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Iseki M, Hidano S, Kudo F, Takaki S. Control of germinal center B cell survival and IgE production by an adaptor molecule containing PH and SH2 domains, Aps/Sh2b2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17767. [PMID: 39090233 PMCID: PMC11294469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The germinal centers (GCs) are structure found within secondary lymphoid organs and are important for the antibody-producing response against foreign antigens. In GCs, antigen-specific B cells proliferate intensely, inducing immunoglobulin class switching. Recent studies have shown that GCs are also an important site for class switching to IgE, which is implicated in allergy. However, the mechanisms by which IgE production is regulated in GCs remain unclear. Here, we found impairment in IgE-specific production and a reduction of GC B cells after immunization in mice deficient in the Aps/Sh2b2 gene encoding the Lnk/Sh2b family adaptor protein Aps. GC B cells express higher levels of the Aps gene than non-GC B cells, and cell death of Aps-/- GC B cells is enhanced compared to wild-type GC B cells. An in vitro culture system with purified Aps-/- B cells induced the same level of IgE production and frequencies of IgE+ B cells as wild-type B cells. We found that Aps deficiency in B cells resulted in augmented depletion of IgE+ blasts by B cell receptor crosslinking with anti-CD79b antibodies compared to wild-type IgE+ cells. These results suggest that Aps regulates IgE production by controlling the survival of GC B cells and IgE+ plasma cells and may serve as a potential therapeutic target to control IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Iseki
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Shinya Hidano
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fujimi Kudo
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Atallah-Yunes SA, Habermann TM, Khurana A. Targeted therapy in Burkitt lymphoma: Small molecule inhibitors under investigation. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:2165-2172. [PMID: 38577716 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Multiagent chemoimmunotherapy remains the standard of care treatment for Burkitt lymphoma leading to a cure in the majority of cases. However, frontline treatment regimens are associated with a significant risk of treatment related toxicity especially in elderly and immunocompromised patients. Additionally, prognosis remains dismal in refractory/relapsed Burkitt lymphoma. Thus, novel therapies are required to not only improve outcomes in relapsed/refractory Burkitt lymphoma but also minimize frontline treatment related toxicities. Recurrent genomic changes and signalling pathway alterations that have been implicated in the Burkitt lymphomagenesis include cell cycle dysregulation, cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, epigenetic dysregulation and tonic B-cell receptor-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (BCR-PI3K) signalling. Here, we will discuss novel targeted therapy approaches using small molecule inhibitors that could pave the way to the future treatment landscape based on the understanding of recurrent genomic changes and signalling pathway alterations in the lymphomagenesis of adult Burkitt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Arushi Khurana
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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3
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Bristol JA, Nelson SE, Ohashi M, Casco A, Hayes M, Ranheim EA, Pawelski AS, Singh DR, Hodson DJ, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. Latent Epstein-Barr virus infection collaborates with Myc over-expression in normal human B cells to induce Burkitt-like Lymphomas in mice. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012132. [PMID: 38620028 PMCID: PMC11045125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important cause of human lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL). EBV+ BLs are driven by Myc translocation and have stringent forms of viral latency that do not express either of the two major EBV oncoproteins, EBNA2 (which mimics Notch signaling) and LMP1 (which activates NF-κB signaling). Suppression of Myc-induced apoptosis, often through mutation of the TP53 (p53) gene or inhibition of pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 (BIM) gene expression, is required for development of Myc-driven BLs. EBV+ BLs contain fewer cellular mutations in apoptotic pathways compared to EBV-negative BLs, suggesting that latent EBV infection inhibits Myc-induced apoptosis. Here we use an EBNA2-deleted EBV virus (ΔEBNA2 EBV) to create the first in vivo model for EBV+ BL-like lymphomas derived from primary human B cells. We show that cord blood B cells infected with both ΔEBNA2 EBV and a Myc-expressing vector proliferate indefinitely on a CD40L/IL21 expressing feeder layer in vitro and cause rapid onset EBV+ BL-like tumors in NSG mice. These LMP1/EBNA2-negative Myc-driven lymphomas have wild type p53 and very low BIM, and express numerous germinal center B cell proteins (including TCF3, BACH2, Myb, CD10, CCDN3, and GCSAM) in the absence of BCL6 expression. Myc-induced activation of Myb mediates expression of many of these BL-associated proteins. We demonstrate that Myc blocks LMP1 expression both by inhibiting expression of cellular factors (STAT3 and Src) that activate LMP1 transcription and by increasing expression of proteins (DNMT3B and UHRF1) known to enhance DNA methylation of the LMP1 promoters in human BLs. These results show that latent EBV infection collaborates with Myc over-expression to induce BL-like human B-cell lymphomas in mice. As NF-κB signaling retards the growth of EBV-negative BLs, Myc-mediated repression of LMP1 may be essential for latent EBV infection and Myc translocation to collaboratively induce human BLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Casco
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail S. Pawelski
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deo R. Singh
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Hodson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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4
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Wellford SA, Schwartzberg PL. Help me help you: emerging concepts in T follicular helper cell differentiation, identity, and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 87:102421. [PMID: 38733669 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Effective high-affinity, long-term humoral immunity requires T cell help provided by a subset of differentiated CD4+ T cells known as T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Classically, Tfh cells provide contact-dependent help for the generation of germinal centers (GCs) in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Recent studies have expanded the conventional definition of Tfh cells, revealing new functions, new descriptions of Tfh subsets, new factors regulating Tfh differentiation, and new roles outside of SLO GCs. Together, these data suggest that one Tfh is not equivalent to another, helping redefine our understanding of Tfh cells and their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Cell Signalling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signalling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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5
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Petersone L, Wang CJ, Edner NM, Fabri A, Nikou SA, Hinze C, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Elfaki Y, Heuts F, Ovcinnikovs V, Rueda Gonzalez A, Houghton LP, Li HM, Zhang Y, Toellner KM, Walker LSK. IL-21 shapes germinal center polarization via light zone B cell selection and cyclin D3 upregulation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221653. [PMID: 37466652 PMCID: PMC10355162 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) dysregulation has been widely reported in the context of autoimmunity. Here, we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), the archetypal follicular helper T cell (Tfh) cytokine, shapes the scale and polarization of spontaneous chronic autoimmune as well as transient immunization-induced GC. We find that IL-21 receptor deficiency results in smaller GC that are profoundly skewed toward a light zone GC B cell phenotype and that IL-21 plays a key role in selection of light zone GC B cells for entry to the dark zone. Light zone skewing has been previously reported in mice lacking the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3. We demonstrate that IL-21 triggers cyclin D3 upregulation in GC B cells, thereby tuning dark zone inertial cell cycling. Lastly, we identify Foxo1 regulation as a link between IL-21 signaling and GC dark zone formation. These findings reveal new biological roles for IL-21 within GC and have implications for autoimmune settings where IL-21 is overproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Petersone
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Natalie M Edner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Astrid Fabri
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Spyridoula-Angeliki Nikou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Claudia Hinze
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Elisavet Ntavli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Yassin Elfaki
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Frank Heuts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Andrea Rueda Gonzalez
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Luke P Houghton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Hannah M Li
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
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6
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Saleban M, Harris EL, Poulter JA. D-Type Cyclins in Development and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1445. [PMID: 37510349 PMCID: PMC10378862 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
D-type cyclins encode G1/S cell cycle checkpoint proteins, which play a crucial role in defining cell cycle exit and progression. Precise control of cell cycle exit is vital during embryonic development, with defects in the pathways regulating intracellular D-type cyclins resulting in abnormal initiation of stem cell differentiation in a variety of different organ systems. Furthermore, stabilisation of D-type cyclins is observed in a wide range of disorders characterized by cellular over-proliferation, including cancers and overgrowth disorders. In this review, we will summarize and compare the roles played by each D-type cyclin during development and provide examples of how their intracellular dysregulation can be an underlying cause of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saleban
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Erica L Harris
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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7
