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Strazdauskas A, Trumbeckaite S, Jakstas V, Dambrauskiene J, Mieldazyte A, Klimkaitis K, Baniene R. In Vitro Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Induces Mitochondrial Cardiolipin Remodeling in Human Kidney Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6223. [PMID: 38892409 PMCID: PMC11172718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion is a serious condition that not only causes acute kidney injury, a severe clinical syndrome with high mortality, but is also an inevitable part of kidney transplantation or other kidney surgeries. Alterations of oxygen levels during ischemia/reperfusion, namely hypoxia/reoxygenation, disrupt mitochondrial metabolism and induce structural changes that lead to cell death. A signature mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin, with many vital roles in mitochondrial homeostasis, is one of the key players in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced mitochondrial damage. In this study, we analyze the effect of hypoxia/reoxygenation on human renal proximal tubule epithelial cell (RPTEC) cardiolipins, as well as their metabolism and mitochondrial functions. RPTEC cells were placed in a hypoxic chamber with a 2% oxygen atmosphere for 24 h to induce hypoxia; then, they were replaced back into regular growth conditions for 24 h of reoxygenation. Surprisingly, after 24 h, hypoxia cardiolipin levels substantially increased and remained higher than control levels after 24 h of reoxygenation. This was explained by significantly elevated levels of cardiolipin synthase and lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (LCLAT1) gene expression and protein levels. Meanwhile, hypoxia/reoxygenation decreased ADP-dependent mitochondrial respiration rates and oxidative phosphorylation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species generation. Our findings suggest that hypoxia/reoxygenation induces cardiolipin remodeling in response to reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in a way that protects mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvydas Strazdauskas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (S.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu Str. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Trumbeckaite
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (S.T.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Valdas Jakstas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Justina Dambrauskiene
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Mieldazyte
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kristupas Klimkaitis
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Rasa Baniene
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.S.); (S.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu Str. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Wang J, Zou J, Shi Y, Zeng N, Guo D, Wang H, Zhao C, Luan F, Zhang X, Sun J. Traditional Chinese medicine and mitophagy: A novel approach for cardiovascular disease management. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155472. [PMID: 38461630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing an enormous economic burden on individuals and human society. Laboratory studies have identified several drugs that target mitophagy for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Only a few of these drugs have been successful in clinical trials, and most studies have been limited to animal and cellular models. Furthermore, conventional drugs used to treat CVD, such as antiplatelet agents, statins, and diuretics, often result in adverse effects on patients' cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory systems. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained significant attention for its unique theoretical basis and clinical efficacy in treating CVD. PURPOSE This paper systematically summarizes all the herbal compounds, extracts, and active monomers used to target mitophagy for the treatment of CVD in the last five years. It provides valuable information for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, pharmacologists, and clinicians developing herbal medicines with fewer side effects, as well as a useful reference for future mitophagy research. METHODS The search terms "cardiovascular disease," "mitophagy," "herbal preparations," "active monomers," and "cardiac disease pathogenesis" in combination with "natural products" and "diseases" were used to search for studies published in the past five years until January 2024. RESULTS Studies have shown that mitophagy plays a significant role in the progression and development of CVD, such as atherosclerosis (AS), heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI), cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia. Herbal compound preparations, crude extracts, and active monomers have shown potential as effective treatments for these conditions. These substances protect cardiomyocytes by inducing mitophagy, scavenging damaged mitochondria, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. They display notable efficacy in combating CVD. CONCLUSION TCM (including herbal compound preparations, extracts, and active monomers) can treat CVD through various pharmacological mechanisms and signaling pathways by inducing mitophagy. They represent a hotspot for future cardiovascular basic research and a promising candidate for the development of future cardiovascular drugs with fewer side effects and better therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - He Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fei Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Menezes Junior ADS, de França-e-Silva ALG, de Oliveira HL, de Lima KBA, Porto IDOP, Pedroso TMA, Silva DDME, Freitas AF. Genetic Mutations and Mitochondrial Redox Signaling as Modulating Factors in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5855. [PMID: 38892064 PMCID: PMC11173352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heart condition characterized by cellular and metabolic dysfunction, with mitochondrial dysfunction playing a crucial role. Although the direct relationship between genetic mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction remains unclear, targeting mitochondrial dysfunction presents promising opportunities for treatment, as there are currently no effective treatments available for HCM. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Searches were conducted in databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Scopus up to September 2023 using "MESH terms". Bibliographic references from pertinent articles were also included. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is influenced by ionic homeostasis, cardiac tissue remodeling, metabolic balance, genetic mutations, reactive oxygen species regulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The latter is a common factor regardless of the cause and is linked to intracellular calcium handling, energetic and oxidative stress, and HCM-induced hypertrophy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatments focus on symptom management and complication prevention. Targeted therapeutic approaches, such as improving mitochondrial bioenergetics, are being explored. This includes coenzyme Q and elamipretide therapies and metabolic strategies like therapeutic ketosis. Understanding the biomolecular, genetic, and mitochondrial mechanisms underlying HCM is crucial for developing new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio da Silva Menezes Junior
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74020-020, Brazil; (A.L.G.d.F.-e.-S.); (H.L.d.O.); (K.B.A.d.L.); (D.d.M.e.S.); (A.F.F.J.)
| | - Ana Luísa Guedes de França-e-Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74020-020, Brazil; (A.L.G.d.F.-e.-S.); (H.L.d.O.); (K.B.A.d.L.); (D.d.M.e.S.); (A.F.F.J.)
| | - Henrique Lima de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74020-020, Brazil; (A.L.G.d.F.-e.-S.); (H.L.d.O.); (K.B.A.d.L.); (D.d.M.e.S.); (A.F.F.J.)
| | - Khissya Beatryz Alves de Lima
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74020-020, Brazil; (A.L.G.d.F.-e.-S.); (H.L.d.O.); (K.B.A.d.L.); (D.d.M.e.S.); (A.F.F.J.)
| | - Iane de Oliveira Pires Porto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Rio Verde (UniRV), Campus Aparecida, Aparecida de Goiânia 74345-030, Brazil; (I.d.O.P.P.); (T.M.A.P.)
| | - Thays Millena Alves Pedroso
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Rio Verde (UniRV), Campus Aparecida, Aparecida de Goiânia 74345-030, Brazil; (I.d.O.P.P.); (T.M.A.P.)
| | - Daniela de Melo e Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74020-020, Brazil; (A.L.G.d.F.-e.-S.); (H.L.d.O.); (K.B.A.d.L.); (D.d.M.e.S.); (A.F.F.J.)
| | - Aguinaldo F. Freitas
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74020-020, Brazil; (A.L.G.d.F.-e.-S.); (H.L.d.O.); (K.B.A.d.L.); (D.d.M.e.S.); (A.F.F.J.)
