1
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Neuendorf HM, Simmons JL, Boyle GM. Therapeutic targeting of anoikis resistance in cutaneous melanoma metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1183328. [PMID: 37181747 PMCID: PMC10169659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1183328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of resistance to anoikis, the cell death induced by loss of adhesion to the extracellular matrix, is an absolute requirement for the survival of disseminating and circulating tumour cells (CTCs), and for the seeding of metastatic lesions. In melanoma, a range of intracellular signalling cascades have been identified as potential drivers of anoikis resistance, however a full understanding of the process is yet to be attained. Mechanisms of anoikis resistance pose an attractive target for the therapeutic treatment of disseminating and circulating melanoma cells. This review explores the range of small molecule, peptide and antibody inhibitors targeting molecules involved in anoikis resistance in melanoma, and may be repurposed to prevent metastatic melanoma prior to its initiation, potentially improving the prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Neuendorf
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacinta L. Simmons
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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2
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Salama Y, Takahashi S, Tsuda Y, Okada Y, Hattori K, Heissig B. YO2 Induces Melanoma Cell Apoptosis through p53-Mediated LRP1 Downregulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:288. [PMID: 36612285 PMCID: PMC9818169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional endocytic receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) has been implicated in melanoma growth. However, the mechanism of LRP1 expression in melanoma cells remains only partially understood. In most melanomas, the TP53 tumor suppressor is retained as a non-mutated, inactive form that fails to suppress tumors. We identify TP53 as a regulator of LRP1-mediated tumor growth. TP53 enhances the expression of miRNA miR-103/107. These miRNAs target LRP1 expression on melanoma cells. TP53 overexpression in human and murine melanoma cells was achieved using lentivirus or treatment with the small molecule YO-2, a plasmin inhibitor known to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. TP53 restoration enhanced the expression of the tumor suppressor miR-103/107, resulting in the downregulation of LRP1 and suppression of tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, LRP1 overexpression or p53 downregulation prevented YO-2-mediated melanoma growth inhibition. We identified YO-2 as a novel p53 inducer in melanoma cells. Cotreatment of YO-2 with doxorubicin blocked tumor growth in vivo and in a murine melanoma model, suggesting that YO-2 exerts anti-melanoma effects alone or in combination with conventional myelosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Salama
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus 99900800, Palestine
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuda
- The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-Cho, Nishi-Ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
| | - Yoshio Okada
- The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-Cho, Nishi-Ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beate Heissig
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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3
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Leung RF, George AM, Roussel EM, Faux MC, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:843794. [PMID: 35546872 PMCID: PMC9081933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.843794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Leung
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ankita M. George
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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4
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Lu S, Louphrasitthiphol P, Goradia N, Lambert JP, Schmidt J, Chauhan J, Rughani MG, Larue L, Wilmanns M, Goding CR. TBX2 controls a proproliferative gene expression program in melanoma. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1657-1677. [PMID: 34819350 PMCID: PMC8653791 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348746.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Senescence shapes embryonic development, plays a key role in aging, and is a critical barrier to cancer initiation, yet how senescence is regulated remains incompletely understood. TBX2 is an antisenescence T-box family transcription repressor implicated in embryonic development and cancer. However, the repertoire of TBX2 target genes, its cooperating partners, and how TBX2 promotes proliferation and senescence bypass are poorly understood. Here, using melanoma as a model, we show that TBX2 lies downstream from PI3K signaling and that TBX2 binds and is required for expression of E2F1, a key antisenescence cell cycle regulator. Remarkably, TBX2 binding in vivo is associated with CACGTG E-boxes, present in genes down-regulated by TBX2 depletion, more frequently than the consensus T-element DNA binding motif that is restricted to Tbx2 repressed genes. TBX2 is revealed to interact with a wide range of transcription factors and cofactors, including key components of the BCOR/PRC1.1 complex that are recruited by TBX2 to the E2F1 locus. Our results provide key insights into how PI3K signaling modulates TBX2 function in cancer to drive proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhu Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Nishit Goradia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada; CHU de Québec Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jagat Chauhan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Milap G Rughani
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 3347 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,University Hamburg Clinical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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5
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Huang F, Santinon F, Flores González RE, del Rincón SV. Melanoma Plasticity: Promoter of Metastasis and Resistance to Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:756001. [PMID: 34604096 PMCID: PMC8481945 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although targeted therapies and immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, most patients are not cured. Therapy resistance remains a significant clinical challenge. Melanoma comprises phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cells, exhibiting distinct gene signatures leading to tumor heterogeneity and favoring therapeutic resistance. Cellular plasticity in melanoma is referred to as phenotype switching. Regardless of their genomic classification, melanomas switch from a proliferative and differentiated phenotype to an invasive, dedifferentiated and often therapy-resistant state. In this review we discuss potential mechanisms underpinning melanoma phenotype switching, how this cellular plasticity contributes to resistance to both targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Finally, we highlight novel strategies to target plasticity and their potential clinical impact in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Santinon
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raúl Ernesto Flores González
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia V. del Rincón
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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6
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Hamm M, Sohier P, Petit V, Raymond JH, Delmas V, Le Coz M, Gesbert F, Kenny C, Aktary Z, Pouteaux M, Rambow F, Sarasin A, Charoenchon N, Bellacosa A, Sanchez-Del-Campo L, Mosteo L, Lauss M, Meijer D, Steingrimsson E, Jönsson GB, Cornell RA, Davidson I, Goding CR, Larue L. BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3707. [PMID: 34140478 PMCID: PMC8211827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the major drivers of melanoma initiation, including activation of NRAS/BRAF and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A, have been identified, the role of key transcription factors that impose altered transcriptional states in response to deregulated signaling is not well understood. The POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is a key regulator of melanoma invasion, yet its role in melanoma initiation remains unknown. Here, in a BrafV600E PtenF/+ context, we show that BRN2 haplo-insufficiency promotes melanoma initiation and metastasis. However, metastatic colonization is less efficient in the absence of Brn2. Mechanistically, BRN2 directly induces PTEN expression and in consequence represses PI3K signaling. Moreover, MITF, a BRN2 target, represses PTEN transcription. Collectively, our results suggest that on a PTEN heterozygous background somatic deletion of one BRN2 allele and temporal regulation of the other allele elicits melanoma initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hamm
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sohier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy H Raymond
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Le Coz
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Colin Kenny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marie Pouteaux
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florian Rambow
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Laboratory of Genetic Instability and Oncogenesis, UMR8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Nisamanee Charoenchon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Del-Campo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Mosteo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Lauss
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre of Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Anatomy, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Göran B Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France.