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Pasqualucci L. The germinal center in the pathogenesis of B cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41 Suppl 1:62-69. [PMID: 37294970 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has evolved to allow effective responses against a virtually unlimited number of invading pathogens. This process requires the transient formation of germinal centers (GC), a dynamic environment that ensures the generation and selection of B cells capable to produce antibodies with high antigen affinity, or to maintain the memory of that antigen for life. However, this comes at a cost, as the unique events accompanying the GC reaction pose a significant risk to the genome of B cells, which must endure elevated levels of replication stress, while proliferating at high rates and undergoing DNA breaks introduced by somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Indeed, the genetic/epigenetic disruption of programs implicated in normal GC biology has emerged as a hallmark of most B cell lymphomas. This improved understanding provides a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that could be exploited for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Gupta RK, Mlcochova P. Cyclin D3 restricts SARS-CoV-2 envelope incorporation into virions and interferes with viral spread. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111653. [PMID: 36161661 PMCID: PMC9539236 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a great threat to human health. The interplay between the virus and host plays a crucial role in successful virus replication and transmission. Understanding host-virus interactions are essential for the development of new COVID-19 treatment strategies. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers redistribution of cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, followed by proteasomal degradation. No changes to other cyclins or cyclin-dependent kinases were observed. Further, cyclin D depletion was independent of SARS-CoV-2-mediated cell cycle arrest in the early S phase or S/G2/M phase. Cyclin D3 knockdown by small-interfering RNA specifically enhanced progeny virus titres in supernatants. Finally, cyclin D3 co-immunoprecipitated with SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins. We propose that cyclin D3 impairs the efficient incorporation of envelope protein into virions during assembly and is depleted during SARS-CoV-2 infection to restore efficient assembly and release of newly produced virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID)CambridgeUK
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID)CambridgeUK
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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9
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Vivas-García Y, Efeyan A. The metabolic plasticity of B cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:991188. [PMID: 36213123 PMCID: PMC9537818 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.991188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral response requires rapid growth, biosynthetic capacity, proliferation and differentiation of B cells. These processes involve profound B-cell phenotypic transitions that are coupled to drastic changes in metabolism so as to meet the extremely different energetic requirements as B cells switch from resting to an activated, highly proliferative state and to plasma or memory cell fates. Thus, B cells execute a multi-step, energetically dynamic process of profound metabolic rewiring from low ATP production to transient and large increments of energy expenditure that depend on high uptake and consumption of glucose and fatty acids. Such metabolic plasticity is under tight transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Alterations in B-cell metabolism driven by genetic mutations or by extrinsic insults impair B-cell functions and differentiation and may underlie the anomalous behavior of pathological B cells. Herein, we review molecular switches that control B-cell metabolism and fuel utilization, as well as the emerging awareness of the impact of dynamic metabolic adaptations of B cells throughout the different phases of the humoral response.
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10
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Pathobiology and Therapeutic Relevance of GSK-3 in Chronic Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111812. [PMID: 35681507 PMCID: PMC9180032 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes. GSK-3 comprises two isoforms (α and β) which were originally discovered in 1980 as enzymes involved in glucose metabolism via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. Differently from other proteins kinases, GSK-3 isoforms are constitutively active in resting cells, and their modulation mainly involves inhibition through upstream regulatory networks. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 isoforms were implicated as key players in cancer cell pathobiology. Active GSK-3 facilitates the destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins which include β-catenin and Master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism (c-Myc). Therefore, GSK-3 was initially considered to be a tumor suppressor. Consistently, GSK-3 is often inactivated in cancer cells through dysregulated upstream signaling pathways. However, over the past 10–15 years, a growing number of studies highlighted that in some cancer settings GSK-3 isoforms inhibit tumor suppressing pathways and therefore act as tumor promoters. In this article, we will discuss the multiple and often enigmatic roles played by GSK-3 isoforms in some chronic hematological malignancies (chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas) which are among the most common blood cancer cell types. We will also summarize possible novel strategies targeting GSK-3 for innovative therapies of these disorders.
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11
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In vivo CRISPR screens reveal a HIF-1α-mTOR-network regulates T follicular helper versus Th1 cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:805. [PMID: 35145086 PMCID: PMC8831505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide signals to initiate and maintain the germinal center (GC) reaction and are crucial for the generation of robust, long-lived antibody responses, but how the GC microenvironment affects Tfh cells is not well understood. Here we develop an in vivo T cell-intrinsic CRISPR-knockout screen to evaluate Tfh and Th1 cells in an acute viral infection model to identify regulators of Tfh cells in their physiological setting. Using a screen of druggable-targets, alongside genetic, transcriptomic and cellular analyses, we identify a function of HIF-1α in suppressing mTORC1-mediated and Myc-related pathways, and provide evidence that VHL-mediated degradation of HIF-1α is required for Tfh development; an expanded in vivo CRISPR screen reveals multiple components of these pathways that regulate Tfh versus Th1 cells, including signaling molecules, cell-cycle regulators, nutrient transporters, metabolic enzymes and autophagy mediators. Collectively, our data serve as a resource for studying Tfh versus Th1 decisions, and implicate the VHL-HIF-1α axis in fine-tuning Tfh generation. T follicular helper (Tfh) and T help type 1 (Th1) cells both arise from naïve CD4 T cells, but detailed knowledge of their differentiation remains incomplete. Here the authors pursue an in vivo CRISPR screen to identify genes, focusing on druggable targets, regulating Tfh versus Th1 to provide a resource for related studies, while also implicating HIF-1α and VHL in this regulation.
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12
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Ketzer F, Abdelrasoul H, Vogel M, Marienfeld R, Müschen M, Jumaa H, Wirth T, Ushmorov A. CCND3 is indispensable for the maintenance of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:1. [PMID: 35013097 PMCID: PMC8748974 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The D-type cyclins (CCND1, CCND2, and CCND3) in association with CDK4/6 are known drivers of cell cycle progression. We reported previously that inactivation of FOXO1 confers growth arrest and apoptosis in B-ALL, partially mediated by subsequent depletion of CCND3. Given that previously the canonical MYC target CCND2 has been considered to play the major role in B-ALL proliferation, further investigation of the role of FOXO1 in CCND3 transcription and the role of CCND3 in B-ALL is warranted. In this study, we demonstrated that CCND3 is essential for the proliferation and survival of B-ALL, independent of the mutational background. Respectively, its expression at mRNA level exceeds that of CCND1 and CCND2. Furthermore, we identified FOXO1 as a CCND3-activating transcription factor in B-ALL. By comparing the effects of CCND3 depletion and CDK4/6 inhibition by palbociclib on B-ALL cells harboring different driver mutations, we found that the anti-apoptotic effect of CCND3 is independent of the kinase activity of the CCND3-CDK4/6 complex. Moreover, we found that CCND3 contributes to CDK8 transcription, which in part might explain the anti-apoptotic effect of CCND3. Finally, we found that increased CCND3 expression is associated with the development of resistance to palbociclib. We conclude that CCND3 plays an essential role in the maintenance of B-ALL, regardless of the underlying driver mutation. Moreover, downregulation of CCND3 expression might be superior to inhibition of CDK4/6 kinase activity in terms of B-ALL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Ketzer
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hend Abdelrasoul
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XInstitute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mona Vogel
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralf Marienfeld
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XInstitute of Pathology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Müschen
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XInstitute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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13
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Agahozo MC, Smid M, van Marion R, Hammerl D, van den Bosch TPP, Timmermans MAM, Heijerman CJ, Westenend PJ, Debets R, Martens JWM, van Deurzen CHM. Transcriptomic Properties of HER2+ Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast Associate with Absence of Immune Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:768. [PMID: 34440000 PMCID: PMC8389698 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of transcriptomic alterations of HER2+ ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) that are associated with the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) could contribute to optimizing choices regarding the potential benefit of immune therapy. We compared the gene expression profile of TIL-poor HER2+ DCIS to that of TIL-rich HER2+ DCIS. Tumor cells from 11 TIL-rich and 12 TIL-poor DCIS cases were micro-dissected for RNA isolation. The Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome Human Gene Expression Kit was used for RNA sequencing. After normalization, a Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to analyze differentially expressed genes between TIL-poor and TIL-rich HER2+ DCIS. Whole tissue sections were immunostained for validation of protein expression. We identified a 29-gene expression profile that differentiated TIL-rich from TIL-poor HER2+ DCIS. These genes included CCND3, DUSP10 and RAP1GAP, which were previously described in breast cancer and cancer immunity and were more highly expressed in TIL-rich DCIS. Using immunohistochemistry, we found lower protein expression in TIL-rich DCIS. This suggests regulation of protein expression at the posttranslational level. We identified a gene expression profile of HER2+ DCIS cells that was associated with the density of TILs. This classifier may guide towards more rationalized choices regarding immune-mediated therapy in HER2+ DCIS, such as targeted vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Colombe Agahozo
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.C.A.); (R.v.M.); (T.P.P.v.d.B.)