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Xu M, Wang W, Cheng J, Qu H, Xu M, Wang L. Effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on cellular function: Role in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116587. [PMID: 38636397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, an immunoinflammatory disease of medium and large arteries, is associated with life-threatening clinical events, such as acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Chronic inflammation and impaired lipoprotein metabolism are considered to be among the leading causes of atherosclerosis, while numerous risk factors, including arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and aging, can contribute to the development of the disease. In recent years, emerging evidence has underlined the key role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to result in an increase in reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and intracellular lipid deposition, all of which can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Critical cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, play an important role in atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial function is also involved in maintaining the normal function of these cells. To better understand the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, this review summarizes the findings of recent studies and discusses the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the risk factors and critical cells of atherosclerosis. FACTS: OPEN QUESTIONS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwen Xu
- Clinical Skills Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingpei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Basic Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hongen Qu
- Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Minjuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Liefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Basic Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Zhang J, Shi Y. An upstream open reading frame (5'-uORF) links oxidative stress to translational control of ALCAT1 through phosphorylation of eIF2α. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 214:129-136. [PMID: 38360278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (ALCAT1) is an enzyme that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction by catalyzing pathological remodeling of cardiolipin. Upregulation of ALCAT1 protein expression by oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related metabolic diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we identified a highly conserved upstream open reading frame (uORF) at the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of ALCAT1 mRNA as a key regulator of ALCAT1 expression in response to oxidative stress. We show that the uORF serves as a decoy that prevents translation initiation of ALCAT1 under homeostatic condition. The inhibitory activity of the uORF on ALCAT1 mRNA translation is mitigated by oxidative stress but not ER stress, which requires the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Consequently, ablation of uORF or eIF2α phosphorylation at Ser51 renders ALCAT1 protein expression unresponsive to induction by oxidative stress. Taken together, our data show that the uORF links oxidative stress to translation control of ALCAT1 mRNAs through phosphorylation of eIF2α at Ser51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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6
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Valentine WJ, Shimizu T, Shindou H. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases orchestrate the compositional diversity of phospholipids. Biochimie 2023; 215:24-33. [PMID: 37611890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), in concert with glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) and phospholipase A1/2s, orchestrate the compositional diversity of the fatty chains in membrane phospholipids. Fourteen LPLAT enzymes which come from two distinct families, AGPAT and MBOAT, have been identified, and in this mini-review we provide an overview of their roles in de novo and remodeling pathways of membrane phospholipid biosynthesis. Recently new nomenclature for LPLATs has been introduced (LPLATx, where x is a number 1-14), and we also give an overview of key biological functions that have been discovered for LPLAT1-14, revealed primarily through studies of LPLAT-gene-deficient mice as well as by linkages to various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Department of Lipid Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Zhang K, Chan V, Botelho RJ, Antonescu CN. A tail of their own: regulation of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol fatty acyl profile by the acyltransferase LCLAT1. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1765-1776. [PMID: 37737061 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol along with the latter's phosphorylated derivative phosphoinositides, control a wide range of cellular functions from signal transduction, membrane traffic, mitochondrial function, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell metabolism. An emerging dimension to these lipids is the specificity of their fatty acyl chains that is remarkably distinct from that of other glycerophospholipids. Cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol undergo acyl remodeling involving the sequential actions of phospholipase A to hydrolyze acyl chains and key acyltransferases that re-acylate with specific acyl groups. LCLAT1 (also known as LYCAT, AGPAT8, LPLAT6, or ALCAT1) is an acyltransferase that contributes to specific acyl profiles for phosphatidylinositol, phosphoinositides, and cardiolipin. As such, perturbations of LCLAT1 lead to alterations in cardiolipin-dependent phenomena such as mitochondrial respiration and dynamics and phosphoinositide-dependent processes such as endocytic membrane traffic and receptor signaling. Here we examine the biochemical and cellular actions of LCLAT1, as well as the contribution of this acyltransferase to the development and specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - Victoria Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
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Ye C, Chen P, Xu B, Jin Y, Pan Y, Wu T, Du Y, Mao J, Wu R. Abnormal expression of fission and fusion genes and the morphology of mitochondria in eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:209. [PMID: 37393390 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in physiological and metabolic function of the cell. Mitochondrial dynamics orchestrate mitochondrial function and morphology, involving fission and fusion as well as ultrastructural remodeling. Mounting evidence unravels the close link between mitochondria and endometriosis. However, how mitochondrial architecture changes through fission and fusion in eutopic and ectopic tissues of women with ovarian endometriosis remains unknown. We detected the expression of fission and fusion genes and the morphology of mitochondria in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in ovarian endometriosis. The results showed that the expression of DRP1 and LCLAT1 was upregulated in eutopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), and the expression of DRP1, OPA1, MFN1, MFN2, and LCLAT1 was significantly downregulated in ectopic ESCs, and reduced number of mitochondria, wider cristae width and narrower cristae junction width was observed, but there was no difference in cell survival rate. The altered mitochondrial dynamics and morphology might, respectively, provide an advantage for migration and adhesion in eutopic ESCs and be the adaptive response in ectopic endometrial cells to survive under hypoxic and oxidative stress environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoshuang Ye
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bingning Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yongchao Pan
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yongjiang Du
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jingxia Mao
