteomic landscape of the diseased brain is less well-understood. Here, we establish a deep learning method that takes advantage of an ensemble of autoencoders (AEs) - EnsembleOmicsAE-to reduce the complexity of proteomics data into a reduced space containing a small number of latent features. We combine brain proteomic data from 559 individuals across three AD cohorts and demonstrate that the ensemble autoencoder models generate stable latent features which are well-suited for downstream biological interpretation. We present an algorithm to calculate feature importance scores based on the iterative scrambling of individual input features (i.e., proteins) and show that the algorithm identifies signaling modules (AE signaling modules) that are significantly enriched in protein-protein interactions. The molecular drivers of AD identified within the AE signaling modules derived with EnsembleOmicsAE were missed by linear methods, including integrin signaling and cell adhesion. Finally, we characterize the relationship between the AE signaling modules and the age of death of the patients and identify a differential regulation of vimentin and MAPK signaling in younger compared with older AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Panizza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Richard A. Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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8
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Sen S, Mukhopadhyay D. A Holistic Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease-Associated lncRNA Communities Reveals Enhanced lncRNA-miRNA-RBP Regulatory Triad Formation Within Functionally Segregated Clusters. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:77. [PMID: 39143264 PMCID: PMC11324768 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies on the regulatory networks implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) evince long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as crucial regulatory players, albeit a poor understanding of the mechanism. Analyzing differential gene expression in the RNA-seq data from the post-mortem AD brain hippocampus, we categorized a list of AD-dysregulated lncRNA transcripts into functionally similar communities based on their k-mer profiles. Using machine-learning-based algorithms, their subcellular localizations were mapped. We further explored the functional relevance of each community through AD-dysregulated miRNA, RNA-binding protein (RBP) interactors, and pathway enrichment analyses. Further investigation of the miRNA-lncRNA and RBP-lncRNA networks from each community revealed the top RBPs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs for each cluster. The experimental validation community yielded ELAVL4 and miR-16-5p as the predominant RBP and miRNA, respectively. Five lncRNAs emerged as the top-ranking candidates from the RBP/miRNA-lncRNA networks. Further analyses of these networks revealed the presence of multiple regulatory triads where the RBP-lncRNA interactions could be augmented by the enhanced miRNA-lncRNA interactions. Our results advance the understanding of the mechanism of lncRNA-mediated AD regulation through their interacting partners and demonstrate how these functionally segregated but overlapping regulatory networks can modulate the disease holistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Sen
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, 700 064, India
| | - Debashis Mukhopadhyay
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, 700 064, India.
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9
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Eskandari-Sedighi G, Crichton M, Zia S, Gomez-Cardona E, Cortez LM, Patel ZH, Takahashi-Yamashiro K, St Laurent CD, Sidhu G, Sarkar S, Aghanya V, Sim VL, Tan Q, Julien O, Plemel JR, Macauley MS. Alzheimer's disease associated isoforms of human CD33 distinctively modulate microglial cell responses in 5XFAD mice. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:42. [PMID: 38802940 PMCID: PMC11129479 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play diverse pathophysiological roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with genetic susceptibility factors skewing microglial cell function to influence AD risk. CD33 is an immunomodulatory receptor associated with AD susceptibility through a single nucleotide polymorphism that modulates mRNA splicing, skewing protein expression from a long protein isoform (CD33M) to a short isoform (CD33m). Understanding how human CD33 isoforms differentially impact microglial cell function in vivo has been challenging due to functional divergence of CD33 between mice and humans. We address this challenge by studying transgenic mice expressing either of the human CD33 isoforms crossed with the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloidosis and find that human CD33 isoforms have opposing effects on the response of microglia to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Mice expressing CD33M have increased Aβ levels, more diffuse plaques, fewer disease-associated microglia, and more dystrophic neurites compared to 5XFAD control mice. Conversely, CD33m promotes plaque compaction and microglia-plaque contacts, and minimizes neuritic plaque pathology, highlighting an AD protective role for this isoform. Protective phenotypes driven by CD33m are detected at an earlier timepoint compared to the more aggressive pathology in CD33M mice that appears at a later timepoint, suggesting that CD33m has a more prominent impact on microglia cell function at earlier stages of disease progression. In addition to divergent roles in modulating phagocytosis, scRNAseq and proteomics analyses demonstrate that CD33m+ microglia upregulate nestin, an intermediate filament involved in cell migration, at plaque contact sites. Overall, our work provides new functional insights into how CD33, as a top genetic susceptibility factor for AD, modulates microglial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sameera Zia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo M Cortez