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (D.H.); (M.A.M.T.); (C.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.W.M.M.)
| | - Ronald van Marion
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.C.A.); (R.v.M.); (T.P.P.v.d.B.)
| | - Dora Hammerl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (D.H.); (M.A.M.T.); (C.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.W.M.M.)
| | - Thierry P. P. van den Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.C.A.); (R.v.M.); (T.P.P.v.d.B.)
| | - Mieke A. M. Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (D.H.); (M.A.M.T.); (C.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.W.M.M.)
| | - Chayenne J. Heijerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (D.H.); (M.A.M.T.); (C.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.W.M.M.)
| | | | - Reno Debets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (D.H.); (M.A.M.T.); (C.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.W.M.M.)
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (D.H.); (M.A.M.T.); (C.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.W.M.M.)
| | - Carolien H. M. van Deurzen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.C.A.); (R.v.M.); (T.P.P.v.d.B.)
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14
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Meyer SN, Koul S, Pasqualucci L. Mouse Models of Germinal Center Derived B-Cell Lymphomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710711. [PMID: 34456919 PMCID: PMC8387591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the revolution in DNA sequencing has changed the way we understand the genetics and biology of B-cell lymphomas by uncovering a large number of recurrently mutated genes, whose aberrant function is likely to play an important role in the initiation and/or maintenance of these cancers. Dissecting how the involved genes contribute to the physiology and pathology of germinal center (GC) B cells -the origin of most B-cell lymphomas- will be key to advance our ability to diagnose and treat these patients. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) that faithfully recapitulate lymphoma-associated genetic alterations offer a valuable platform to investigate the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, and to pre-clinically develop new therapeutic principles in the context of an intact tumor immune microenvironment. In this review, we provide a summary of state-of-the art GEMMs obtained by accurately modelling the most common genetic alterations found in human GC B cell malignancies, with a focus on Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and we discuss how lessons learned from these models can help guide the design of novel therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N. Meyer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanjay Koul
- Department of Biological Sciences & Geology, Queensborough Community College (City University of New York), Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Germinal Centre Shutdown. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705240. [PMID: 34305944 PMCID: PMC8293096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal Centres (GCs) are transient structures in secondary lymphoid organs, where affinity maturation of B cells takes place following an infection. While GCs are responsible for protective antibody responses, dysregulated GC reactions are associated with autoimmune disease and B cell lymphoma. Typically, ‘normal’ GCs persist for a limited period of time and eventually undergo shutdown. In this review, we focus on an important but unanswered question – what causes the natural termination of the GC reaction? In murine experiments, lack of antigen, absence or constitutive T cell help leads to premature termination of the GC reaction. Consequently, our present understanding is limited to the idea that GCs are terminated due to a decrease in antigen access or changes in the nature of T cell help. However, there is no direct evidence on which biological signals are primarily responsible for natural termination of GCs and a mechanistic understanding is clearly lacking. We discuss the present understanding of the GC shutdown, from factors impacting GC dynamics to changes in cellular interactions/dynamics during the GC lifetime. We also address potential missing links and remaining questions in GC biology, to facilitate further studies to promote a better understanding of GC shutdown in infection and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Mediator subunit MED1 is required for E2A-PBX1-mediated oncogenic transcription and leukemic cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1922864118. [PMID: 33542097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922864118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimeric transcription factor E2A-PBX1, containing the N-terminal activation domains of E2A fused to the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of PBX1, results in 5% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL). We recently have reported a mechanism for RUNX1-dependent recruitment of E2A-PBX1 to chromatin in pre-B leukemic cells; but the subsequent E2A-PBX1 functions through various coactivators and the general transcriptional machinery remain unclear. The Mediator complex plays a critical role in cell-specific gene activation by serving as a key coactivator for gene-specific transcription factors that facilitates their function through the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery, but whether Mediator contributes to aberrant expression of E2A-PBX1 target genes remains largely unexplored. Here we show that Mediator interacts directly with E2A-PBX1 through an interaction of the MED1 subunit with an E2A activation domain. Results of MED1 depletion by CRISPR/Cas9 further indicate that MED1 is specifically required for E2A-PBX1-dependent gene activation and leukemic cell growth. Integrated transcriptome and cistrome analyses identify pre-B cell receptor and cell cycle regulatory genes as direct cotargets of MED1 and E2A-PBX1. Notably, complementary biochemical analyses also demonstrate that recruitment of E2A-PBX1 to a target DNA template involves a direct interaction with DNA-bound RUNX1 that can be further stabilized by EBF1. These findings suggest that E2A-PBX1 interactions with RUNX1 and MED1/Mediator are of functional importance for both gene-specific transcriptional activation and maintenance of E2A-PBX1-driven leukemia. The MED1 dependency for E2A-PBX1-mediated gene activation and leukemogenesis may provide a potential therapeutic opportunity by targeting MED1 in E2A-PBX1+ pre-B leukemia.
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17
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Biology of Germinal Center B Cells Relating to Lymphomagenesis. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e582. [PMID: 34095765 PMCID: PMC8171379 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key feature of adaptive humoral immunity. GCs represent the site where mature B cells refine their B-cell receptor (BCR) and are selected based on the newly acquired affinity for the antigen. In the GC, B cells undergo multiple cycles of proliferation, BCR remodeling by immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation (SHM), and affinity-based selection before emerging as effector memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells. At least 2 histologically and functionally distinct compartments are identified in the GC: the dark zone (DZ) and the light zone (LZ). The proliferative burst and immunoglobulin remodeling by SHM occur prevalently in the DZ compartment. In the LZ, GC B cells undergo an affinity-based selection process that requires the interaction with the antigen and accessory cells. GC B cells are also targeted by class switch recombination, an additional mechanism of immunoglobulin remodeling that ensures the expression of diverse isotype classes. These processes are regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and signaling pathways that act in concert with mechanisms of intra-GC B-cell trafficking. The same mechanisms underlying the unique ability of GC B cells to generate high affinity antibodies and ensure immunological memory are hijacked during lymphomagenesis and become powerful weapons for malignant transformation. This review will summarize the main processes and transcriptional networks that drive GC B-cell development and are relevant for human B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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18
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Pasqualucci L, Klein U. Mouse Models in the Study of Mature B-Cell Malignancies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a034827. [PMID: 32398289 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, genomic analyses of several B-cell lymphoma entities have identified a large number of genes that are recurrently mutated, suggesting that their aberrant function promotes lymphomagenesis. For many of those genes, the specific role in normal B-cell development is unknown; moreover, whether and how their deregulated activity contributes to lymphoma initiation and/or maintenance is often difficult to determine. Genetically engineered mouse models that faithfully mimic lymphoma-associated genetic alterations represent valuable tools for elucidating the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, as well as for the preclinical testing of novel therapeutic principles in an intact microenvironment. Here we summarize what has been learned about the mechanisms of oncogenic transformation from accurately modeling the most common and well-characterized genetic alterations identified in mature B-cell malignancies. This information is expected to guide the design of improved molecular diagnostics and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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19
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Lee J, Park H, Lim J, Jin HS, Park Y, Jung YJ, Ko HJ, Yoon SI, Lee GS, Kim PH, Choi SS, Xiao C, Kang SG. GSK3 Restrains Germinal Center B Cells to Form Plasma Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:481-493. [PMID: 33380497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
B cells in the germinal center (GC) are programmed to form plasma cells (PCs) or memory B cells according to signals received by receptors that are translated to carry out appropriate activities of transcription factors. However, the precise mechanism underlying this process to complete the GC reaction is unclear. In this study, we show that both genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in GC B cells of mice facilitate the cell fate decision toward PC formation, accompanied by acquisition of dark zone B cell properties. Mechanistically, under stimulation with CD40L and IL-21, GSK3 inactivation synergistically induced the transcription factors Foxo1 and c-Myc, leading to increased levels of key transcription factors required for PC differentiation, including IRF4. This GSK3-mediated alteration of transcriptional factors in turn facilitated the dark zone transition and consequent PC fate commitment. Our study thus reveals the upstream master regulator responsible for interpreting external cues in GC B cells to form PCs mediated by key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosung Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seung Jin
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Park
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Yoon
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeung-Hyeun Kim
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; .,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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20