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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7
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Integrin α3β1 Promotes Invasive and Metastatic Properties of Breast Cancer Cells through Induction of the Brn-2 Transcription Factor. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030480. [PMID: 33513758 PMCID: PMC7866210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly lethal with limited therapy options. Integrin α3β1 is a cell surface receptor that interacts with the extracellular matrix and facilitates communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment. α3β1 is implicated in breast cancer progression and metastasis, so understanding mechanisms by which α3β1 promotes invasion and metastasis will facilitate the development of this integrin as a potential therapeutic target. Here we identify a novel role for α3β1 in promoting the expression of the transcription factor Brain-2 (Brn-2) in triple-negative breast cancer cells. We further report that Brn-2 promotes invasion and metastasis and partially restores invasion to cells in which expression of α3β1 has been suppressed. Bioinformatic analysis of patient datasets revealed a positive correlation between the expression of the genes encoding the integrin α3 subunit and Brn-2. In summary, our work identifies α3β1-mediated induction of Brn-2 as a mechanism that regulates invasive and metastatic properties of breast cancer cells. Abstract In the current study, we demonstrate that integrin α3β1 promotes invasive and metastatic traits of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells through induction of the transcription factor, Brain-2 (Brn-2). We show that RNAi-mediated suppression of α3β1 in MDA-MB-231 cells caused reduced expression of Brn-2 mRNA and protein and reduced activity of the BRN2 gene promoter. In addition, RNAi-targeting of Brn-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells decreased invasion in vitro and lung colonization in vivo, and exogenous Brn-2 expression partially restored invasion to cells in which α3β1 was suppressed. α3β1 promoted phosphorylation of Akt in MDA-MB-231 cells, and treatment of these cells with a pharmacological Akt inhibitor (MK-2206) reduced both Brn-2 expression and cell invasion, indicating that α3β1-Akt signaling contributes to Brn-2 induction. Analysis of RNAseq data from patients with invasive breast carcinoma revealed that high BRN2 expression correlates with poor survival. Moreover, high BRN2 expression positively correlates with high ITGA3 expression in basal-like breast cancer, which is consistent with our experimental findings that α3β1 induces Brn-2 in TNBC cells. Together, our study demonstrates a pro-invasive/pro-metastatic role for Brn-2 in breast cancer cells and identifies a role for integrin α3β1 in regulating Brn-2 expression, thereby revealing a novel mechanism of integrin-dependent breast cancer cell invasion.
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8
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Ballotti R, Cheli Y, Bertolotto C. The complex relationship between MITF and the immune system: a Melanoma ImmunoTherapy (response) Factor? Mol Cancer 2020; 19:170. [PMID: 33276788 PMCID: PMC7718690 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitory therapy (ICT) in advanced melanomas is limited by primary and acquired resistance. The molecular determinants of the resistance have been extensively studied, but these discoveries have not yet been translated into therapeutic benefits. As such, a paradigm shift in melanoma treatment, to surmount the therapeutic impasses linked to the resistance, is an important ongoing challenge.This review outlines the multifaceted interplay between microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a major determinant of the biology of melanoma cells, and the immune system. In melanomas, MITF functions downstream oncogenic pathways and microenvironment stimuli that restrain the immune responses. We highlight how MITF, by controlling differentiation and genome integrity, may regulate melanoma-specific antigen expression by interfering with the endolysosomal pathway, KARS1, and antigen processing and presentation. MITF also modulates the expression of coinhibitory receptors, i.e., PD-L1 and HVEM, and the production of an inflammatory secretome, which directly affects the infiltration and/or activation of the immune cells.Furthermore, MITF is also a key determinant of melanoma cell plasticity and tumor heterogeneity, which are undoubtedly one of the major hurdles for an effective immunotherapy. Finally, we briefly discuss the role of MITF in kidney cancer, where it also plays a key role, and in immune cells, establishing MITF as a central mediator in the regulation of immune responses in melanoma and other cancers.We propose that a better understanding of MITF and immune system intersections could help in the tailoring of current ICT in melanomas and pave the way for clinical benefits and long-lasting responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ballotti
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, team1, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Yann Cheli
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, team1, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, team1, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France.