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zain H Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Gaurav Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Vivian Aghanya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Valerie L Sim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qiumin Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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10
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Tao Y, Zhang Q, Wang H, Yang X, Mu H. Alternative splicing and related RNA binding proteins in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:26. [PMID: 38302461 PMCID: PMC10835012 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) serves as a pivotal mechanism in transcriptional regulation, engendering transcript diversity, and modifications in protein structure and functionality. Across varying tissues, developmental stages, or under specific conditions, AS gives rise to distinct splice isoforms. This implies that these isoforms possess unique temporal and spatial roles, thereby associating AS with standard biological activities and diseases. Among these, AS-related RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an instrumental role in regulating alternative splicing events. Under physiological conditions, the diversity of proteins mediated by AS influences the structure, function, interaction, and localization of proteins, thereby participating in the differentiation and development of an array of tissues and organs. Under pathological conditions, alterations in AS are linked with various diseases, particularly cancer. These changes can lead to modifications in gene splicing patterns, culminating in changes or loss of protein functionality. For instance, in cancer, abnormalities in AS and RBPs may result in aberrant expression of cancer-associated genes, thereby promoting the onset and progression of tumors. AS and RBPs are also associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, the study of AS across different tissues holds significant value. This review provides a detailed account of the recent advancements in the study of alternative splicing and AS-related RNA-binding proteins in tissue development and diseases, which aids in deepening the understanding of gene expression complexity and offers new insights and methodologies for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Mu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, 200000, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Sandoval-Castellanos AM, Bhargava A, Zhao M, Xu J, Ning K. Serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1: a potential target for neuroprotection and other diseases. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1411-1416. [PMID: 36571335 PMCID: PMC10075106 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is the process of producing variably spliced mRNAs by choosing distinct combinations of splice sites within a messenger RNA precursor. This splicing enables mRNA from a single gene to synthesize different proteins, which have different cellular properties and functions and yet arise from the same single gene. A family of splicing factors, Serine-arginine rich proteins, are needed to initiate the assembly and activation of the spliceosome. Serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1, part of the arginine/serine-rich splicing factor protein family, can either activate or inhibit the splicing of mRNAs, depending on the phosphorylation status of the protein and its interaction partners. Considering that serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is either an activator or an inhibitor, this protein has been studied widely to identify its various roles in different diseases. Research has found that serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is a key target for neuroprotection, showing its promising potential use in therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 might be used to regulate cancer development and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we highlight how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 has been studied concerning neuroprotection. In addition, we draw attention to how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is being studied in cancer and immunological disorders, as well as how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 acts outside the central or peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Sandoval-Castellanos
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, SITraN, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, and Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anushka Bhargava
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, SITraN, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, and Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, SITraN, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Wu H, Wang J, Hu X, Zhuang C, Zhou J, Wu P, Li S, Zhao RC. Comprehensive transcript-level analysis reveals transcriptional reprogramming during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1191680. [PMID: 37396652 PMCID: PMC10308376 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1191680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that has a multi-step disease progression. Differences between moderate and advanced stages of AD have not yet been fully characterized. Materials and methods Herein, we performed a transcript-resolution analysis in 454 AD-related samples, including 145 non-demented control, 140 asymptomatic AD (AsymAD), and 169 AD samples. We comparatively characterized the transcriptome dysregulation in AsymAD and AD samples at transcript level. Results We identified 4,056 and 1,200 differentially spliced alternative splicing events (ASEs) that might play roles in the disease