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Pae J, Ersching J, Castro TBR, Schips M, Mesin L, Allon SJ, Ordovas-Montanes J, Mlynarczyk C, Melnick A, Efeyan A, Shalek AK, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD. Cyclin D3 drives inertial cell cycling in dark zone germinal center B cells. J Exp Med 2020; 218:211603. [PMID: 33332554 PMCID: PMC7754672 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During affinity maturation, germinal center (GC) B cells alternate between proliferation and somatic hypermutation in the dark zone (DZ) and affinity-dependent selection in the light zone (LZ). This anatomical segregation imposes that the vigorous proliferation that allows clonal expansion of positively selected GC B cells takes place ostensibly in the absence of the signals that triggered selection in the LZ, as if by “inertia.” We find that such inertial cycles specifically require the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3. Cyclin D3 dose-dependently controls the extent to which B cells proliferate in the DZ and is essential for effective clonal expansion of GC B cells in response to strong T follicular helper (Tfh) cell help. Introduction into the Ccnd3 gene of a Burkitt lymphoma–associated gain-of-function mutation (T283A) leads to larger GCs with increased DZ proliferation and, in older mice, clonal B cell lymphoproliferation, suggesting that the DZ inertial cell cycle program can be coopted by B cells undergoing malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Pae
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marta Schips
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Samuel J Allon
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Program in Immunology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Program in Immunology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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21
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Abstract
Although we are just beginning to understand the mechanisms that regulate the epigenome, aberrant epigenetic programming has already emerged as a hallmark of hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and B-cell lymphomas. Although these diseases arise from the hematopoietic system, the epigenetic mechanisms that drive these malignancies are quite different. Yet, in all of these tumors, somatic mutations in transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers are the most commonly mutated set of genes and result in multilayered disruption of the epigenome. Myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms generally manifest epigenetic allele diversity, which contributes to tumor cell population fitness regardless of the underlying genetics. Epigenetic therapies are emerging as one of the most promising new approaches for these patients. However, effective targeting of the epigenome must consider the need to restore the various layers of epigenetic marks, appropriate biological end points, and specificity of therapeutic agents to truly realize the potential of this modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Duy
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
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22
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Ramezani-Rad P, Chen C, Zhu Z, Rickert RC. Cyclin D3 Governs Clonal Expansion of Dark Zone Germinal Center B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108403. [PMID: 33207194 PMCID: PMC7714654 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells surge in their proliferative capacity, which poses a direct risk for B cell malignancies. G1- to S-phase transition is dependent on the expression and stability of D-type cyclins. We show that cyclin D3 expression specifically regulates dark zone (DZ) GC B cell proliferation. B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation of GC B cells downregulates cyclin D3 but induces c-Myc, which subsequently requires cyclin D3 to exert GC expansion. Control of DZ proliferation requires degradation of cyclin D3, which is dependent on phosphorylation of residue Thr283 and can be bypassed by cyclin D3T283A hyperstabilization as observed in B cell lymphoma. Thereby, selected GC B cells in the light zone potentially require disengagement from BCR signaling to accumulate cyclin D3 and undergo clonal expansion in the DZ. Mutations of cyclin D3 occur in B cell lymphomas, which derive from highly proliferating germinal center (GC) B cells. Ramezani-Rad et al. show that cyclin D3 in GC B cells is controlled by B cell receptor signaling and is required for proliferation of dark zone GC B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Ramezani-Rad
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Cindi Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zilu Zhu
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Zou Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Duan S. miR-552: an important post-transcriptional regulator that affects human cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:6226-6233. [PMID: 33033505 PMCID: PMC7532495 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-552 is a small non-coding RNA located on chromosome 1p34.3, and its expression level is significantly up-regulated in tissues or cells of various tumors. miR-552 can target multiple genes. These targeted genes play important regulatory roles in biological processes such as gene transcription and translation, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and invasion. Besides, miR-552 may affect the efficacy of various anticancer drugs by targeting genes such as TP53 and RUNX3. This review summarizes the biological functions and clinical expressions of miR-552 in human cancer. Our goal is to explore the potential value of miR-552 in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zou
- Medical Genetics Center, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Medical Genetics Center, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Li
- Medical Genetics Center, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Medical Genetics Center, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Toboso-Navasa A, Gunawan A, Morlino G, Nakagawa R, Taddei A, Damry D, Patel Y, Chakravarty P, Janz M, Kassiotis G, Brink R, Eilers M, Calado DP. Restriction of memory B cell differentiation at the germinal center B cell positive selection stage. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191933. [PMID: 32407433 PMCID: PMC7336312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are key for protection from reinfection. However, it is mechanistically unclear how germinal center (GC) B cells differentiate into MBCs. MYC is transiently induced in cells fated for GC expansion and plasma cell (PC) formation, so-called positively selected GC B cells. We found that these cells coexpressed MYC and MIZ1 (MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 [ZBTB17]). MYC and MIZ1 are transcriptional activators; however, they form a transcriptional repressor complex that represses MIZ1 target genes. Mice lacking MYC-MIZ1 complexes displayed impaired cell cycle entry of positively selected GC B cells and reduced GC B cell expansion and PC formation. Notably, absence of MYC-MIZ1 complexes in positively selected GC B cells led to a gene expression profile alike that of MBCs and increased MBC differentiation. Thus, at the GC positive selection stage, MYC-MIZ1 complexes are required for effective GC expansion and PC formation and to restrict MBC differentiation. We propose that MYC and MIZ1 form a module that regulates GC B cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arief Gunawan
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Giulia Morlino
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea Taddei
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Djamil Damry
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yash Patel
- Retroviral Immunology, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Janz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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25
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Pi WC, Wang J, Shimada M, Lin JW, Geng H, Lee YL, Lu R, Li D, Wang GG, Roeder RG, Chen WY. E2A-PBX1 functions as a coactivator for RUNX1 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2020; 136:11-23. [PMID: 32276273 PMCID: PMC7332894 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E2A, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, plays a crucial role in determining tissue-specific cell fate, including differentiation of B-cell lineages. In 5% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the t(1,19) chromosomal translocation specifically targets the E2A gene and produces an oncogenic E2A-PBX1 fusion protein. Although previous studies have shown the oncogenic functions of E2A-PBX1 in cell and animal models, the E2A-PBX1-enforced cistrome, the E2A-PBX1 interactome, and related mechanisms underlying leukemogenesis remain unclear. Here, by unbiased genomic profiling approaches, we identify the direct target sites of E2A-PBX1 in t(1,19)-positive pre-B ALL cells and show that, compared with normal E2A, E2A-PBX1 preferentially binds to a subset of gene loci cobound by RUNX1 and gene-activating machineries (p300, MED1, and H3K27 acetylation). Using biochemical analyses, we further document a direct interaction of E2A-PBX1, through a region spanning the PBX1 homeodomain, with RUNX1. Our results also show that E2A-PBX1 binding to gene enhancers is dependent on the RUNX1 interaction but not the DNA-binding activity harbored within the PBX1 homeodomain of E2A-PBX1. Transcriptome analyses and cell transformation assays further establish a significant RUNX1 requirement for E2A-PBX1-mediated target gene activation and leukemogenesis. Notably, the RUNX1 locus itself is also directly activated by E2A-PBX1, indicating a multilayered interplay between E2A-PBX1 and RUNX1. Collectively, our study provides the first unbiased profiling of the E2A-PBX1 cistrome in pre-B ALL cells and reveals a previously unappreciated pathway in which E2A-PBX1 acts in concert with RUNX1 to enforce transcriptome alterations for the development of pre-B ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/chemistry
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/physiology
- DNA/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Histone Code
- Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Mediator Complex/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Protein Domains
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transcriptome
- p300-CBP Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Pi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- Biomedical Industry PhD Program, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Miho Shimada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jia-Wei Lin
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huimin Geng
- Laboratory Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Yu-Ling Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rui Lu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dongxu Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Wei-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- Biomedical Industry PhD Program, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Yamazaki T, Liu L, Conlon EG, Manley JL. Burkitt lymphoma-related TCF3 mutations alter TCF3 alternative splicing by disrupting hnRNPH1 binding. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1383-1390. [PMID: 32449435 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1772559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma characterized by translocation and deregulation of the proto-oncogene c-MYC. Transcription factor 3 (TCF3) has also been shown to be involved in BL pathogenesis. In BL, TCF3 is constitutively active, and/or expression of its transcriptional targets are altered as a result of BL-associated mutations. Here, we found that BL-related TCF3 mutations affect TCF3 alternative splicing, in part by reducing binding of the splicing regulator hnRNPH1 to exon 18b. This leads to greater exon 18b inclusion, thereby generating more of the mutated E47 isoform of TCF3. Interestingly, upregulation of E47 dysregulates the expression of TCF3 targets PTPN6, and perhaps CCND3, which are known to be involved in BL pathogenesis. Our findings thus reveal a mechanism by which TCF3 somatic mutations affect multilayered gene regulation underlying BL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA.,Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd ., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Lizhi Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin G Conlon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA