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9
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Simmons JL, Neuendorf HM, Boyle GM. BRN2 and MITF together impact AXL expression in melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2020; 31:89-93. [PMID: 33119145 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inverse relationship between transcription factor MITF and receptor tyrosine kinase AXL has received much attention recently. It is thought that melanoma tumors showing AXLhigh /MITFlow levels are resistant to therapy. We show here that a population of cells within melanoma tumors with extremely high expression of AXL are negative/low for both MITF and the transcription factor BRN2. Depletion of both transcription factors from cultured melanoma cell lines produced an increase in AXL expression greater than depletion of MITF alone. Further, re-expression of BRN2 led to decreased AXL expression, indicating a role for BRN2 in regulation of AXL levels unrelated to effects on MITF level. As AXL has been recognized as a marker of therapy resistance, these cells may represent a population of cells responsible for disease relapse and as potential targets for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta L Simmons
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Hannah M Neuendorf
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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10
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Pierce CJ, Simmons JL, Broit N, Karunarathne D, Ng MF, Boyle GM. BRN2 expression increases anoikis resistance in melanoma. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:64. [PMID: 32632141 PMCID: PMC7338542 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma tumors are highly heterogeneous, comprising of many cell populations that vary in their potential for growth and invasion. Differential transcription factor expression contributes to these phenotypic traits. BRN2, a member of the POU domain family of transcription factors is thought to play important roles in melanoma invasion and metastasis. However, the function of BRN2 during the metastatic process of melanoma remains largely unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of BRN2 expression in melanoma cells with no or low constitutive expression using a doxycycline-inducible system. Induction of BRN2 expression led to reduced proliferation and partial resistance to an inhibitor of mutated BRAF. Whole-genome profiling analysis revealed novel targets and signaling pathway changes related to prevention of cell death induced by detachment from the extracellular matrix, known as anoikis resistance. Further investigation confirmed increased survival of BRN2-expressing cell lines in non-adherent conditions. Functionally, expression of BRN2 promoted induction of c-MET levels as well as increased phosphorylation of STAT3. Treatment with crizotinib, a c-MET inhibitor, decreased cellular viability of BRN2-expressing cells under non-adherent conditions to death by anoikis. Alternative inhibitors of c-MET showed similar results. These results highlight the importance of a largely overlooked transcription factor in the progression and metastasis of melanoma, and may suggest a strategy to target BRN2-expressing cells resistant to therapy and cell death by anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Pierce
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacinta L Simmons
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Natasa Broit
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deshapriya Karunarathne
- Molecular Immunology Group, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mei Fong Ng
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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11
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Zhao G, Wei Z, Guo Y. MicroRNA-107 is a novel tumor suppressor targeting POU3F2 in melanoma. Biol Res 2020; 53:11. [PMID: 32169117 PMCID: PMC7071777 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is one of the major types of skin cancer. The metastatic melanoma is among the most lethal forms of malignant skin tumors. We hereby aimed to characterize a novel microRNA (miR) in the metastatic melanoma model. Methods First, we evaluated the expression of miR-107 in melanoma cells and tumor tissues. The comparison between primary and metastatic cancer tissues was also accessed. Next, we examined the impact of miR-107 on melanoma cell proliferation, cell cycle, colony formation, apoptotic activity, migration and matrix invasion. A downstream target of miR-107 was also predicted and validated functionally in melanoma cells. Results Our findings showed miR-107 was significantly downregulated in melanoma. Its expression was lowest in metastatic form. Over-expression of miR-107 reduced melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. POU3F2 was identified as the downstream target of miR-107. Over-expression of POU3F2 antagonized miR-107-mediated inhibitory effect on melanoma cells. Conclusion Our study has reported miR-107 as a novel tumor suppressive factor in the metastatic melanoma model. It has provided new avenue to manage melanoma and improve the survival rate in the advanced stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, No. 9 Zhongkang Road, Saertu District, Daqing, 163000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhili Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, No. 9 Zhongkang Road, Saertu District, Daqing, 163000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Shipping Warehouse, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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12
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Andersen RE, Hong SJ, Lim JJ, Cui M, Harpur BA, Hwang E, Delgado RN, Ramos AD, Liu SJ, Blencowe BJ, Lim DA. The Long Noncoding RNA Pnky Is a Trans-acting Regulator of Cortical Development In Vivo. Dev Cell 2020; 49:632-642.e7. [PMID: 31112699 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While it is now appreciated that certain long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important functions in cell biology, relatively few have been shown to regulate development in vivo, particularly with genetic strategies that establish cis versus trans mechanisms. Pnky is a nuclear-enriched lncRNA that is transcribed divergently from the neighboring proneural transcription factor Pou3f2. Here, we show that conditional deletion of Pnky from the developing cortex regulates the production of projection neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) in a cell-autonomous manner, altering postnatal cortical lamination. Surprisingly, Pou3f2 expression is not disrupted by deletion of the entire Pnky gene. Moreover, expression of Pnky from a BAC transgene rescues the differential gene expression and increased neurogenesis of Pnky-knockout NSCs, as well as the developmental phenotypes of Pnky-deletion in vivo. Thus, despite being transcribed divergently from a key developmental transcription factor, the lncRNA Pnky regulates development in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Andersen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sung Jun Hong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Justin J Lim
- Donnelly Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Miao Cui
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brock A Harpur
- Donnelly Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hwang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ryan N Delgado
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexander D Ramos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Siyuan John Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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13
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da Cunha FFM, Mugnol KCU, de Melo FM, Nascimento MVSQ, de Azevedo RA, Santos RTS, Magalhães JA, Miguel DC, Tada DB, Mortara RA, Travassos LR, Arruda DC. Peptide R18H from BRN2 Transcription Factor POU Domain Displays Antitumor Activity In Vitro and In Vivo and Induces Apoptosis in B16F10-Nex2 Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:389-401. [PMID: 30417795 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181109164246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRN2 transcription factor is associated with the development of malignant melanoma. The cytotoxic activities and cell death mechanism against B16F10-Nex2 cells were determined with synthetic peptide R18H derived from the POU domain of the BRN2 transcription factor. OBJECTIVE To determine the cell death mechanisms and in vivo activity of peptide R18H derived from the POU domain of the BRN2 transcription factor against B16F10-Nex2 cells. METHODS Cell viability was determined by the MTT method. C57Bl/6 mice were challenged with B16F10-Nex2 cells and treated with R18H. To identify the type of cell death, we used TUNEL assay, Annexin V and PI, Hoechst, DHE, and determination of caspase activation and cytochrome c release. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to verify morphological alterations after peptide treatment. RESULTS Peptide R18H displayed antitumor activity in the first hours of treatment and the EC50% was calculated for 2 and 24h, being 0.76 ± 0.045 mM and 0.559 ± 0.053 mM, respectively. After 24h apoptosis was evident, based on DNA degradation, chromatin condensation, increase of superoxide anion production, phosphatidylserine translocation, activation of caspases 3 and 8, and release of extracellular cytochrome c in B16F10-Nex2 cells. The peptide cytotoxic activity was not affected by necroptosis inhibitors and treated cells did not release LDH in the extracellular medium. Moreover, in vivo antitumor activity was observed following treatment with peptide R18H. CONCLUSION Peptide R18H from BRN2 transcription factor induced apoptosis in B16F10-Nex2 and displayed antitumor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F M da Cunha
- Nucleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia C U Mugnol
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Bioquimica (CIIB) Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Filipe M de Melo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta V S Q Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Bioquimica (CIIB) Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A de Azevedo
- Unidade de Oncologia Experimental (UNONEX), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel T S Santos
- Nucleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Magalhães
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriais e Nanotoxicologia, Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dayane B Tada
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriais e Nanotoxicologia, Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato A Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Unidade de Oncologia Experimental (UNONEX), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise C Arruda
- Nucleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
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14
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Chitsazan A, Lambie D, Ferguson B, Handoko HY, Gabrielli B, Walker GJ, Boyle GM. Unexpected High Levels of BRN2/POU3F2 Expression in Human Dermal Melanocytic Nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1299-1302.e4. [PMID: 31881210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Chitsazan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Duncan Lambie
- IQ Pathology, West End, Brisbane, Australia and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Blake Ferguson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | | | - Brian Gabrielli
- Mater Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graeme J Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia; Experimental Dermatology, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.