progression of AsymAD and AD, respectively. Our further analysis revealed 287 and 222 isoform switching events in AsymAD and AD, respectively. In particular, a total of 163 and 119 transcripts showed increased usage, while 124 and 103 transcripts exhibited decreased usage in AsymAD and AD, respectively. For example, gene APOA2 showed no expression changes between AD and non-demented control samples, but expressed higher proportion of transcript ENST00000367990.3 and lower proportion of transcript ENST00000463812.1 in AD compared to non-demented control samples. Furthermore, we constructed RNA binding protein (RBP)-ASE regulatory networks to reveal potential RBP-mediated isoform switch in AsymAD and AD. Conclusion In summary, our study provided transcript-resolution insights into the transcriptome disturbance of AsymAD and AD, which will promote the discovery of early diagnosis biomarkers and the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Hu
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Geogia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cheng Zhuang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiru Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Thompson C, Evans B, Zhao D, Purcell E. Spatiotemporal Expression of RNA-Seq Identified Proteins at the Electrode Interface. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:209-222. [PMID: 37116634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Implantation of electrodes in the brain can be used to record from or stimulate neural tissues to treat neurological disease and injury. However, the tissue response to implanted devices can limit their functional longevity. Recent RNA-seq datasets identify hundreds of genes associated with gliosis, neuronal function, myelination, and cellular metabolism that are spatiotemporally expressed in neural tissues following the insertion of microelectrodes. To validate mRNA as a predictor of protein expression, this study evaluates a sub-set of RNA-seq identified proteins (RSIP) at 24-hours, 1-week, and 6-weeks post-implantation using quantitative immunofluorescence methods. This study found that expression of RSIPs associated with glial activation (Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Polypyrmidine tract binding protein-1 (Ptbp1)), neuronal structure (Neurofilament heavy chain (Nefh), Proteolipid protein-1 (Plp1), Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)), and iron metabolism (Transferrin (TF), Ferritin heavy chain-1 (Fth1)) reinforce transcriptional data. This study also provides additional context to the cellular distribution of RSIPs using a MATLAB-based approach to quantify immunofluorescence intensity within specific cell types. Ptbp1, TF, and Fth1 were found to be spatiotemporally distributed within neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes at the device interface relative to distal and contralateral tissues. The altered distribution of RSIPs relative to distal tissue is largely localized within 100µm of the device injury, which approaches the functional recording range of implanted electrodes. This study provides evidence that RNA-sequencing can be used to predict protein-level changes in cortical tissues and that RSIPs can be further investigated to identify new biomarkers of the tissue response that influence signal quality. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Microelectrode arrays implanted into the brain are useful tools that can be used to study neuroscience and to treat pathological conditions in a clinical setting. The tissue response to these devices, however, can severely limit their functional longevity. Transcriptomics has deepened the understandings of the tissue response by revealing numerous genes which are differentially expressed following device insertion. This manuscript provides validation for the use of transcriptomics to characterize the tissue response by evaluating a subset of known differentially expressed genes at the protein level around implanted electrodes over time. In additional to validating mRNA-to-protein relationships at the device interface, this study has identified emerging trends in the spatiotemporal distribution of proteins involved with glial activation, neuronal remodeling, and essential iron binding proteins around implanted silicon devices. This study additionally provides a new MATLAB based methodology to quantify protein distribution within discrete cell types at the device interface which may be used as biomarkers for further study or therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cort Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Blake Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Erin Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
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14
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CD33 isoforms in microglia and Alzheimer's disease: Friend and foe. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101111. [PMID: 35940942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease and is considered the main cause of dementia worldwide. Genome-wide association studies combined with integrated analysis of functional datasets support a critical role for microglia in AD pathogenesis, identifying them as important potential therapeutic targets. The ability of immunomodulatory receptors on microglia to control the response to pathogenic amyloid-β aggregates has gained significant interest. Siglec-3, also known as CD33, is one of these immunomodulatory receptors expressed on microglia that has been identified as an AD susceptibility factor. Here, we review recent advances made in understanding the multifaceted roles that CD33 plays in microglia with emphasis on two human-specific CD33 isoforms that differentially correlate with AD susceptibility. We also describe several different therapeutic approaches for targeting CD33 that have been advanced for the purpose of skewing microglial cell responses.