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Zhang Y, Weng J, Huan L, Sheng S, Xu F. Mitophagy in atherosclerosis: from mechanism to therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165507. [PMID: 37261351 PMCID: PMC10228545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a type of autophagy that can selectively eliminate damaged and depolarized mitochondria to maintain mitochondrial activity and cellular homeostasis. Several pathways have been found to participate in different steps of mitophagy. Mitophagy plays a significant role in the homeostasis and physiological function of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, and is involved in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). At present, many medications and natural chemicals have been shown to alter mitophagy and slow the progression of AS. This review serves as an introduction to the field of mitophagy for researchers interested in targeting this pathway as part of a potential AS management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Weng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School (Xiyuan), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Huan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Song Sheng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School (Xiyuan), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Ren W, Xu Z, Pan S, Ma Y, Li H, Wu F, Bo W, Cai M, Tian Z. Irisin and ALCAT1 mediated aerobic exercise-alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis in skeletal muscle of mice with myocardial infarction. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:526-537. [PMID: 36336228 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle in patients with heart failure (HF) exhibits altered structure, function and metabolism. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of HF. Oxidative stress and cell apoptosis are involved in the pathophysiology of MI/HF-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. It is well recognized that aerobic exercise (AE) could prevent skeletal muscle atrophy after MI, but the underlying mechanism and molecular targets are still not fully clarified. In this study, Fndc5-/- and Alcat1-/- mice were used to establish the MI model and subjected to six weeks of moderate-intensity AE. C2C12 cells were treated with H2O2 and recombinant human Irisin (rhIrisin), or transduced with a lentiviral vector to mediate the overexpression of ALCAT1 (LV-Alcat1). Results showed that MI reduced Irisin expression and antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle, increased ALCAT1 expression, induced protein degradation and cell apoptosis, which were partly reversed by AE; Knockout of Fndc5 further aggravated MI-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in skeletal muscle, and partly weakened the beneficial effects of AE. In contrast, knockout of Alcat1 reduced MI-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis and strengthened the beneficial effects of AE. rhIrisin and AICAR intervention inhibited ALCAT1 expression, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, which induced by H2O2 or LV-Alcat1 in C2C12 cells. These findings reveal that AE could alleviate the levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis in skeletal muscle following MI, partly via up-regulating Irisin and inhibiting ALCAT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujing Ren
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zujie Xu
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shou Pan
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yixuan Ma
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hangzhuo Li
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fangnan Wu
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wenyan Bo
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Mengxin Cai
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports Biology, College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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11
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Jiang Z, Shen T, Huynh H, Fang X, Han Z, Ouyang K. Cardiolipin Regulates Mitochondrial Ultrastructure and Function in Mammalian Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101889. [PMID: 36292774 PMCID: PMC9601307 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique, tetra-acylated diphosphatidylglycerol lipid that mainly localizes in the inner mitochondria membrane (IMM) in mammalian cells and plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial architecture and functioning. A deficiency of CL biosynthesis and remodeling perturbs mitochondrial functioning and ultrastructure. Clinical and experimental studies on human patients and animal models have also provided compelling evidence that an abnormal CL content, acyl chain composition, localization, and level of oxidation may be directly linked to multiple diseases, including cardiomyopathy, neuronal dysfunction, immune cell defects, and metabolic disorders. The central role of CL in regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we focus on the advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of CL biosynthesis and remodeling from human patients and mouse models, and we provide an overview of the potential mechanism by which CL regulates the mitochondrial architecture and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Helen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
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12
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Liu N, Zhu Y, Song W, Ren W, Tian Z. Cardioprotection Attributed to Aerobic Exercise-Mediated Inhibition of ALCAT1 and Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in MI Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092250. [PMID: 36140351 PMCID: PMC9496522 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) plays a pivotal role in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Acyl-CoA: lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (ALCAT1) can accelerate CL reactive oxygen production and cause mitochondrial damage. Although we have demonstrated that aerobic exercise significantly reduced ALCAT1 levels in MI mice, what is the temporal characteristic of ALCAT1 after MI? Little is known. Based on this, the effect of exercise on ALCAT1 in MI rats needs to be further verified. Therefore, this paper aimed to characterize ALCAT1 expression, and investigate the possible impact of exercise on ALCAT1 and its role in fibrosis, antioxidant capacity, and apoptosis in MI rats. Our results indicated that the potential utility of MI increased ALCAT1 expression within 1–6 h of MI, and serum CK and CKMB had significant effects in MI at 24 h, while LDH exerted an effect five days after MI. Furthermore, ALCAT1 expression was upregulated, oxidative capacity and excessive apoptosis were enhanced, and cardiac function was decreased after MI, and aerobic exercise can reverse these changes. These findings revealed a previously unknown endogenous cardiac injury factor, ALCAT1, and demonstrated that ALCAT1 damaged the heart of MI rats, and aerobic exercise reduced ALCAT1 expression, oxidative stress, and apoptosis after MI-induced cardiac injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Liu
- School of Physical Education, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, China
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingni Zhu
- School of Physical Education, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, China
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Wujing Ren
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Holloway C, Zhong G, Kim YK, Ye H, Sampath H, Hammerling U, Isoherranen N, Quadro L. Retinoic acid regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4) to modulate fuel utilization in the adult heart: Insights from wild-type and β-carotene 9',10' oxygenase knockout mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22513. [PMID: 36004605 PMCID: PMC9544431 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101910rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex by the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase PDK4 enables the heart to respond to fluctuations in energy demands and substrate availability. Retinoic acid, the transcriptionally active form of vitamin A, is known to be involved in the regulation of cardiac function and growth during embryogenesis as well as under pathological conditions. Whether retinoic acid also maintains cardiac health under physiological conditions is unknown. However, vitamin A status and intake of its carotenoid precursor β-carotene have been linked to the prevention of heart diseases. Here, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that retinoic acid regulates cardiac Pdk4 expression and thus PDH activity. Furthermore, we show that mice lacking β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2), the only enzyme of the adult heart that cleaves β-carotene to generate retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives), displayed cardiac retinoic acid insufficiency and impaired metabolic flexibility linked to a compromised PDK4/PDH pathway. These findings provide novel insights into the functions of retinoic acid in regulating energy metabolism in adult tissues, especially the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsee Holloway
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Bioscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harini Sampath
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ulrich Hammerling