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27
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Petroni G, Formenti SC, Chen-Kiang S, Galluzzi L. Immunomodulation by anticancer cell cycle inhibitors. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:669-679. [PMID: 32346095 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle proteins that are often dysregulated in malignant cells, such as cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6, have attracted considerable interest as potential targets for cancer therapy. In this context, multiple inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 have been developed, including three small molecules (palbociclib, abemaciclib and ribociclib) that are currently approved for the treatment of patients with breast cancer and are being extensively tested in individuals with other solid and haematological malignancies. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that the anticancer activity of CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors results not only from their ability to block the cell cycle in malignant cells but also from a range of immunostimulatory effects. In this Review, we discuss the ability of anticancer cell cycle inhibitors to modulate various immune functions in support of effective antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Selina Chen-Kiang
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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28
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de Barrios O, Meler A, Parra M. MYC's Fine Line Between B Cell Development and Malignancy. Cells 2020; 9:E523. [PMID: 32102485 PMCID: PMC7072781 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor MYC is transiently expressed during B lymphocyte development, and its correct modulation is essential in defined developmental transitions. Although temporary downregulation of MYC is essential at specific points, basal levels of expression are maintained, and its protein levels are not completely silenced until the B cell becomes fully differentiated into a plasma cell or a memory B cell. MYC has been described as a proto-oncogene that is closely involved in many cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma. Aberrant expression of MYC protein in these hematological malignancies results in an uncontrolled rate of proliferation and, thereby, a blockade of the differentiation process. MYC is not activated by mutations in the coding sequence, and, as reviewed here, its overexpression in leukemia and lymphoma is mainly caused by gene amplification, chromosomal translocations, and aberrant regulation of its transcription. This review provides a thorough overview of the role of MYC in the developmental steps of B cells, and of how it performs its essential function in an oncogenic context, highlighting the importance of appropriate MYC regulation circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maribel Parra
- Lymphocyte Development and Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, IJC Building, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Can Ruti, 08916 Barcelona, Spain (A.M.)
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29
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30
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Pasqualucci L. Molecular pathogenesis of germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:240-261. [PMID: 30874347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of genetically, biologically, and clinically distinct neoplasms that, in most cases, originate from the clonal expansion of B cells in the germinal center (GC). In recent years, the advent of novel genomics technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies as a multistep process that requires the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. A common theme that emerged from these studies is the ability of lymphoma cells to co-opt the same biological programs and signal transduction networks that operate during the normal GC reaction, and misuse them for their own survival advantage. This review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that drive the malignant transformation of GC B cells. These insights provide a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that may be explored for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, New York
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31
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Zhu Z, Shukla A, Ramezani-Rad P, Apgar JR, Rickert RC. The AKT isoforms 1 and 2 drive B cell fate decisions during the germinal center response. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900506. [PMID: 31767615 PMCID: PMC6878223 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K pathway is integral for the germinal center (GC) response. However, the contribution of protein kinase B (AKT) as a PI3K effector in GC B cells remains unknown. Here, we show that mice lacking the AKT1 and AKT2 isoforms in B cells failed to form GCs, which undermined affinity maturation and antibody production in response to immunization. Upon B-cell receptor stimulation, AKT1/2-deficient B cells showed poor survival, reduced proliferation, and impaired mitochondrial and metabolic fitness, which collectively halted GC development. By comparison, Foxo1 T24A mutant, which cannot be inactivated by AKT1/2 phosphorylation and is sequestered in the nucleus, significantly enhanced antibody class switch recombination via induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression. By contrast, repression of FOXO1 activity by AKT1/2 promoted IRF4-driven plasma cell differentiation. Last, we show that T-cell help via CD40, but not enforced expression of Bcl2, rescued the defective GC response in AKT1/2-deficient animals by restoring proliferative expansion and energy production. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into the key role of AKT and downstream pathways on B cell fate decisions during the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Zhu
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Cancer Institute-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ashima Shukla
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Cancer Institute-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Parham Ramezani-Rad
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Cancer Institute-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Apgar
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Cancer Institute-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- National Cancer Institute-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Mlynarczyk C, Fontán L, Melnick A. Germinal center-derived lymphomas: The darkest side of humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:214-239. [PMID: 30874354 PMCID: PMC6518944 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the unusual features of germinal center (GC) B cells is that they manifest many hallmarks of cancer cells. Accordingly, most B-cell neoplasms originate from the GC reaction, and characteristically display abundant point mutations, structural genomic lesions, and clonal diversity from the genetic and epigenetic standpoints. The dominant biological theme of GC-derived lymphomas is mutation of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and immune receptor signaling, which come into play at critical transitional stages of the GC reaction. Hence, mechanistic studies of these mutations reveal fundamental insight into the biology of the normal and malignant GC B cell. The BCL6 transcription factor plays a central role in establishing the GC phenotype in B cells, and most lymphomas are dependent on BCL6 to maintain survival, proliferation, and perhaps immune evasion. Many lymphoma mutations have the commonality of enhancing the oncogenic functions of BCL6, or overcoming some of its tumor suppressive effects. Herein, we discuss how unique features of the GC reaction create vulnerabilities that select for particular lymphoma mutations. We examine the interplay between epigenetic programming, metabolism, signaling, and immune regulatory mechanisms in lymphoma, and discuss how these are leading to novel precision therapy strategies to treat lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Lorena Fontán
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
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33
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Abstract
In this review, Boothby et al. summarize some salient advances toward elucidation of the molecular programming of the fate choices and function of B cells in the periphery. They also note unanswered questions that pertain to differences among subsets of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mature B lymphocytes are crucial components of adaptive immunity, a system essential for the evolutionary fitness of mammals. Adaptive lymphocyte function requires an initially naïve cell to proliferate extensively and its progeny to have the capacity to assume a variety of fates. These include either terminal differentiation (the long-lived plasma cell) or metastable transcriptional reprogramming (germinal center and memory B cells). In this review, we focus principally on the regulation of differentiation and functional diversification of the “B2” subset. An overview is combined with an account of more recent advances, including initial work on mechanisms that eliminate DNA methylation and potential links between intracellular metabolites and chromatin editing.
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34
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Paradoxical role of Id proteins in regulating tumorigenic potential of lymphoid cells. Front Med 2018; 12:374-386. [PMID: 30043222 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A family of transcription factors known as Id proteins, or inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation, is capable of regulating cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, and is often upregulated in multiple types of tumors. Due to their ability to promote self-renewal, Id proteins have been considered as oncogenes, and potential therapeutic targets in cancer models. On the contrary, certain Id proteins are reported to act as tumor suppressors in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma in humans, and hepatosplenic and innate-like T cell lymphomas in mice. The contexts and mechanisms by which Id proteins can serve in such contradictory roles to determine tumor outcomes are still not well understood. In this review, we explore the roles of Id proteins in lymphocyte development and tumorigenesis, particularly with respect to inhibition of their canonical DNA binding partners known as E proteins. Transcriptional regulation by E proteins, and their antagonism by Id proteins, act as gatekeepers to ensure appropriate lymphocyte development at key checkpoints. We re-examine the derailment of these regulatory mechanisms in lymphocytes that facilitate tumor development. These mechanistic insights can allow better appreciation of the context-dependent roles of Id proteins in cancers and improve considerations for therapy.