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15
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Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Alternative Splicing of CD33 Is Regulated by the HNRNPA Family Proteins. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040602. [PMID: 36831269 PMCID: PMC9954446 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations of CD33 have been implicated as a susceptibility factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A polymorphism on exon 2 of CD33, rs12459419, affects the alternative splicing of this exon. The minor allele is associated with a reduced risk of AD and promotes the skipping of exon 2 to produce a shorter CD33 isoform lacking the extracellular ligand-binding domain, leading to decreased suppressive signaling on microglial activity. Therefore, factors that regulate the splicing of exon 2 may alter the disease-associated properties of CD33. Herein, we sought to identify the regulatory proteins of CD33 splicing. Using a panel of RNA-binding proteins and a human CD33 minigene, we found that exon 2 skipping of CD33 was promoted by HNRNPA1. Although the knockdown of HNRNPA1 alone did not reduce exon 2 skipping, simultaneous knockdown of HNRNPA1 together with that of HNRNPA2B1 and HNRNPA3 promoted exon 2 inclusion, suggesting functional redundancy among HNRNPA proteins. Similar redundant regulation by HNRNPA proteins was observed in endogenous CD33 of THP-1 and human microglia-like cells. Although mouse Cd33 showed a unique splicing pattern of exon 2, we confirmed that HNRNPA1 promoted the skipping of this exon. Collectively, our results revealed novel regulatory relationships between CD33 and HNRNPA proteins.
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16
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Zhang M, Yang C, Ruan X, Liu X, Wang D, Liu L, Shao L, Wang P, Dong W, Xue Y. CPEB2 m6A methylation regulates blood-tumor barrier permeability by regulating splicing factor SRSF5 stability. Commun Biol 2022; 5:908. [PMID: 36064747 PMCID: PMC9445078 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–tumor barrier (BTB) contributes to poor therapeutic efficacy by limiting drug uptake; therefore, elevating BTB permeability is essential for glioma treatment. Here, we prepared astrocyte microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and glioma microvascular ECs (GECs) as in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) and BTB models. Upregulation of METTL3 and IGF2BP3 in GECs increased the stability of CPEB2 mRNA through its m6A methylation. CPEB2 bound to and increased SRSF5 mRNA stability, which promoted the ETS1 exon inclusion. P51-ETS1 promoted the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 transcriptionally, thus regulating BTB permeability. Subsequent in vivo knockdown of these molecules in glioblastoma xenograft mice elevated BTB permeability, promoted doxorubicin penetration, and improved glioma-specific chemotherapeutic effects. These results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for epigenetic regulation of the BTB, as well as insight into comprehensive glioma treatment. The methyl transferase METTL3 is up-regulated in brain tumors leading to the methylation of CPEB2 mRNA, which in turn stabilizes the splicing factor SRSF5 mRNA, leading to the incorporation of exon 7 in ETS-1 in models of the Blood–Tumor Barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xuelei Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lianqi Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Weiwei Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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17
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Gallo CM, Labadorf AT, Ho A, Beffert U. Single molecule, long-read Apoer2 sequencing identifies conserved and species-specific splicing patterns. Genomics 2022; 114:110318. [PMID: 35192893 PMCID: PMC8978334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) is a synaptic receptor in the brain that binds disease-relevant ligand Apolipoprotein E (Apoe) and is highly alternatively spliced. We examined alternative splicing (AS) of conserved Apoer2 exons across vertebrate species and identified gain of exons in mammals encoding functional domains such as the cytoplasmic and furin inserts, and loss of an exon in primates encoding the eighth LDLa repeat, likely altering receptor surface levels and ligand-binding specificity. We utilized single molecule, long-read RNA sequencing to profile full-length Apoer2 isoforms and identified 68 and 48 unique full-length Apoer2 transcripts in the mouse and human cerebral cortex, respectively. Furthermore, we identified two exons encoding protein functional domains, the third EGF-precursor like repeat and glycosylation domain, that are tandemly skipped specifically in mouse. Our study provides new insight into Apoer2 isoform complexity in the vertebrate brain and highlights species-specific differences in splicing decisions that support functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Gallo
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Biology, Boston University, United States of America
| | - Adam T Labadorf
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Angela Ho
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Biology, Boston University, United States of America.