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Zhang J, Liu X, Nie J, Shi Y. Restoration of mitophagy ameliorates cardiomyopathy in Barth syndrome. Autophagy 2022; 18:2134-2149. [PMID: 34985382 PMCID: PMC9466615 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2020979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked genetic disorder caused by mutations in the TAFAZZIN/Taz gene which encodes a transacylase required for cardiolipin remodeling. Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial signature phospholipid that plays a pivotal role in maintaining mitochondrial membrane structure, respiration, mtDNA biogenesis, and mitophagy. Mutations in the TAFAZZIN gene deplete mature cardiolipin, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and premature death in BTHS patients. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this debilitating condition. In this study, we showed that TAFAZZIN deficiency caused hyperactivation of MTORC1 signaling and defective mitophagy, leading to accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and dysfunctional mitochondria in the heart of Tafazzin knockdown mice, a rodent model of BTHS. Consequently, treatment of TAFAZZIN knockdown mice with rapamycin, a potent inhibitor of MTORC1, not only restored mitophagy, but also mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy. Taken together, these findings identify MTORC1 as a novel therapeutic target for BTHS, suggesting that pharmacological restoration of mitophagy may provide a novel treatment for BTHS.Abbreviations: BTHS: Barth syndrome; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; CL: cardiolipin; EIF4EBP1/4E-BP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LV: left ventricle; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RPS6KB/S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TLCL: tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xueling Liu
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Nie
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China,CONTACT Yuguang Shi Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long Distinguished Chair in Metabolic Biology, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
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15
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Liu X, Zhang J, Li J, Song C, Shi Y. Pharmacological Inhibition of ALCAT1 Mitigates Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Attenuating SOD1 Protein Aggregation. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101536. [PMID: 35772643 PMCID: PMC9287437 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mutations in the copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive fatal neuromuscular disease characterized by motor neurons death and severe skeletal muscle degeneration. However, there is no effective treatment for this debilitating disease, since the underlying cause for the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated a role of acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (ALCAT1), an acyltransferase that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases by catalyzing pathological remodeling of cardiolipin, in promoting the development of ALS in the SOD1G93A transgenic mice. Methods Using SOD1G93A transgenic mice with targeted deletion of the ALCAT1 gene and treated with Dafaglitapin (Dafa), a very potent and highly selective ALCAT1 inhibitor, we determined whether ablation or pharmaceutical inhibition of ALCAT1 by Dafa would mitigate ALS and the underlying pathogenesis by preventing pathological remodeling of cardiolipin, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction by multiple approaches, including lifespan analysis, behavioral tests, morphological and functional analysis of skeletal muscle, electron microscopic and Seahorse analysis of mitochondrial morphology and respiration, western blot analysis of the SOD1G93A protein aggregation, and lipidomic analysis of cardiolipin content and acyl composition in mice spinal cord. Results ALCAT1 protein expression is potently upregulated in the skeletal muscle of the SOD1G93A mice. Consequently, ablation or pharmacological inhibition of ALCAT1 by Dafa attenuates motor neuron dysfunction, neuronal inflammation, and skeletal muscle atrophy in SOD1G93A mice by preventing SOD1G93A protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and pathological CL remodeling, leading to moderate extension of lifespan in the SOD1G93A transgenic mice. Conclusions ALCAT1 promotes the development of ALS by linking SOD1G93A protein aggregation to mitochondrial dysfunction, implicating Dafa as a potential treatment for this debilitating disorder. ALCAT1 is potently upregulated in the skeletal muscle of SOD1G93A mice, a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Upregulated ALCAT1 promotes SOD1G93A protein aggregation through oxidative stress and pathological cardiolipin remodeling. Inactivation of ALCAT1 attenuates neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and extends the lifespan of SOD1G93A mice. Targeting ALCAT1 as a potential strategy for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjie Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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16
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Remission of obesity and insulin resistance is not sufficient to restore mitochondrial homeostasis in visceral adipose tissue. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102353. [PMID: 35777200 PMCID: PMC9287736 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic plasticity is the ability of a biological system to adapt its metabolic phenotype to different environmental stressors. We used a whole-body and tissue-specific phenotypic, functional, proteomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic approach to systematically assess metabolic plasticity in diet-induced obese mice after a combined nutritional and exercise intervention. Although most obesity and overnutrition-related pathological features were successfully reverted, we observed a high degree of metabolic dysfunction in visceral white adipose tissue, characterized by abnormal mitochondrial morphology and functionality. Despite two sequential therapeutic interventions and an apparent global healthy phenotype, obesity triggered a cascade of events in visceral adipose tissue progressing from mitochondrial metabolic and proteostatic alterations to widespread cellular stress, which compromises its biosynthetic and recycling capacity. In humans, weight loss after bariatric surgery showed a transcriptional signature in visceral adipose tissue similar to our mouse model of obesity reversion. Overall, our data indicate that obesity prompts a lasting metabolic fingerprint that leads to a progressive breakdown of metabolic plasticity in visceral adipose tissue.
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Zhang J, Shi Y. In Search of the Holy Grail: Toward a Unified Hypothesis on Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Age-Related Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121906. [PMID: 35741033 PMCID: PMC9221202 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial signature phospholipid that plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial dynamics, membrane structure, oxidative phosphorylation, mtDNA bioenergetics, and mitophagy. The depletion or abnormal acyl composition of CL causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of aging and age-related disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction causes age-related diseases remain poorly understood. Recent development in the field has identified acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (ALCAT1), an acyltransferase upregulated by oxidative stress, as a key enzyme that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases. ALCAT1 catalyzes CL remodeling with very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Enrichment of DHA renders CL highly sensitive to oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidized CL becomes a new source of ROS in the form of lipid peroxides, leading to a vicious cycle of oxidative stress, CL depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, ablation or the pharmacological inhibition of ALCAT1 have been shown to mitigate obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, fatty liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The findings suggest that age-related disorders are one disease (aging) manifested by different mitochondrion-sensitive tissues, and therefore should be treated as one disease. This review will discuss a unified hypothesis on CL remodeling by ALCAT1 as the common denominator of mitochondrial dysfunction, linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the development of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-210-450-1363; Fax: +1-210-562-6150
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18
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Mitochondrial autophagy: molecular mechanisms and implications for cardiovascular disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:444. [PMID: 35534453 PMCID: PMC9085840 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that participate in ATP generation and involve calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress response, and apoptosis. Dysfunctional or damaged mitochondria could cause serious consequences even lead to cell death. Therefore, maintaining the homeostasis of mitochondria is critical for cellular functions. Mitophagy is a process of selectively degrading damaged mitochondria under mitochondrial toxicity conditions, which plays an essential role in mitochondrial quality control. The abnormal mitophagy that aggravates mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. As the myocardium is a highly oxidative metabolic tissue, mitochondria play a central role in maintaining optimal performance of the heart. Dysfunctional mitochondria accumulation is involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. This review discusses the most recent progress on mitophagy and its role in cardiovascular disease.