| | - Glen M Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
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15
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Abstract
In this review, Goding and Arnheiter present the current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited. All transcription factors are equal, but some are more equal than others. In the 25 yr since the gene encoding the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was first isolated, MITF has emerged as a key coordinator of many aspects of melanocyte and melanoma biology. Like all transcription factors, MITF binds to specific DNA sequences and up-regulates or down-regulates its target genes. What marks MITF as being remarkable among its peers is the sheer range of biological processes that it appears to coordinate. These include cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, senescence, metabolism, and DNA damage repair. In this article we present our current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease, as well as those of the MITF-related factors TFEB and TFE3, and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA
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16
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Herbert K, Binet R, Lambert JP, Louphrasitthiphol P, Kalkavan H, Sesma-Sanz L, Robles-Espinoza CD, Sarkar S, Suer E, Andrews S, Chauhan J, Roberts ND, Middleton MR, Gingras AC, Masson JY, Larue L, Falletta P, Goding CR. BRN2 suppresses apoptosis, reprograms DNA damage repair, and is associated with a high somatic mutation burden in melanoma. Genes Dev 2019; 33:310-332. [PMID: 30804224 PMCID: PMC6411009 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314633.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herbert et al. show that BRN2 is associated with DNA damage response proteins and suppresses an apoptosis-associated gene expression program to protect against UVB-, chemotherapy-, and vemurafenib-induced apoptosis. Whether cell types exposed to a high level of environmental insults possess cell type-specific prosurvival mechanisms or enhanced DNA damage repair capacity is not well understood. BRN2 is a tissue-restricted POU domain transcription factor implicated in neural development and several cancers. In melanoma, BRN2 plays a key role in promoting invasion and regulating proliferation. Here we found, surprisingly, that rather than interacting with transcription cofactors, BRN2 is instead associated with DNA damage response proteins and directly binds PARP1 and Ku70/Ku80. Rapid PARP1-dependent BRN2 association with sites of DNA damage facilitates recruitment of Ku80 and reprograms DNA damage repair by promoting Ku-dependent nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) at the expense of homologous recombination. BRN2 also suppresses an apoptosis-associated gene expression program to protect against UVB-, chemotherapy- and vemurafenib-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, BRN2 expression also correlates with a high single-nucleotide variation prevalence in human melanomas. By promoting error-prone DNA damage repair via NHEJ and suppressing apoptosis of damaged cells, our results suggest that BRN2 contributes to the generation of melanomas with a high mutation burden. Our findings highlight a novel role for a key transcription factor in reprogramming DNA damage repair and suggest that BRN2 may impact the response to DNA-damaging agents in BRN2-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Herbert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Romuald Binet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada; CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Laura Sesma-Sanz
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Oncology Division, Québec Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico.,Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eda Suer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Andrews
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jagat Chauhan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola D Roberts
- The Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Oncology Division, Québec Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 91405 Orsay, France.,University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, UMR 3347, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91505 Orsay, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Paola Falletta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, 20132 Milano MI, Italy
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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17
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Fane ME, Chhabra Y, Smith AG, Sturm RA. BRN2, a POUerful driver of melanoma phenotype switching and metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:9-24. [PMID: 29781575 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The POU domain family of transcription factors play a central role in embryogenesis and are highly expressed in neural crest cells and the developing brain. BRN2 is a class III POU domain protein that is a key mediator of neuroendocrine and melanocytic development and differentiation. While BRN2 is a central regulator in numerous developmental programs, it has also emerged as a major player in the biology of tumourigenesis. In melanoma, BRN2 has been implicated as one of the master regulators of the acquisition of invasive behaviour within the phenotype switching model of progression. As a mediator of melanoma cell phenotype switching, it coordinates the transition to a dedifferentiated, slow cycling and highly motile cell type. Its inverse expression relationship with MITF is believed to mediate tumour progression and metastasis within this model. Recent evidence has now outlined a potential epigenetic switching mechanism in melanoma cells driven by BRN2 expression that induces melanoma cell invasion. We summarize the role of BRN2 in tumour cell dissemination and metastasis in melanoma, while also examining it as a potential metastatic regulator in other tumour models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Melanoma: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Progression, Clonal Evolution and Tumor Initiating Cells. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:E28. [PMID: 29156643 PMCID: PMC5753657 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive neoplasia issued from the malignant transformation of melanocytes, the pigment-generating cells of the skin. It is responsible for about 75% of deaths due to skin cancers. Melanoma is a phenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous disease: cutaneous, uveal, acral, and mucosal melanomas have different clinical courses, are associated with different mutational profiles, and possess distinct risk factors. The discovery of the molecular abnormalities underlying melanomas has led to the promising improvement of therapy, and further progress is expected in the near future. The study of melanoma precursor lesions has led to the suggestion that the pathway of tumor evolution implies the progression from benign naevi, to dysplastic naevi, to melanoma in situ and then to invasive and metastatic melanoma. The gene alterations characterizing melanomas tend to accumulate in these precursor lesions in a sequential order. Studies carried out in recent years have, in part, elucidated the great tumorigenic potential of melanoma tumor cells. These findings have led to speculation that the cancer stem cell model cannot be applied to melanoma because, in this malignancy, tumor cells possess an intrinsic plasticity, conferring the capacity to initiate and maintain the neoplastic process to phenotypically different tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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19
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The master role of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanocyte and melanoma biology. J Transl Med 2017; 97:649-656. [PMID: 28263292 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain transcription factors have vital roles in lineage development, including specification of cell types and control of differentiation. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a key transcription factor for melanocyte development and differentiation. MITF regulates expression of numerous pigmentation genes to promote melanocyte differentiation, as well as fundamental genes for maintaining cell homeostasis, including genes encoding proteins involved in apoptosis (eg, BCL2) and the cell cycle (eg, CDK2). Loss-of-function mutations of MITF cause Waardenburg syndrome type IIA, whose phenotypes include depigmentation due to melanocyte loss, whereas amplification or specific mutation of MITF can be an oncogenic event that is seen in a subset of familial or sporadic melanomas. In this article, we review basic features of MITF biological function and highlight key unresolved questions regarding this remarkable transcription factor.