| | - Uwe Beffert
- Department of Biology, Boston University, United States of America
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18
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Chappie TA, Abdelmessih M, Ambroise CW, Boehm M, Cai M, Green M, Guilmette E, Steppan CM, Stevens LM, Wei L, Xi S, Hasson SA. Discovery of Small-Molecule CD33 Pre-mRNA Splicing Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:55-62. [PMID: 35059124 PMCID: PMC8762744 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD33/Siglec 3 is a myeloid lineage cell surface receptor that is known to regulate microglia activity. Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants in the CD33 gene that convey protection from late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, mechanistic studies into GWAS-linked variants suggest that disease protection is attributed to the alternative splicing of exon 2 of the CD33 pre-mRNA. Using a phenomimetic screen, a series of compounds were found to enhance the exclusion of CD33 exon 2, acting as a chemomimetic of the GWAS-linked gene variants. Additional studies confirmed that meyloid lineage cells treated with several of these compounds have a reduced full-length V-domain containing CD33 protein, while targeted RNA-seq concordantly demonstrated that compound 1 increases exon 2 skipping in cellular mRNA pools. These studies demonstrate how pharmacological interventions can be used to manipulate disease-relevant pre-mRNA splicing and provide a starting point for future efforts to identify small molecules that alter neuroimmune function that is rooted in the human biology of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Chappie
- Internal
Medicine Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
| | - Mario Abdelmessih
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claude W. Ambroise
- Internal
Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Markus Boehm
- Internal
Medicine Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mi Cai
- Internal
Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Green
- Internal
Medicine Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edward Guilmette
- Internal
Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lucy M. Stevens
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Internal
Medicine Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Simon Xi
- Internal
Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samuel A. Hasson
- Internal
Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Zhou D, Zhu X, Wu X, Zheng J, Tou L, Zhou Y. The effect of splicing MST1R in gastric cancer was enhanced by lncRNA FENDRR. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:798. [PMID: 34093754 PMCID: PMC8170639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) poses a serious threat to human health worldwide. Serine/arginine rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) has been reported to serve regulatory roles during the tumorigenesis of GC. In addition, the macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (MST1R) signaling pathway was found to participate in the progression of GC. However, the association between MST1R and SRSF1 in the tumorigenesis of GC remains unclear. The expression levels of MST1R and the recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) Δ160 splicing variant were analyzed in cells using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to investigate the interaction between SRSF1 and MST1R. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to analyze cell viability. Flow cytometry and Transwell assays were used to determine cell apoptosis and invasiveness levels. The potential interaction between SFSR1 and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was investigated with an online bioinformatics tool. The findings of the present study revealed that the expression levels of MST1R and RON Δ160 were significantly upregulated in GC Kato III cells. SRSF1 was found to be regulated by the lncRNA FOXF1 adjacent non-coding developmental regulatory RNA (FENDRR). The knockdown of SRSF1 or FENDRR downregulated the expression levels of MST1R in Kato III cells. In addition, the expression levels of RON Δ160 were markedly downregulated in Kato III cells following the knockdown of FENDRR. Meanwhile, SRSF1 directly bound to MST1R, while this phenomenon was partially reversed by FENDRR short interfering RNA. FENDRR could interact with SRSF1 in Kato III cells and the knockdown of FENDRR also induced the apoptosis of GC cells. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that the lncRNA FENDRR may function as an oncogene during the progression of GC by regulating alternative splicing of MST1R and SRSF1 expression levels. lncRNA FENDRR may serve as a potential marker for the diagnosis or target for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P.R. China
| | - Laizhen Tou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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20