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Behera J, Ison J, Tyagi A, Mbalaviele G, Tyagi N. Mechanisms of autophagy and mitophagy in skeletal development, diseases and therapeutics. Life Sci 2022; 301:120595. [PMID: 35504330 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly evolutionarily conserved process in the eukaryotic cellular system by which dysfunctional organelles are selectively degraded through a series of processes of lysosomal activity and then returned to the cytoplasm for reuse. All cells require this process to maintain cellular homeostasis and promote cell survival during stress responses such as deprivation and hypoxia. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two cellular phenotypes in the bone that mediate bone homeostasis. However, an imbalance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption contributes to the onset of bone diseases. Recent studies suggest that autophagy, mitophagy, and selective mitochondrial autophagy may play an essential role in regulating osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast maturation. Autophagic activity dysregulation alters the equilibrium between osteoblastic bone creation and osteoclastic bone resorption, allowing bone disorders like osteoporosis to develop more easily. The current review emphasizes the role of autophagy and mitophagy and their related molecular mechanisms in bone metabolic disorders. In the current review, we emphasize the role of autophagy and mitophagy as well as their related molecular mechanism in bone metabolic disorders. Furthermore, we will discuss autophagy as a target for the treatment of metabolic bone disease and future application in therapeutic translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmaya Behera
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jessica Ison
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ashish Tyagi
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gabriel Mbalaviele
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Guo C, Chen MJ, Zhao JR, Wu RY, Zhang Y, Li QQ, Zhao H, Dou JH, Song SF, Wei J. Exercise training differently improve cardiac function and regulate myocardial mitophagy in ischemic and pressure-overloaded heart failure mice. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:562-574. [PMID: 35365954 DOI: 10.1113/ep090374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The cardioprotective effects of different aerobic exercises on chronic heart failure with different etiologies and whether mitophagy is involved remain elusive. What is the main finding and its importance? Moderate-intensity continuous training may be the "optimum" modality for improving cardiac structure and function in ischemic heart failure, while both moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training were suitable for pressure-overloaded heart failure. Various mitophagy pathways especially PRKN-dependent pathways participated in the protective effects of exercise on heart failure. ABSTRACT The cardioprotective effects of different aerobic exercises on chronic heart failure with different etiologies and whether mitophagy is involved remain elusive. In the current research, left anterior descending ligation and transverse aortic constriction surgeries were used to establish mice models of heart failure, followed by 8 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The results showed that MICT significantly improved ejection fraction (P < 0.05) and fractional shortening (P < 0.05), mitigated left ventricular end-systolic dimension (P < 0.01), brain natriuretic peptide (P < 0.0001), and fibrosis (P < 0.0001), while HIIT only decreased brain natriuretic peptide (P < 0.0001) and fibrosis (P < 0.0001) for ischemic heart failure. Both MICT and HIIT significantly increased ejection fraction (P < 0.0001) and fractional shortening (MICT: P < 0.001, HIIT: P < 0.0001), reduced left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension, brain natriuretic peptide (P < 0.0001), and fibrosis (MICT: P < 0.01, HIIT: P < 0.0001), even HIIT was better in reducing brain natriuretic peptide on pressure-overloaded heart failure. Myocardial autophagy and mitophagy were compromised in heart failure, exercises improved myocardial autophagic flux and mitophagy inconsistently in heart failure with different etiologies. Significant correlations were found between multiple mitophagy pathways and cardioprotection of exercises. Collectively, MICT may be the "optimum" modality for ischemic heart failure, both MICT and HIIT (especially HIIT) were suitable for pressure-overloaded heart failure. Exercises differently improved myocardial autophagy/mitophagy and multiple mitophagy-related pathways were closely implicated in cardioprotection of exercises for chronic heart failure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui-Yun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Hao Dou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shou-Fang Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center for Endemic Disease of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Disease of Ministry of Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of Fatty Acids Involved in Heart Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030210. [PMID: 35323653 PMCID: PMC8950543 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have structural and functional diversity. FAs in the heart are closely associated with cardiac function, and their qualitative or quantitative abnormalities lead to the onset and progression of cardiac disease. FAs are important as an energy substrate for the heart, but when in excess, they exhibit cardio-lipotoxicity that causes cardiac dysfunction or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. FAs also play a role as part of phospholipids that compose cell membranes, and the changes in mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin and the FA composition of plasma membrane phospholipids affect cardiomyocyte survival. In addition, FA metabolites exert a wide variety of bioactivities in the heart as lipid mediators. Recent advances in measurement using mass spectrometry have identified trace amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-derived bioactive metabolites associated with heart disease. n-3 PUFAs have a variety of cardioprotective effects and have been shown in clinical trials to be effective in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. This review outlines the contributions of FAs to cardiac function and pathogenesis of heart diseases from the perspective of three major roles and proposes therapeutic applications and new medical perspectives of FAs represented by n-3 PUFAs.