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35
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Degauque N, Brosseau C, Brouard S. Regulation of the Immune Response by the Inflammatory Metabolic Microenvironment in the Context of Allotransplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1465. [PMID: 29988548 PMCID: PMC6026640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen challenge induced by allotransplantation results in the activation of T and B cells, followed by their differentiation and proliferation to mount an effective immune response. Metabolic fitness has been shown to be crucial for supporting the major shift from quiescent to active immune cells and for tuning the immune response. Metabolic reprogramming includes regulation of the balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration processes. Recent research has shed new light on the functions served by the end products of metabolism such as lactate, acetate, and ATP. At enhanced local concentrations, these metabolites have complex effects in which they not only induce T and B cell responses, cell mobility, and cytokine secretion but also favor the resolution of inflammation by promoting regulatory functions. Such mechanisms are instrumental in the context of the immune response in transplantation, not only to protect the graft and/or eliminate cells targeting it but also to maintain cell homeostasis per se. Metabolic adaptation thus plays an instrumental role on the outcome of the cellular and humoral responses. This, of course, raises the possibility of drugs that would interfere in these metabolic pathways to control the immune response but also highlights the risk that some drugs may perturb this metabolism and cell homeostasis and be deleterious for graft outcome. This review focuses on how metabolic alterations of the local immune microenvironment regulate the immune response and the impact of metabolic manipulation in allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Degauque
- CRTI UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Brosseau
- CRTI UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CRTI UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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36
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Franchina DG, Grusdat M, Brenner D. B-Cell Metabolic Remodeling and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:138-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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37
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Slone WL, Moses BS, Hare I, Evans R, Piktel D, Gibson LF. BCL6 modulation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia response to chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23439-53. [PMID: 27015556 PMCID: PMC5029638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow niche has a significant impact on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell phenotype. Of clinical relevance is the frequency with which quiescent leukemic cells, in this niche, survive treatment and contribute to relapse. This study suggests that marrow microenvironment regulation of BCL6 in ALL is one factor that may be involved in the transition between proliferative and quiescent states of ALL cells. Utilizing ALL cell lines, and primary patient tumor cells we observed that tumor cell BCL6 protein abundance is decreased in the presence of primary human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and osteoblasts (HOB). Chemical inhibition, or shRNA knockdown, of BCL6 in ALL cells resulted in diminished ALL proliferation. As many chemotherapy regimens require tumor cell proliferation for optimal efficacy, we investigated the consequences of constitutive BCL6 expression in leukemic cells during co-culture with BMSC or HOB. Forced chronic expression of BCL6 during co-culture with BMSC or HOB sensitized the tumor to chemotherapy induced cell death. Combination treatment of caffeine, which increases BCL6 expression in ALL cells, with chemotherapy extended the event free survival of mice. These data suggest that BCL6 is one factor, modulated by microenvironment derived cues that may contribute to regulation of ALL therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Slone
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Blake S Moses
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ian Hare
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rebecca Evans
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Debbie Piktel
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Laura F Gibson
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of The WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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38
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Wever CM, Geoffrion D, Grande BM, Yu S, Alcaide M, Lemaire M, Riazalhosseini Y, Hébert J, Gavino C, Vinh DC, Petrogiannis-Haliotis T, Dmitrienko S, Mann KK, Morin RD, Johnson NA. The genomic landscape of two Burkitt lymphoma cases and derived cell lines: comparison between primary and relapse samples. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2159-2174. [PMID: 29295643 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1413186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Relapse occurs in 10-40% of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) patients that have completed intensive chemotherapy regimens and is typically fatal. While treatment-naive BL has been characterized, the genomic landscape of BL at the time of relapse (rBL) has never been reported. Here, we present a genomic characterization of two rBL patients. The diagnostic samples had mutations common in BL, including MYC and CCND3. Additional mutations were detected at relapse, affecting important pathways such as NFκB (IKBKB) and MEK/ERK (NRAS) signaling, glutamine metabolism (SIRT4), and RNA processing (ZFP36L2). Genes implicated in drug resistance were also mutated at relapse (TP53, BAX, ALDH3A1, APAF1, FANCI). This concurrent genomic profiling of samples obtained at diagnosis and relapse has revealed mutations not previously reported in this disease. The patient-derived cell lines will be made available and, along with their detailed genetics, will be a valuable resource to examine the role of specific mutations in therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Wever
- a Department of Medicine , McGill University, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | | | - Bruno M Grande
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada.,d Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Stephen Yu
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Miguel Alcaide
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Maryse Lemaire
- b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- e Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montreal , Canada.,f McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre , Montreal , Canada
| | - Josée Hébert
- g Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada.,h Research Centre and Division of Hematology-Oncology Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital , The Québec Leukemia Cell Bank , Montreal , Canada
| | - Christina Gavino
- i Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program (Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada.,j Department of Medicine , Medical Microbiology and Human Genetics (McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- i Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program (Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada.,j Department of Medicine , Medical Microbiology and Human Genetics (McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada
| | | | | | - Koren K Mann
- a Department of Medicine , McGill University, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada.,d Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Nathalie A Johnson
- a Department of Medicine , McGill University, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
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39
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Fan H, Ren D, Hou Y. TLR7, a third signal for the robust generation of spontaneous germinal center B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:286-288. [PMID: 29176742 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Deshan Ren
- INSERM U1170, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France.,University of Paris Sud, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
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40
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Akkaya M, Akkaya B, Sheehan PW, Miozzo P, Pena M, Qi CF, Manzella-Lapeira J, Bolland S, Pierce SK. T cell-dependent antigen adjuvanted with DOTAP-CpG-B but not DOTAP-CpG-A induces robust germinal center responses and high affinity antibodies in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1890-1899. [PMID: 28762497 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines for infectious diseases for which we currently have none, including HIV, will likely require the use of adjuvants that strongly promote germinal center responses and somatic hypermutation to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here we compared the outcome of immunization with the T-cell dependent antigen, NP-conjugated to chicken gamma globulin (NP-CGG) adjuvanted with the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligands, CpG-A or CpG-B, alone or conjugated with the cationic lipid carrier, DOTAP. We provide evidence that only NP-CGG adjuvanted with DOTAP-CpG-B was an effective vaccine in mice resulting in robust germinal center responses, isotype switching and high affinity NP-specific antibodies. The effectiveness of DOTAP-CpG-B as an adjuvant was dependent on the expression of the TLR9 signaling adaptor MyD88 in immunized mice. These results indicate DOTAP-CpG-B but not DOTAP-CpG-A is an effective adjuvant for T cell-dependent protein antigen-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Pietro Miozzo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mirna Pena
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Javier Manzella-Lapeira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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41
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Adult high-grade B-cell lymphoma with Burkitt lymphoma signature: genomic features and potential therapeutic targets. Blood 2017; 130:1819-1831. [PMID: 28801451 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-767335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult high-grade B-cell lymphomas sharing molecular features with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) are highly aggressive lymphomas with poor clinical outcome. High-resolution structural and functional genomic analysis of adult Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and high-grade B-cell lymphoma with BL gene signature (adult-molecularly defined BL [mBL]) revealed the MYC-ARF-p53 axis as the primary deregulated pathway. Adult-mBL had either unique or more frequent genomic aberrations (del13q14, del17p, gain8q24, and gain18q21) compared with pediatric-mBL, but shared commonly mutated genes. Mutations in genes promoting the tonic B-cell receptor (BCR)→PI3K pathway (TCF3 and ID3) did not differ by age, whereas effectors of chronic BCR→NF-κB signaling were associated with adult-mBL. A subset of adult-mBL had BCL2 translocation and mutation and elevated BCL2 mRNA and protein expression, but had a mutation profile similar to mBL. These double-hit lymphomas may have arisen from a tumor precursor that acquired both BCL2 and MYC translocations and/or KMT2D (MLL2) mutation. Gain/amplification of MIR17HG and its paralogue loci was observed in 50% of adult-mBL. In vitro studies suggested miR-17∼92's role in constitutive activation of BCR signaling and sensitivity to ibrutinib. Overall integrative analysis identified an interrelated gene network affected by copy number and mutation, leading to disruption of the p53 pathway and the BCR→PI3K or NF-κB activation, which can be further exploited in vivo by small-molecule inhibitors for effective therapy in adult-mBL.