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20
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Wong WT, Matrone G, Tian X, Tomoiaga SA, Au KF, Meng S, Yamazoe S, Sieveking D, Chen K, Burns DM, Chen JK, Blau HM, Cooke JP. Discovery of novel determinants of endothelial lineage using chimeric heterokaryons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28323620 PMCID: PMC5391207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We wish to identify determinants of endothelial lineage. Murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) were fused with human endothelial cells in stable, non-dividing, heterokaryons. Using RNA-seq, it is possible to discriminate between human and mouse transcripts in these chimeric heterokaryons. We observed a temporal pattern of gene expression in the ESCs of the heterokaryons that recapitulated ontogeny, with early mesodermal factors being expressed before mature endothelial genes. A set of transcriptional factors not known to be involved in endothelial development was upregulated, one of which was POU class 3 homeobox 2 (Pou3f2). We confirmed its importance in differentiation to endothelial lineage via loss- and gain-of-function (LOF and GOF). Its role in vascular development was validated in zebrafish embryos using morpholino oligonucleotides. These studies provide a systematic and mechanistic approach for identifying key regulators in directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to somatic cell lineages. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23588.001 Endothelial cells form the inner surface of blood vessels, acting like a non-stick coating. In addition to making substances that keep blood from sticking to the vessel wall, endothelial cells generate compounds that relax the vessel, and prevent it from thickening. Endothelial cells also form capillaries, the smallest vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients for all tissues. A regenerating organ, or a bioengineered tissue, requires a system of capillaries and other microvessels. Thus, regenerative medicine could benefit from a knowledge of how to generate endothelial cells from pluripotent stem cells – cells that can “differentiate” to form almost any type of cell in the body. Wong, Matrone et al. have now used a cell fusion model (named heterokaryon) to track the changes in gene expression that occur as a pluripotent stem cell differentiates to ultimately become an endothelial cell. In this model, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are fused to human endothelial cells. Over time the human endothelial cells drive gene expression in the ESCs toward that of endothelial cells. Wong, Matrone et al. discovered changes in gene expression in many genes that have not previously been described as involved in the differentiation of endothelial cells. When one of these genes – named Pou3f2 – was inactivated in ESCs, they could not be differentiated into endothelial cells. The absence of Pou3f2 also drastically impaired how blood vessels developed in zebrafish embryos. Thus the heterokaryon model can generate important information regarding the dynamic changes in gene expression that occur as a pluripotent cell differentiates to become an endothelial cell. This model may also be useful for discovering other genes that control the differentiation of other cell types. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23588.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Tak Wong
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Gianfranco Matrone
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - XiaoYu Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Simion Alin Tomoiaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Kin Fai Au
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Shu Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Sayumi Yamazoe
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel Sieveking
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - David M Burns
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
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21
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do Vale Coelho IE, Arruda DC, Taranto AG. In silico studies of the interaction between BRN2 protein and MORE DNA. J Mol Model 2016; 22:228. [PMID: 27568376 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer has increased in recent decades, and melanoma is the most aggressive form with the lowest chance of successful treatment. Currently, drug design projects are in progress, but available treatments against metastatic melanoma have not significantly increased survival, and few patients are cured. Thus, new therapeutic agents should be developed as more effective therapeutic options for melanoma. High levels of the BRN2 transcription factor have been related to melanoma development. However, neither the three-dimensional (3D) structure of BRN2 protein nor its POU domain has been determined experimentally. Construction of the BRN2 3D structure, and the study of its interaction with its DNA target, are important strategies for increasing the structural and functional knowledge of this protein. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the interaction between BRN2 and MORE DNA through in silico methods. The full-length BRN2 3D structure was built using the PHYRE2 and Swiss-Model programs, and molecular dynamics of this protein in complex with MORE DNA was simulated for 20 ns by the NAMD program. The BRN2 model obtained includes helix and loop regions, and the BRN2 POU domain shares structural similarity with other members of the transcription factor family. No significant conformational change of this protein occurred during dynamics simulation. These analyses revealed BRN2 residues important for the specific interaction with nucleotide bases and with more than one DNA nucleotide. This study may contribute to the design of inhibitors against BRN2 or MORE DNA as molecular targets of melanoma skin cancer. Graphical Abstract Model of complete Brn2 protein in complex with MORE DNA after building through comparative modeling and refinement by molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Evangelista do Vale Coelho
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Gutterres Taranto
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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23
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Perotti V, Baldassari P, Molla A, Vegetti C, Bersani I, Maurichi A, Santinami M, Anichini A, Mortarini R. NFATc2 is an intrinsic regulator of melanoma dedifferentiation. Oncogene 2015; 35:2862-72. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cao J, Dai X, Wan L, Wang H, Zhang J, Goff PS, Sviderskaya EV, Xuan Z, Xu Z, Xu X, Hinds P, Flaherty KT, Faller DV, Goding CR, Wang Y, Wei W, Cui R. The E3 ligase APC/C(Cdh1) promotes ubiquitylation-mediated proteolysis of PAX3 to suppress melanocyte proliferation and melanoma growth. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra87. [PMID: 26329581 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome with the subunit Cdh1 (APC/C(Cdh1)) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the control of the cell cycle. Here, we identified sporadic mutations occurring in the genes encoding APC components, including Cdh1, in human melanoma samples and found that loss of APC/C(Cdh1) may promote melanoma development and progression, but not by affecting cell cycle regulatory targets of APC/C. Most of the mutations we found in CDH1 were those associated with ultraviolet light (UV)-induced melanomagenesis. Compared with normal human skin tissue and human or mouse melanocytes, the abundance of Cdh1 was decreased and that of the transcription factor PAX3 was increased in human melanoma tissue and human or mouse melanoma cell lines, respectively; Cdh1 abundance was further decreased with advanced stages of human melanoma. PAX3 was a substrate of APC/C(Cdh1) in melanocytes, and APC/C(Cdh1)-mediated ubiquitylation marked PAX3 for proteolytic degradation in a manner dependent on the D-box motif in PAX3. Either mutating the D-box in PAX3 or knocking down Cdh1 prevented the ubiquitylation and degradation of PAX3 and increased proliferation and melanin production in melanocytes. Knocking down Cdh1 in melanoma cells in culture or before implantation in mice promoted doxorubicin resistance, whereas reexpressing wild-type Cdh1, but not E3 ligase-deficient Cdh1 or a mutant that could not interact with PAX3, restored doxorubicin sensitivity in melanoma cells both in culture and in xenografts. Thus, our findings suggest a tumor suppressor role for APC/C(Cdh1) in melanocytes and that targeting PAX3 may be a strategy for treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongshen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 20032, P. R. China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip S Goff