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22
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Li G, Li J, Shao R, Zhao J, Chen M. FUNDC1: A Promising Mitophagy Regulator at the Mitochondria-Associated Membrane for Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:788634. [PMID: 35096821 PMCID: PMC8797154 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial autophagy (or mitophagy) regulates the mitochondrial network and function to contribute to multiple cellular processes. The protective effect of homeostatic mitophagy in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has attracted increasing attention. FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1), an identified mitophagy receptor, plays an essential role in CVDs. Different expression levels of FUNDC1 and its phosphorylated state at different sites alleviate or exacerbate hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, or metabolic damage through promotion or inhibition of mitophagy. In addition, FUNDC1 can be enriched at contact sites between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), determining the formation of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) that regulate cellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and mitochondrial dynamics to prevent heart dysfunction. Moreover, FUNDC1 has also been involved in inflammatory cardiac diseases such as septic cardiomyopathy. In this review, we collect and summarize the evidence on the roles of FUNDC1 exclusively in various CVDs, describing its interactions with different cellular organelles, its involvement in multiple cellular processes, and its associated signaling pathways. FUNDC1 may become a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and management of various CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Li
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junli Li
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruochen Shao
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Dai Y, Tang H, Pang S. The Crucial Roles of Phospholipids in Aging and Lifespan Regulation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:775648. [PMID: 34887779 PMCID: PMC8650052 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.775648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are major membrane lipids that consist of lipid bilayers. This basic cellular structure acts as a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults and more importantly, enables multiple cellular processes to occur in subcellular compartments. Numerous studies have linked the complexity of membrane lipids to signal transductions, organelle functions, as well as physiological processes, and human diseases. Recently, crucial roles for membrane lipids in the aging process are beginning to emerge. In this study, we summarized current advances in our understanding of the relationship between membrane lipids and aging with an emphasis on phospholipid species. We surveyed how major phospholipid species change with age in different organisms and tissues, and some common patterns of membrane lipid change during aging were proposed. Further, the functions of different phospholipid molecules in regulating healthspan and lifespan, as well as their potential mechanisms of action, were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucan Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiqing Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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24
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Valentine WJ, Yanagida K, Kawana H, Kono N, Noda NN, Aoki J, Shindou H. Update and nomenclature proposal for mammalian lysophospholipid acyltransferases which create membrane phospholipid diversity. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101470. [PMID: 34890643 PMCID: PMC8753187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of glycerophospholipid species in cellular membranes is immense and affects various biological functions. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) and lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), in concert with phospholipase A1/2s enzymes, contribute to this diversity via selective esterification of fatty acyl chains at the sn-1 or sn-2 positions of membrane phospholipids. These enzymes are conserved across all kingdoms, and in mammals four GPATs of the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (AGPAT) family and at least 14 LPLATs, either of the AGPAT or the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) families, have been identified. Here we provide an overview of the biochemical and biological activities of these mammalian enzymes, including their predicted structures, involvements in human diseases, and essential physiological roles as revealed by gene-deficient mice. Recently, the nomenclature used to refer to these enzymes has generated some confusion due to the use of multiple names to refer to the same enzyme and instances of the same name being used to refer to completely different enzymes. Thus, this review proposes a more uniform LPLAT enzyme nomenclature, as well as providing an update of recent advances made in the study of LPLATs, continuing from our JBC mini review in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuo N Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Lipid Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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25
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The Roles of FGF21 and ALCAT1 in Aerobic Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection of Postmyocardial Infarction Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8996482. [PMID: 34777697 PMCID: PMC8589520 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8996482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise mitigates oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by myocardial infarction (MI) even though the precise mechanisms remain completely elusive. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanisms of aerobic exercise in ameliorating the cardiac function of mice with MI. In vivo, MI was induced by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation in wild-type mice, alcat1 knockout, and fgf21 knockout mice. The mice were exercised under a moderate-intensity protocol for 6 weeks at one week later post-MI. In vitro, H9C2 cells were treated with lentiviral vector carrying alcat1 gene, recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21), PI3K inhibitor, and H2O2 to explore the potential mechanisms. Our results showed that aerobic exercise significantly increased the FGF21 expression and decreased the ALCAT1 expression in the hearts of mice with MI. fgf21 knockout weakened the inhibitory effects of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis in mice with MI. Both/either alcat1 knockout and/or aerobic exercise improved cardiac function by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in the MI heart. rhFGF21 inhibited both H2O2 and overexpression of ALCAT1-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway in H9C2 cells. In conclusion, our results showed that aerobic exercise alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the FGF21/FGFR1/PI3K/AKT pathway or inhibiting the hyperexpression of ALCAT1, which ultimately improved the cardiac function in MI mice.
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26
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Xu R, Kang L, Wei S, Yang C, Fu Y, Ding Z, Zou Y. Samm50 Promotes Hypertrophy by Regulating Pink1-Dependent Mitophagy Signaling in Neonatal Cardiomyocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:748156. [PMID: 34631840 PMCID: PMC8493082 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.748156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy, the adaptive response of the myocardium to various pathological stimuli, is one of the primary predictors and predisposing factors of heart failure. However, its molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the function of Samm50 in mitophagy during Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via lentiviruses mediated knockdown and overexpression of Samm50 protein. We first found that Samm50 is a key positive regulator of cardiac hypertrophy, for western blot and real-time quantitative PCR detection revealed Samm50 was downregulated both in pressure-overload-induced hypertrophic hearts and Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Then, Samm50 overexpression exhibits enhanced induction of cardiac hypertrophy marker genes and cell enlargement in primary mouse cardiomyocytes by qPCR and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. Meanwhile, Samm50 remarkably reduced Ang II-induced autophagy as indicated by decreased mitophagy protein levels and autophagic flux, whereas the opposite phenotype was observed in Samm50 knockdown cardiomyocytes. However, the protective role of Samm50 deficiency against cardiac hypertrophy was abolished by inhibiting mitophagy through Vps34 inhibitor or Pink1 knockdown. Moreover, we further demonstrated that Samm50 interacted with Pink1 and stimulated the accumulation of Parkin on mitochondria to initiate mitophagy by co-immunoprecipitation analysis and immunofluorescence. Thus, these results suggest that Samm50 regulates Pink1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy to promote cardiac hypertrophy, and targeting mitophagy may provide new insights into the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siang Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjie Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Emerging Role of Mitophagy in the Heart: Therapeutic Potentials to Modulate Mitophagy in Cardiac Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3259963. [PMID: 34603595 PMCID: PMC8483925 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3259963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The normal function of the mitochondria is crucial for most tissues especially for those that demand a high energy supply. Emerging evidence has pointed out that healthy mitochondrial function is closely associated with normal heart function. When these processes fail to repair the damaged mitochondria, cells initiate a removal process referred to as mitophagy to clear away defective mitochondria. In cardiomyocytes, mitophagy is closely associated with metabolic activity, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and other physiological processes involved in major phenotypic alterations. Mitophagy alterations may contribute to detrimental or beneficial effects in a multitude of cardiac diseases, indicating potential clinical insights after a close understanding of the mechanisms. Here, we discuss the current opinions of mitophagy in the progression of cardiac diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and arrhythmia, and focus on the key molecules and related pathways involved in the regulation of mitophagy. We also discuss recently reported approaches targeting mitophagy in the therapy of cardiac diseases.