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42
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Jallades L, Baseggio L, Sujobert P, Huet S, Chabane K, Callet-Bauchu E, Verney A, Hayette S, Desvignes JP, Salgado D, Levy N, Béroud C, Felman P, Berger F, Magaud JP, Genestier L, Salles G, Traverse-Glehen A. Exome sequencing identifies recurrent BCOR alterations and the absence of KLF2, TNFAIP3 and MYD88 mutations in splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2017; 102:1758-1766. [PMID: 28751561 PMCID: PMC5622860 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma is an indolent small B-cell lymphoma recognized as a provisional entity in the World Health Organization 2008 classification. Its precise relationship to other related splenic B-cell lymphomas with frequent leukemic involvement or other lymphoproliferative disorders remains undetermined. We performed whole-exome sequencing to explore the genetic landscape of ten cases of splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma using paired tumor and normal samples. A selection of 109 somatic mutations was then evaluated in a cohort including 42 samples of splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma and compared to those identified in 46 samples of splenic marginal zone lymphoma and eight samples of hairy-cell leukemia. Recurrent mutations or losses in BCOR (the gene encoding the BCL6 corepressor) – frameshift (n=3), nonsense (n=2), splicing site (n=1), and copy number loss (n=4) – were identified in 10/42 samples of splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (24%), whereas only one frameshift mutation was identified in 46 cases of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (2%). Inversely, KLF2, TNFAIP3 and MYD88, common mutations in splenic marginal zone lymphoma, were rare (one KLF2 mutant in 42 samples; 2%) or absent (TNFAIP3 and MYD88) in splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma. These findings define an original genetic profile of splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma and suggest that the mechanisms of pathogenesis of this lymphoma are distinct from those of splenic marginal zone lymphoma and hairy-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Jallades
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France
| | - Lucile Baseggio
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France
| | - Pierre Sujobert
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France
| | - Sarah Huet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France
| | - Kaddour Chabane
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France
| | - Evelyne Callet-Bauchu
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France
| | - Aurélie Verney
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France
| | - Sandrine Hayette
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Desvignes
- Aix-Marseille Université, GMGF, 13385, Marseillee, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 910, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - David Salgado
- Aix-Marseille Université, GMGF, 13385, Marseillee, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 910, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Levy
- Aix-Marseille Université, GMGF, 13385, Marseillee, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 910, 13385, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital TIMONE Enfants, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Béroud
- Aix-Marseille Université, GMGF, 13385, Marseillee, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 910, 13385, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital TIMONE Enfants, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Felman
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France
| | - Françoise Berger
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Magaud
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France
| | - Laurent Genestier
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France
| | - Gilles Salles
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France .,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d'Hématologie, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexandra Traverse-Glehen
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Team "Clinical and Experimental Models of Lymphomagenesis", Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon-Sud Charles Mérieux, Oulins, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Marseillee, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Pierre-Bénite, France
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43
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Rohde M, Bonn BR, Zimmermann M, Lange J, Möricke A, Klapper W, Oschlies I, Szczepanowski M, Nagel I, Schrappe M, Loeffler M, Siebert R, Reiter A, Burkhardt B. Relevance of ID3-TCF3-CCND3 pathway mutations in pediatric aggressive B-cell lymphoma treated according to the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster protocols. Haematologica 2017; 102:1091-1098. [PMID: 28209658 PMCID: PMC5451341 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.156885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood and adolescence. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas are further classified into histological subtypes, with Burkitt lymphoma and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma being the most common subgroups in pediatric patients. Translocations involving the MYC oncogene are known as relevant but not sufficient for Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis. Recently published large-scale next-generation sequencing studies unveiled sets of additional recurrently mutated genes in samples of pediatric and adult B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. ID3, TCF3 and CCND3 are potential drivers of Burkitt lymphomagenesis. In the study herein, frequency and clinical relevance of mutations in ID3, TCF3 and CCND3 were analyzed within a well-defined cohort of 84 uniformly diagnosed and treated pediatric B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster group. Mutation frequency was 78% (ID3), 13% (TCF3) and 36% (CCND3) in Burkitt lymphoma (including Burkitt leukemia). ID3 and CCND3 mutations were associated with more advanced stages of the disease in MYC rearrangement positive Burkitt lymphoma. In conclusion, ID3-TCF3-CCND3 pathway genes are mutated in more than 88% of MYC-rearranged pediatric B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and the pathway may represent a highly relevant second hit of Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis, especially in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Rohde
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Bettina R Bonn
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Lange
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Germany.,Translational Oncology, Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster; Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Anja Möricke
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ilske Oschlies
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monika Szczepanowski
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga Nagel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics Statistics and Epidemiology, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm and University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | - Alfred Reiter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Birgit Burkhardt
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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Zumwalt TJ, Wodarz D, Komarova NL, Toden S, Turner J, Cardenas J, Burn J, Chan AT, Boland CR, Goel A. Aspirin-Induced Chemoprevention and Response Kinetics Are Enhanced by PIK3CA Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:208-218. [PMID: 28154202 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine how aspirin influences the growth kinetics and characteristics of cultured colorectal cancer cells that harbor a variety of different mutational backgrounds, including PIK3CA- and KRAS-activating mutations, and the presence or absence of microsatellite instability. Colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116, HCT116 + Chr3/5, RKO, SW480, HCT15, CACO2, HT29, and SW48) were treated with pharmacologically relevant doses of aspirin (0.5-10 mmol/L) and evaluated for proliferation and cell-cycle distribution. These parameters were fitted to a mathematical model to quantify the effects and understand the mechanism(s) by which aspirin modifies growth in colorectal cancer cells. We also evaluated the effects of aspirin on key G0-G1 cell-cycle genes that are regulated by the PI3K-Akt pathway. Aspirin decelerated growth rates and disrupted cell-cycle dynamics more profoundly in faster growing colorectal cancer cell lines, which tended to be PIK3CA mutants. Additionally, microarray analysis of 151 colorectal cancer cell lines identified important cell-cycle regulatory genes that are downstream targets of PIK3 and were also dysregulated by aspirin treatment (PCNA and RB1). Our study demonstrated what clinical trials have only speculated, that PIK3CA-mutant colorectal cancers are more sensitive to aspirin. Aspirin inhibited cell growth in all colorectal cancer cell lines regardless of mutational background, but the effects were exacerbated in cells with PIK3CA mutations. Mathematical modeling combined with bench science revealed that cells with PIK3CA-mutations experience significant G0-G1 arrest and explains why patients with PIK3CA mutant colorectal cancers may benefit from aspirin use after diagnosis. Cancer Prev Res; 10(3); 208-18. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Zumwalt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jacob Turner
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jacob Cardenas
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John Burn
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C Richard Boland
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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45
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Jellusova J, Cato MH, Apgar JR, Ramezani-Rad P, Leung CR, Chen C, Richardson AD, Conner EM, Benschop RJ, Woodgett JR, Rickert RC. Gsk3 is a metabolic checkpoint regulator in B cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:303-312. [PMID: 28114292 PMCID: PMC5310963 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B cells predominate in a quiescent state until antigen is encountered, which results in rapid growth, proliferation and differentiation. These distinct cell states are likely accompanied by differing metabolic needs, yet little is known about the metabolic control of B cell fate. Here we show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a metabolic sensor that promotes the survival of naïve recirculating B cells by restricting cell mass accumulation. In antigen-driven responses, GSK3 was selectively required for CD40-mediated regulation of B cell size, mitochondria biogenesis, glycolysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. GSK3 was required to prevent metabolic collapse and ROS-induced apoptosis when glucose became limiting, functioning in part by repressing c-Myc-dependent growth. Importantly, we found that GSK3 was required for the generation and maintenance of germinal center B cells, which require high glycolytic activity to support growth and proliferation in a hypoxic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, California, USA.,NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Cato
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, California, USA.,NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John R Apgar
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, California, USA.,NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Parham Ramezani-Rad