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080, USA
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philip Hinds
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 20032, P. R. China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 20032, P. R. China.
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25
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Kubic JD, Little EC, Kaiser RS, Young KP, Lang D. FOXD3 Promotes PAX3 Expression in Melanoma Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:533-41. [PMID: 26252164 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several key transcription factors regulate cell growth, survival, and differentiation during neural crest and melanoblast development in the embryo, and these same pathways may be reactivated in tumors arising from the progenitors of these cells. The transcription factors PAX3 and FOXD3 have essential roles in melanoblasts and melanoma. In this study, we define a regulatory pathway where FOXD3 promotes the expression of PAX3. Both factors are expressed in melanoma cells and there is a positive correlation between the transcript levels of PAX3 and FOXD3. The PAX3 gene contains two FOX binding motifs within highly conserved enhancer regulatory elements that are essential for neural crest development. FOXD3 binds to both of these motifs in vitro but only one of these sites is preferentially utilized in melanoma cells. Overexpression of FOXD3 upregulates PAX3 levels while inhibition of FOXD3 function does not alter PAX3 protein levels, supporting that FOXD3 is sufficient but not necessary to drive PAX3 expression in melanoma cells. Here, we identify a molecular pathway where FOXD3 upregulates PAX3 expression and therefore contributes to melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Kubic
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Elizabeth C Little
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Rebecca S Kaiser
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Kacey P Young
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Deborah Lang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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26
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Kubic JD, Lui JW, Little EC, Ludvik AE, Konda S, Salgia R, Aplin AE, Lang D. PAX3 and FOXD3 Promote CXCR4 Expression in Melanoma. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26205821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive and deadly disease. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is active in melanoma metastasis, although the mechanism for the promotion and maintenance of CXCR4 expression in these cells is mostly unknown. Here, we find melanoma cells express two CXCR4 isoforms, the common version and a variant that is normally restricted to cells during development or to mature blood cells. CXCR4 expression is driven through a highly conserved intronic enhancer element by the transcription factors PAX3 and FOXD3. Inhibition of these transcription factors slows melanoma cell growth, migration, and motility, as well as reduces CXCR4 expression. Overexpression of these transcription factors drives the production of increased CXCR4 levels. Loss of PAX3 and FOXD3 transcription factor activity results in a reduction in cell motility, migration, and chemotaxis, all of which are rescued by CXCR4 overexpression. Here, we discover a molecular pathway wherein PAX3 and FOXD3 promote CXCR4 gene expression in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason W Lui
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
| | | | - Anton E Ludvik
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
| | - Sasank Konda
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, and Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Deborah Lang
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
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27
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Ishii J, Sato H, Yazawa T, Shishido-Hara Y, Hiramatsu C, Nakatani Y, Kamma H. Class III/IV POU transcription factors expressed in small cell lung cancer cells are involved in proneural/neuroendocrine differentiation. Pathol Int 2015; 64:415-22. [PMID: 25243889 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One-third of lung malignancies demonstrate a proneural/neuroendocrine phenotype or type of differentiation. However, it has not been clearly elucidated how proneural/neuroendocrine differentiation is controlled in lung cancers. We recently demonstrated that the POU3F2 gene plays a significant role in proneural/neuroendocrine differentiation of lung cancers. Because class III POU genes (POU3F1, POU3F2, POU3F3, and POU3F4) and class IV POU genes (POU4F1, POU4F2, and POU4F3) share similar properties in neural development, we analyzed the association between class III/IV POU genes and a proneural/neuroendocrine phenotype in lung cancers using seven small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines and twelve non-SCLC (NSCLC) cell lines. Class III/IV POU gene expression was generally restricted to SCLC cells. However, the forced expression of class III/IV POU genes in the NSCLC cell lines induced the expression of neuroendocrine-specific markers (neural call adhesion molecule 1, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A) and proneural transcription factors (achaete-scute homolog-like 1, NeuroD1, and thyroid transcription factor 1) in various degrees. Furthermore, each class III/IV POU gene induced other class III/IV POU genes, suggesting the mutual induction of class III/IV POU genes. These findings suggest that the expression of class III/IV POU genes is important for the proneural/neuroendocrine differentiation of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
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28
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Bartlett D, Boyle GM, Ziman M, Medic S. Mechanisms contributing to differential regulation of PAX3 downstream target genes in normal human epidermal melanocytes versus melanoma cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124154. [PMID: 25880082 PMCID: PMC4399949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive and drug resistant form of skin cancer. It arises from melanocytes, the pigment producing cells of the skin. The formation of these melanocytes is driven by the transcription factor PAX3 early during embryonic development. As a result of alternative splicing, the PAX3 gene gives rise to eight different transcripts which encode isoforms that have different structures and activate different downstream target genes involved in pathways of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival. Furthermore, post-translational modifications have also been shown to alter the functions of PAX3. We previously identified PAX3 downstream target genes in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Here we assessed the effects of PAX3 down-regulation on this panel of target genes in primary melanocytes versus melanoma cells. We show that PAX3 differentially regulates various downstream target genes involved in cell proliferation in melanoma cells compared to melanocytes. To determine mechanisms behind this differential downstream target gene regulation, we performed immunoprecipitation to assess post-translational modifications of the PAX3 protein as well as RNAseq to determine PAX3 transcript expression profiles in melanocytes compared to melanoma cells. Although PAX3 was found to be post-translationally modified, there was no qualitative difference in phosphorylation and ubiquitination between melanocytes and melanoma cells, while acetylation of PAX3 was reduced in melanoma cells. Additionally, there were differences in PAX3 transcript expression profiles between melanocytes and melanoma cells. In particular the PAX3E transcript, responsible for reducing melanocyte proliferation and increasing apoptosis, was found to be down-regulated in melanoma cells compared to melanocytes. These results suggest that alternate transcript expression profiles activate different downstream target genes leading to the melanoma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bartlett