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28
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Jia D, Zhang J, Nie J, Andersen JP, Rendon S, Zheng Y, Liu X, Tian Z, Shi Y. Cardiolipin remodeling by ALCAT1 links hypoxia to coronary artery disease by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3498-3511. [PMID: 34111561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial signature phospholipid that plays a pivotal role in maintaining cardiac health. A loss of tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (TLCL), the predominant cardiolipin species in the healthy mammalian heart, is implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) through poorly defined mechanisms. Here, we identified acyl-coenzyme A:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1 (ALCAT1) as the missing link between hypoxia and CHD in an animal model of myocardial infarction (MI). ALCAT1 is an acyltransferase that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in aging-related diseases by catalyzing pathological remodeling of cardiolipin. In support of a causative role of ALCAT1 in CHD, we showed that ALCAT1 expression was potently upregulated by MI, linking myocardial hypoxia to oxidative stress, TLCL depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly, ablation of the ALCAT1 gene or pharmacological inhibition of the ALCAT1 enzyme by Dafaglitapin (Dafa), a potent and highly specific ALCAT1 inhibitor, not only restored TLCL levels but also mitochondrial respiration by attenuating signal transduction pathways mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Consequently, ablation or pharmacological inhibition of ALCAT1 by Dafa effectively mitigated CHD and its underlying pathogenesis, including dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricle dysfunction, myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. Together, the findings have provided the first proof-of-concept studies for targeting ALCAT1 as an effective treatment for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jia
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Perenna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 14785 Omicron Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Jia Nie
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - John-Paul Andersen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Samantha Rendon
- Perenna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 14785 Omicron Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xueling Liu
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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29
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Conn CS, Yang H, Tom HJ, Ikeda K, Oses-Prieto JA, Vu H, Oguri Y, Nair S, Gill RM, Kajimura S, DeBerardinis RJ, Burlingame AL, Ruggero D. The major cap-binding protein eIF4E regulates lipid homeostasis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Metab 2021; 3:244-257. [PMID: 33619378 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic leading to increased mortality and susceptibility to comorbidities, with few viable therapeutic interventions. A hallmark of disease progression is the ectopic deposition of lipids in the form of lipid droplets in vital organs such as the liver. However, the mechanisms underlying the dynamic storage and processing of lipids in peripheral organs remain an outstanding question. Here, we show an unexpected function for the major cap-binding protein, eIF4E, in high-fat-diet-induced obesity. In response to lipid overload, select networks of proteins involved in fat deposition are altered in eIF4E-deficient mice. Specifically, distinct messenger RNAs involved in lipid metabolic processing and storage pathways are enhanced at the translation level by eIF4E. Failure to translationally upregulate these mRNAs results in increased fatty acid oxidation, which enhances energy expenditure. We further show that inhibition of eIF4E phosphorylation genetically-and by a potent clinical compound-restrains weight gain following intake of a high-fat diet. Together, our study uncovers translational control of lipid processing as a driver of high-fat-diet-induced weight gain and provides a pharmacological target to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal S Conn
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haojun Yang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Harrison J Tom
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenji Ikeda
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hieu Vu
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yasuo Oguri
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Supna Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan M Gill
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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30
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Wu F, Li Z, Cai M, Xi Y, Xu Z, Zhang Z, Li H, Zhu W, Tian Z. Aerobic exercise alleviates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in kidneys of myocardial infarction mice by inhibiting ALCAT1 and activating FNDC5/Irisin signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:171-180. [PMID: 32726688 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise involves in ameliorating kidney injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully clarified. In this study, we elucidated the potential mechanisms of aerobic exercise in ameliorating kidney injury following myocardial infarction (MI). In vivo, wildtype and alcat1 knockout mice were used to establish the MI model, and subjected to six-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. In vitro, Normal Rat Kidney (NRK) cells treated with H2O2 and recombinant human Irisin (rhIrisin) were used for exploring potential mechanisms. Our results showed that Irisin expression was up-regulated by aerobic exercise in kidneys after MI, while ALCAT1 was reduced. In alcat1 knockout mice, we found that ALCAT1 involved in the progressions of oxidative stress and apoptosis in impaired kidney tissues of MI mice, but aerobic exercise reversed these changes. Furthermore, in vitro, we observed that Irisin inhibited both H2O2-treatment or overexpression of alcat1-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in NRK cells, partially via AMPK-Sirt1-PGC-1α pathway. These findings reveal that aerobic exercise participates in alleviating the levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis in impaired kidney tissues following MI, partially via activating FNDC5/Irisin-AMPK-Sirt1-PGC-1α signaling pathway and inhibiting ALCAT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangnan Wu
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Mengxin Cai
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zujie Xu
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zezhou Zhang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hangzhuo Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wanyu Zhu
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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31
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Zhou H, He L, Xu G, Chen L. Mitophagy in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:210-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Wang S, Deng Z, Ma Y, Jin J, Qi F, Li S, Liu C, Lyu FJ, Zheng Q. The Role of Autophagy and Mitophagy in Bone Metabolic Disorders. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2675-2691. [PMID: 32792864 PMCID: PMC7415419 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.46627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolic disorders include osteolysis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two major types of cells in bone constituting homeostasis. The imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts has been shown to have a direct contribution to the onset of these diseases. Recent evidence indicates that autophagy and mitophagy, the selective autophagy of mitochondria, may play a vital role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Several signaling pathways, including PINK1/Parkin, SIRT1, MAPK8/FOXO3, Beclin-1/BECN1, p62/SQSTM1, and mTOR pathways, have been implied in the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in these cells. Here we review the current progress about the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in osteoblasts and osteoclasts in these bone metabolic disorders, as well as the molecular signaling activated or deactivated during this process. Together, we hope to draw attention to the role of autophagy and mitophagy in bone metabolic disorders, and their potential as a new target for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases and the requirements of further mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhantao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
| | - Yuanchen Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
| | - Jiewen Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang Liu
- South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng-Juan Lyu
- South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