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, California, USA.,NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Charlotte R Leung
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, California, USA.,NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cindi Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, California, USA.,NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam D Richardson
- NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - James R Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, California, USA.,NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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46
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Soutar DA, Doucette CD, Liwski RS, Hoskin DW. Piperine, a Pungent Alkaloid from Black Pepper, Inhibits B Lymphocyte Activation and Effector Functions. Phytother Res 2017; 31:466-474. [PMID: 28102026 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Piperine has several well-documented anti-inflammatory properties; however, little is known regarding its effect on humoral immunity. In this study, we describe the immunosuppressive effect of piperine on B lymphocytes, which are integral to the humoral immune response. Mouse B cells were cultured in the absence or presence of non-cytotoxic concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μM) of piperine during T-dependent or T-independent stimulation. Piperine inhibited B cell proliferation by causing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in association with reduced expression of cyclin D2 and D3. The inhibitory effect of piperine was not mediated through transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 ion channel (TRPV1) because piperine also inhibited the proliferation of B cells from TRPV1-deficient mice. Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules and costimulatory CD40 and CD86 on B lymphocytes was reduced in the presence of piperine, as was B cell-mediated antigen presentation to syngeneic T cells. In addition, piperine inhibited B cell synthesis of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 cytokines, as well as IgM, IgG2b, and IgG3 immunoglobulins. The inhibitory effect of piperine on B lymphocyte activation and effector function warrants further investigation for possible application in the treatment of pathologies related to inappropriate humoral immune responses. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Soutar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Carolyn D Doucette
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robert S Liwski
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David W Hoskin
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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47
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Lee P, Zhu Z, Hachmann J, Nojima T, Kitamura D, Salvesen G, Rickert RC. Differing Requirements for MALT1 Function in Peripheral B Cell Survival and Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1066-1080. [PMID: 28031341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During a T cell-dependent immune response, formation of the germinal center (GC) is essential for the generation of high-affinity plasma cells and memory B cells. The canonical NF-κB pathway has been implicated in the initiation of GC reaction, and defects in this pathway have been linked to immune deficiencies. The paracaspase MALT1 plays an important role in regulating NF-κB activation upon triggering of Ag receptors. Although previous studies have reported that MALT1 deficiency abrogates the GC response, the relative contribution of B cells and T cells to the defective phenotype remains unclear. We used chimeric mouse models to demonstrate that MALT1 function is required in B cells for GC formation. This role is restricted to BCR signaling where MALT1 is critical for B cell proliferation and survival. Moreover, the proapoptotic signal transmitted in the absence of MALT1 is dominant to the prosurvival effects of T cell-derived stimuli. In addition to GC B cell differentiation, MALT1 is required for plasma cell differentiation, but not mitogenic responses. Lastly, we show that ectopic expression of Bcl-2 can partially rescue the GC phenotype in MALT1-deficient animals by prolonging the lifespan of BCR-activated B cells, but plasma cell differentiation and Ab production remain defective. Thus, our data uncover previously unappreciated aspects of MALT1 function in B cells and highlight its importance in humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zilu Zhu
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Janna Hachmann
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Guy Salvesen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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48
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DeMicco A, Reich T, Arya R, Rivera-Reyes A, Fisher MR, Bassing CH. Lymphocyte lineage-specific and developmental stage specific mechanisms suppress cyclin D3 expression in response to DNA double strand breaks. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2882-2894. [PMID: 27327568 PMCID: PMC5105912 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1198861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells are thought to protect themselves and their host organisms from DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) through universal mechanisms that restrain cellular proliferation until DNA is repaired. The Cyclin D3 protein drives G1-to-S cell cycle progression and is required for proliferation of immature T and B cells and of mature B cells during a T cell-dependent immune response. We demonstrate that mouse thymocytes and pre-B cells, but not mature B cells, repress Cyclin D3 protein levels in response to DSBs. This response requires the ATM protein kinase that is activated by DSBs. Cyclin D3 protein loss in thymocytes coincides with decreased association of Cyclin D3 mRNA with the HuR RNA binding protein that ATM regulates. HuR inactivation reduces basal Cyclin D3 protein levels without affecting Cyclin D3 mRNA levels, indicating that thymocytes repress Cyclin D3 expression via ATM-dependent inhibition of Cyclin D3 mRNA translation. In contrast, ATM-dependent transcriptional repression of the Cyclin D3 gene represses Cyclin D3 protein levels in pre-B cells. Retrovirus-driven Cyclin D3 expression is resistant to transcriptional repression by DSBs; this prevents pre-B cells from suppressing Cyclin D3 protein levels and from inhibiting DNA synthesis to the normal extent following DSBs. Our data indicate that immature B and T cells use lymphocyte lineage- and developmental stage-specific mechanisms to inhibit Cyclin D3 protein levels and thereby help prevent cellular proliferation in response to DSBs. We discuss the relevance of these cellular context-dependent DSB response mechanisms in restraining proliferation, maintaining genomic integrity, and suppressing malignant transformation of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy DeMicco
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler Reich
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rahul Arya
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrian Rivera-Reyes
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan R. Fisher
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Craig H. Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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49
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Abstract
B cell growth and proliferation is tightly regulated by signaling through the B cell receptor and by other membrane bound receptors responding to different cytokines. The PI3K signaling pathway has been shown to play a crucial role in B cell activation, differentiation and survival. Activated B cells undergo metabolic reprograming in response to changing energetic and biosynthetic demands. B cells also need to be able to coordinate metabolic activity and proliferation with nutrient availability. The PI3K signaling network has been implicated in regulating nutrient acquisition, utilization and biosynthesis, thus integrating receptor-mediated signaling with cell metabolism. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about metabolic changes induced in activated B cells, strategies to adapt to metabolic stress and the role of PI3K signaling in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- a BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Robert C Rickert
- c Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
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50
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Mastorci K, Muraro E, Pasini E, Furlan C, Sigalotti L, Cinco M, Dolcetti R, Fratta E. Toll-Like Receptor 1/2 and 5 Ligands Enhance the Expression of Cyclin D1 and D3 and Induce Proliferation in Mantle Cell Lymphoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153823. [PMID: 27123851 PMCID: PMC4849792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with a still undefined etiology. Several lines of evidence are consistent with the possible involvement of peculiar microenvironmental stimuli sustaining tumor cell growth and survival, as the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR) 4 and 9. However, little is known about the contribution of other TLRs of pathogenic relevance in the development of MCL. This study reports evidence that MCL cell lines and primary MCL cells express different levels of TLR2 and TLR5, and that their triggering is able to further activate the Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling cascades, known to be altered in MCL cells. This leads to the enhancement of cyclin D1 and D3 over-expression, occurring at post-translational level through a mechanism that likely involves the Akt/GSK-3α/β pathway. Interestingly, in primary B cells, TLR1/2 or TLR5 ligands increase protein level of cyclin D1, which is not usually expressed in normal B cells, and cyclin D3 when associated with CD40 ligand (CD40L), IL-4, and anti-human-IgM co-stimulus. Finally, the activation of TLR1/2 and TLR5 results in an increased proliferation of MCL cell lines and, in the presence of co-stimulation with CD40L, IL-4, and anti-human-IgM also of primary MCL cells and normal B lymphocytes. These effects befall together with an enhanced IL-6 production in primary cultures. Overall, our findings suggest that ligands for TLR1/2 or TLR5 may provide critical stimuli able to sustain the growth and the malignant phenotype of MCL cells. Further studies aimed at identifying the natural source of these TLR ligands and their possible pathogenic association with MCL are warranted in order to better understand MCL development, but also to define new therapeutic targets for counteracting the tumor promoting effects of lymphoma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Mastorci
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS—National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Elena Muraro
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS—National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisa Pasini
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS—National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and TECHNA Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, TMDT, Room 11–314, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Chiara Furlan
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS—National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Luca Sigalotti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS—National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Marina Cinco
- Spirochete Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS—National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elisabetta Fratta
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS—National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
- * E-mail:
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