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Division of Cancer & Cell Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mel Ziman
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra Medic
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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29
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PAX3 and ETS1 synergistically activate MET expression in melanoma cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:4964-74. [PMID: 25531327 PMCID: PMC4476961 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive disease that is difficult to treat due to rapid tumor growth, apoptotic resistance, and high metastatic potential. The MET tyrosine kinase receptor promotes many of these cellular processes, and while MET is often overexpressed in melanoma, the mechanism driving this overexpression is unknown. Since the MET gene is rarely mutated or amplified in melanoma, MET overexpression may be driven by to increased activation through promoter elements. In this report, we find that transcription factors PAX3 and ETS1 directly interact to synergistically activate MET expression. Inhibition of PAX3 and ETS1 expression in melanoma cells leads to a significant reduction of MET receptor levels. The 300 bp 5′ proximal MET promoter contains a PAX3 response element and two ETS1 consensus motifs. While ETS1 can moderately activate both of these sites without cofactors, robust MET promoter activation of the first site is PAX-dependent and requires the presence of PAX3, while the second site is PAX-independent. The induction of MET by ETS1 via this second site is enhanced by HGF-dependent ETS1 activation, thereby MET indirectly promotes its own expression. We further find that expression of a dominant negative ETS1 reduces the ability of melanoma cells to grow both in culture and in vivo. Thus, we discover a pathway where ETS1 advances melanoma through the expression of MET via PAX-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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30
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Hartman ML, Czyz M. MITF in melanoma: mechanisms behind its expression and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:1249-60. [PMID: 25433395 PMCID: PMC4363485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) represents a melanocytic lineage-specific transcription factor whose role is profoundly extended in malignant melanoma. Over the last few years, the function of MITF has been tightly connected to plasticity of melanoma cells. MITF participates in executing diverse melanoma phenotypes defined by distinct gene expression profiles. Mutation-dependent alterations in MITF expression and activity have been found in a relatively small subset of melanomas. MITF activity is rather modulated by its upstream activators and suppressors operating on transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. These regulatory mechanisms also include epigenetic and microenvironmental signals. Several transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of MITF expression and/or activity such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are broadly utilized by various types of tumors, whereas others, e.g., BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 are more specific for melanoma. Furthermore, the MITF activity can be affected by the availability of transcriptional co-partners that are often redirected by MITF from their own canonical signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the complexity of a multilevel regulation of MITF expression and activity that underlies distinct context-related phenotypes of melanoma and might explain diverse responses of melanoma patients to currently used therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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31
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Zhu B, Davie JK. New insights into signalling-pathway alterations in rhabdomyosarcoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:227-31. [PMID: 25211658 PMCID: PMC4453439 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and young adults. Several recent studies have shed new light on the alterations in signalling pathways and the downstream effects of these pathway alterations in RMS. Many of these effects converge on the fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth-factor pathways. These new findings improve the current understanding of RMS, thus offering novel potential therapeutic targets and strategies that may improve the outcome for patients with RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - J K Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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32
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Bastonini E, Jeznach M, Field M, Juszczyk K, Corfield E, Dezfouli M, Ahmat N, Smith A, Womersley H, Jordan P, Ramadass A, Akoulitchev A, Goding CR. Chromatin barcodes as biomarkers for melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:788-800. [PMID: 24807349 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The major barrier to effective cancer therapy is the presence of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity within cancer cell populations that provides a reservoir of therapeutically resistant cells. As the degree of heterogeneity present within tumours will be proportional to tumour burden, the development of rapid, robust, accurate and sensitive biomarkers for cancer progression that could detect clinically occult disease before substantial heterogeneity develops would provide a major therapeutic benefit. Here, we explore the application of chromatin conformation capture technology to generate a diagnostic epigenetic barcode for melanoma. The results indicate that binary states from chromatin conformations at 15 loci within five genes can be used to provide rapid, non-invasive multivariate test for the presence of melanoma using as little as 200 μl of patient blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bastonini
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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33
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Besch R, Berking C. POU transcription factors in melanocytes and melanoma. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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34
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De- and re-differentiation of the melanocytic lineage. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 93:30-5. [PMID: 24365127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed by the transient, ectopic overexpression of different sets of genes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This process not only has considerable implications for regenerative medicine but is also highly relevant to multiple stages of oncogenesis, including melanoma. In other settings, the de-differentiation of normal and tumor cells is also responsible for a phenotype switch which completely changes the cell fate. Conversely, iPSCs as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated in vitro toward specific lineages, for example melanocytes, which offer useful models to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the reprogramming and de-differentiation of melanocytic cells as well as the latest differentiation protocols of pluripotent stem cells into the melanocyte lineage.