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Bhattacherjee A, Jung J, Zia S, Ho M, Eskandari-Sedighi G, St. Laurent CD, McCord KA, Bains A, Sidhu G, Sarkar S, Plemel JR, Macauley MS. The CD33 short isoform is a gain-of-function variant that enhances Aβ 1-42 phagocytosis in microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:19. [PMID: 33766097 PMCID: PMC7992807 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD33 is genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility through differential expression of isoforms in microglia. The role of the human CD33 short isoform (hCD33m), preferentially encoded by an AD-protective CD33 allele (rs12459419T), is unknown. Here, we test whether hCD33m represents a loss-of-function or gain-of-function variant. METHODS We have developed two models to test the role of hCD33m. The first is a new strain of transgenic mice expressing hCD33m in the microglial cell lineage. The second is U937 cells where the CD33 gene was disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9 and complemented with different variants of hCD33. Primary microglia and U937 cells were tested in phagocytosis assays and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was carried out on the primary microglia. Furthermore, a new monoclonal antibody was developed to detect hCD33m more efficiently. RESULTS In both primary microglia and U937 cells, we find that hCD33m enhances phagocytosis. This contrasts with the human CD33 long isoform (hCD33M) that represses phagocytosis, as previously demonstrated. As revealed by scRNAseq, hCD33m+ microglia are enriched in a cluster of cells defined by an upregulated expression and gene regulatory network of immediate early genes, which was further validated within microglia in situ. Using a new hCD33m-specific antibody enabled hCD33m expression to be examined, demonstrating a preference for an intracellular location. Moreover, this newly discovered gain-of-function role for hCD33m is dependent on its cytoplasmic signaling motifs, dominant over hCD33M, and not due to loss of glycan ligand binding. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong support that hCD33m represents a gain-of-function isoform and offers insight into what it may take to therapeutically capture the AD-protective CD33 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Madelene Ho
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Ghazaleh Eskandari-Sedighi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Chris D. St. Laurent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kelli A. McCord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Arjun Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gaurav Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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Angarola BL, Anczuków O. Splicing alterations in healthy aging and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2021. [PMID: 33565261 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1643.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing is a key step in gene expression that allows generation of numerous messenger RNA transcripts encoding proteins of varied functions from the same gene. It is thus a rich source of proteomic and functional diversity. Alterations in alternative RNA splicing are observed both during healthy aging and in a number of human diseases, several of which display premature aging phenotypes or increased incidence with age. Age-associated splicing alterations include differential splicing of genes associated with hallmarks of aging, as well as changes in the levels of core spliceosomal genes and regulatory splicing factors. Here, we review the current known links between alternative RNA splicing, its regulators, healthy biological aging, and diseases associated with aging or aging-like phenotypes. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Anczuków
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Angarola BL, Anczuków O. Splicing alterations in healthy aging and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1643. [PMID: 33565261 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing is a key step in gene expression that allows generation of numerous messenger RNA transcripts encoding proteins of varied functions from the same gene. It is thus a rich source of proteomic and functional diversity. Alterations in alternative RNA splicing are observed both during healthy aging and in a number of human diseases, several of which display premature aging phenotypes or increased incidence with age. Age-associated splicing alterations include differential splicing of genes associated with hallmarks of aging, as well as changes in the levels of core spliceosomal genes and regulatory splicing factors. Here, we review the current known links between alternative RNA splicing, its regulators, healthy biological aging, and diseases associated with aging or aging-like phenotypes. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Anczuków