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35
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Eccles MR, He S, Ahn A, Slobbe LJ, Jeffs AR, Yoon HS, Baguley BC. MITF and PAX3 Play Distinct Roles in Melanoma Cell Migration; Outline of a "Genetic Switch" Theory Involving MITF and PAX3 in Proliferative and Invasive Phenotypes of Melanoma. Front Oncol 2013; 3:229. [PMID: 24062982 PMCID: PMC3769631 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a very aggressive neoplasm with a propensity to undergo progression and invasion early in its evolution. The molecular pathways underpinning invasion in melanoma are now just beginning to be elucidated, but a clear understanding of the transition from non-invasive to invasive melanoma cells remains elusive. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), is thought to be a central player in melanoma biology, and it controls many aspects of the phenotypic expression of the melanocytic lineage. However, recently the paired box transcription factor PAX3 was shown to transcriptionally activate POU3F2/BRN2, leading to direct repression of MITF expression. Here we present a theory to explain melanoma phenotype switching and discuss the predictions that this theory makes. One prediction is that independent and opposing roles for MITF and PAX3 in melanoma would be expected, and we present empirical evidence supporting this: in melanoma tissues PAX3 expression occurs independently of MITF, and PAX3 does not play a key role in melanoma cell proliferation. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of PAX3 inhibits cell migration in a group of "lower MITF" melanoma cell lines, while knockdown of MITF promotes cell migration in a complementary "higher MITF" group of melanoma cell lines. Moreover, the morphological effects of knocking down PAX3 versus MITF in melanoma cells were found to differ. While these data support the notion of independent roles for MITF and PAX3, additional experiments are required to provide robust examination of the proposed genetic switch theory. Only upon clear delineation of the mechanisms associated with progression and invasion of melanoma cells will successful treatments for invasive melanoma be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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36
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Ogbah Z, Badenas C, Harland M, Puig-Butille JA, Elliot F, Bonifaci N, Guino E, Randerson-Moor J, Chan M, Iles MM, Glass D, Brown AA, Carrera C, Kolm I, Bataille V, Spector TD, Malvehy J, Newton-Bishop J, Pujana MA, Bishop T, Puig S. Evaluation ofPAX3genetic variants and nevus number. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:666-76. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zighereda Ogbah
- Melanoma Unit; Department of Dermatology Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; IDIBAPS; Barcelona University; Barcelona; Spain
| | | | - Mark Harland
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | | | - Fay Elliot
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - Nuria Bonifaci
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Unit; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Elisabet Guino
- Biomarkers and Susceptibility Unit; Catalan Institute of Oncology; IDIBELL; L'Hospitalet; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Julie Randerson-Moor
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - May Chan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - Mark M. Iles
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | | | - Andrew A. Brown
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology; Kings College London; St. Thomas’ Hospital Campus; London; UK
| | | | - Isabel Kolm
- Melanoma Unit; Department of Dermatology Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; IDIBAPS; Barcelona University; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology; Kings College London; St. Thomas’ Hospital Campus; London; UK
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology; Kings College London; St. Thomas’ Hospital Campus; London; UK
| | | | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - Miquel A. Pujana
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Unit; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Tim Bishop
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
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37
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German S, Aslam HM, Saleem S, Raees A, Anum T, Alvi AA, Haseeb A. Carcinogenesis of PIK3CA. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2013; 11:5. [PMID: 23768168 PMCID: PMC3702456 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PIK3CA is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers. PIK3CA is phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha. It controls cell growth, proliferation, motility, survival, differentiation and intracellular trafficking. In most of human cancer alteration occurred frequently in the alpha isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. PIK3CA mutations were most frequent in endometrial, ovarian, colorectal, breast, cervical, squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, chondroma, thyroid carcinoma and in cancer family syndrome. Inhibition of PI3K signaling can diminish cell proliferation, and in some circumstances, promote cell death. Consequently, components of this pathway present attractive targets for cancer therapeutics. A number of PI3K pathway inhibitors have been developed and used. PI3K inhibitors (both pan-PI3K and isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors), dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors that are catalytic site inhibitors of the p110 isoforms and mTOR (the kinase component of both mTORC1 and mTORC2), mTOR catalytic site inhibitors, and AKT inhibitors are the most advanced in the clinic. They are approved for the treatment of several carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra German
- Final year student of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Aslam
- Final year student of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Flat #14, 3rd floor, Rafiq Mansion, Cambell road, Off Arambagh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shafaq Saleem
- Final year student of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Raees
- Final year student of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Anum
- Final year student of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Ahmad Alvi
- Final year student of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Final year student of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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