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Siokas V, Tsouris Z, Aloizou AM, Bakirtzis C, Liampas I, Koutsis G, Anagnostouli M, Bogdanos DP, Grigoriadis N, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E. Multiple Sclerosis: Shall We Target CD33? Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1334. [PMID: 33198164 PMCID: PMC7696272 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Myeloid lineage cells (microglia and macrophages) may participate in the pathogenic mechanisms leading to MS. CD33 is a transmembrane receptor, mainly expressed by myeloid lineage cells. CD33 rs3865444 is a promoter variant previously associated with Alzheimer's disease, whose role in MS remains obscure. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of CD33 rs3865444 in MS risk. METHODS We genotyped 1396 patients with MS and 400 healthy controls for the presence of the CD33 rs3865444 variant. Odds ratios (ORs) with the respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated with the SNPStats software, assuming five genetic models (co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant, and log-additive), with the G allele as the reference allele. The value of 0.05 was set as the threshold for statistical significance. RESULTS CD33 rs3865444 was associated with MS risk in the dominant (GG vs. GT + TT; OR (95% C.I.) = 0.79 (0.63-0.99), p = 0.041) and the over-dominant (GG + TT vs. GT; OR (95% C.I.) = 0.77 (0.61-0.97), p = 0.03) modes of inheritance. Given that the GG genotype was more frequent and the GT genotype was less frequent in MS patients compared to controls-while the observed frequency of the TT genotype did not differ between the two groups-the observed difference in MS risk may be stemming from either the GG (as a risk factor) or the GT (as a protective factor) genotype of CD33 rs3865444. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggest a possible contribution of CD33 rs3865444 to MS. Therefore, larger multiethnic studies should be conducted, investigating the role of CD33 rs3865444 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Siokas
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.S.); (Ζ.Τ.); (A.-M.A.); (I.L.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Zisis Tsouris
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.S.); (Ζ.Τ.); (A.-M.A.); (I.L.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.S.); (Ζ.Τ.); (A.-M.A.); (I.L.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, B’ Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.S.); (Ζ.Τ.); (A.-M.A.); (I.L.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Georgios Koutsis
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilissis Sofias 72-74 Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Anagnostouli
- Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases Unit and Immunogenetics Laboratory, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, B’ Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.S.); (Ζ.Τ.); (A.-M.A.); (I.L.); (G.M.H.)
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.S.); (Ζ.Τ.); (A.-M.A.); (I.L.); (G.M.H.)
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Rexach J, Geschwind D. Selective Neuronal Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease: A Modern Holy Grail. Neuron 2020; 107:763-765. [PMID: 32910887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, through an elegant progression of computational and bio-informatic experiments centered on transcriptomic comparison of vulnerable and resistant neurons across species, Roussarie et al. (2020) predict and provide experimental support for specific genes and molecular pathways driving Alzheimer's disease, including the splicing factor PTBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rexach
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Chanda K, Mukhopadhyay D. LncRNA Xist, X-chromosome Instability and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:499-507. [PMID: 32851944 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200807185624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDD) are the major contributors to age-related causes of mental disability on a global scale. Most NDDs, like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), are complex in nature - implying that they are multi-parametric both in terms of heterogeneous clinical outcomes and underlying molecular paradigms. Emerging evidence from high throughput genomic, transcriptomic and small RNA sequencing experiments hint at the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AD. X-inactive Specific Transcript (XIST), a component of the Xic, the X-chromosome inactivation centre, is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals indispensable for the X inactivation process. An extensive literature survey shows that aberrations in Xist expression and in some cases, a disruption of the Xchromosome inactivation as a whole play a significant role in AD. Considering the enormous potential of Xist as an endogenous silencing molecule, the idea of using Xist as a non-conventional chromosome silencer to treat diseases harboring chromosomal alterations is also being implemented. Comprehensive knowledge about how Xist could play such a role in AD is still elusive. In this review, we have collated the available knowledge on the possible Xist involvement and deregulation from the perspective of molecular mechanisms governing NDDs with a primary focus on Alzheimer's disease. Possibilities of XIST mediated therapeutic intervention and linkages between XIC and preferential predisposition of females to AD have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chanda
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata 700 064, India
| | - Debashis Mukhopadhyay
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata 700 064, India
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