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Tao L, Shi J, Huang X, Hua F, Yang L. Identification of a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network based on competitive endogenous RNA theory reveals functional lncRNAs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1176-1190. [PMID: 32742356 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease that affects 1 in every 200 people in the general population, leading to cardiac ischemia, heart failure and increased risk of sudden death. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may serve specific roles in various biological processes and participate in the pathology of various diseases, including HCM. Although a large number of lncRNAs have been detected, the functions of lncRNAs in HCM are still unknown. In the present study, a global triple network based on competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) theory was constructed using data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus. Furthermore, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of mRNAs in the lncRNA-microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA network were performed using the Cytoscape plugins, BiNGO and Database. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was composed of 30 lncRNA nodes, 94 mRNA nodes and 8 miRNA nodes. Subsequently, hub nodes and the number of relationship pairs were analyzed and showed that 5 lncRNAs (ENST00000597346.1, ENST00000458178.1, ENST00000544461.1, ENST00000567093.1 and ENST00000571219.1) were closely related to HCM. Cluster module analysis and Random Walk with Restart of the ceRNA network further confirmed the potential role of two lncRNAs (ENST00000458178.1 and ENST00000567093.1) in HCM. The present study provides a new strategy for identifying potential pathways associated with HCM or other diseases. Furthermore, lncRNA-miRNA pairs may be regarded as candidate diagnostic biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets for HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Fei Hua
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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Shilovsky GA, Putyatina TS, Ashapkin VV, Yamskova OV, Lyubetsky VA, Sorokina EV, Shram SI, Markov AV, Vyssokikh MY. Biological Diversity and Remodeling of Cardiolipin in Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Pathologies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 84:1469-1483. [PMID: 31870251 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791912006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Age-related dysfunctions are accompanied by impairments in the mitochondrial morphology, activity of signaling pathway, and protein interactions. Cardiolipin is one of the most important phospholipids that maintains the curvature of the cristae and facilitates assembly and interaction of complexes and supercomplexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The fatty acid composition of cardiolipin influences the biophysical properties of the membrane and, therefore, is crucial for the mitochondrial bioenergetics. The presence of unsaturated fatty acids in cardiolipin is the reason of its susceptibility to oxidative damage. Damaged cardiolipin undergoes remodeling by phospholipases, acyltransferases, and transacylases, creating a highly specific fatty acyl profile for each tissue. In this review, we discuss the variability of cardiolipin fatty acid composition in various species and different tissues of the same species, both in the norm and at various pathologies (e.g., age-related diseases, oxidative and traumatic stresses, knockouts/knockdowns of enzymes of the cardiolipin synthesis pathway). Progressive pathologies, including age-related ones, are accompanied by cardiolipin depletion and decrease in the efficiency of its remodeling, as well as the activation of an alternative way of pathological remodeling, which causes replacement of cardiolipin fatty acids with polyunsaturated ones (e.g., arachidonic or docosahexaenoic acids). Drugs or special diet can contribute to the partial restoration of the cardiolipin acyl profile to the one rich in fatty acids characteristic of an intact organ or tissue, thereby correcting the consequences of pathological or insufficient cardiolipin remodeling. In this regard, an urgent task of biomedicine is to study the mechanism of action of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants effective in the treatment of age-related pathologies and capable of accumulating not only in vitro, but also in vivo in the cardiolipin-enriched membrane fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Shilovsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - T S Putyatina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - V V Ashapkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - O V Yamskova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V A Lyubetsky
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - E V Sorokina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - S I Shram
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A V Markov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - M Y Vyssokikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Yao RQ, Ren C, Xia ZF, Yao YM. Organelle-specific autophagy in inflammatory diseases: a potential therapeutic target underlying the quality control of multiple organelles. Autophagy 2020; 17:385-401. [PMID: 32048886 PMCID: PMC8007140 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity and functional stability of organelles are prerequisites for the viability and responsiveness of cells. Dysfunction of multiple organelles is critically involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, those organelles synchronously present with evident structural derangement and aberrant function under exposure to different stimuli, which might accelerate the corruption of cells. Therefore, the quality control of multiple organelles is of great importance in maintaining the survival and function of cells and could be a potential therapeutic target for human diseases. Organelle-specific autophagy is one of the major subtypes of autophagy, selectively targeting different organelles for quality control. This type of autophagy includes mitophagy, pexophagy, reticulophagy (endoplasmic reticulum), ribophagy, lysophagy, and nucleophagy. These kinds of organelle-specific autophagy are reported to be beneficial for inflammatory disorders by eliminating damaged organelles and maintaining homeostasis. In this review, we summarized the recent findings and mechanisms covering different kinds of organelle-specific autophagy, as well as their involvement in various diseases, aiming to arouse concern about the significance of the quality control of multiple organelles in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.Abbreviations: ABCD3: ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 3; AD: Alzheimer disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARIH1: ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; ATF: activating transcription factor; ATG: autophagy related; ATM: ATM serine/threonine kinase; BCL2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BCL2L11/BIM: BCL2 like 11; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CANX: calnexin; CAT: catalase; CCPG1: cell cycle progression 1; CHDH: choline dehydrogenase; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSE: cigarette smoke exposure; CTSD: cathepsin D; DDIT3/CHOP: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; DISC1: DISC1 scaffold protein; DNM1L/DRP1: dynamin 1 like; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2S1/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EMD: emerin; EPAS1/HIF-2α: endothelial PAS domain protein 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FBXO27: F-box protein 27; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; G3BP1: G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1; GBA: glucocerebrosidase beta; HIF1A/HIF1: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; LCLAT1/ALCAT1: lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1; LGALS3/Gal3: galectin 3; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LMNA: lamin A/C; LMNB1: lamin B1; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK8/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MAMs: mitochondria-associated membranes; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MOD: multiple organelles dysfunction; MTPAP: mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase; MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NUFIP1: nuclear FMR1 interacting protein 1; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; PD: Parkinson disease; PARL: presenilin associated rhomboid like; PEX3: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 3; PGAM5: PGAM family member 5; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RETREG1/FAM134B: reticulophagy regulator 1; RHOT1/MIRO1: ras homolog family member T1; RIPK3/RIP3: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTN3: reticulon 3; SEC62: SEC62 homolog, preprotein translocation factor; SESN2: sestrin2; SIAH1: siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SNCA: synuclein alpha; SNCAIP: synuclein alpha interacting protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TICAM1/TRIF: toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TNKS: tankyrase; TOMM: translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane; TRIM: tripartite motif containing; UCP2: uncoupling protein 2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; USP10: ubiquitin specific peptidase 10; VCP/p97: valosin containing protein; VDAC: voltage dependent anion channels; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; ZNHIT3: zinc finger HIT-type containing 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Fan Xia
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Bonora M, Wieckowski MR, Sinclair DA, Kroemer G, Pinton P, Galluzzi L. Targeting mitochondria for cardiovascular disorders: therapeutic potential and obstacles. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16:33-55. [PMID: 30177752 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction has a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular disorders. Over the past 2 decades, extraordinary efforts have been focused on the development of agents that specifically target mitochondria for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Despite such an intensive wave of investigation, no drugs specifically conceived to modulate mitochondrial functions are currently available for the clinical management of cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondria in patients with cardiovascular disease, examine the obstacles that have restrained the development of mitochondria-targeting agents thus far, and identify strategies that might empower the full clinical potential of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bonora
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell, Regenerative Medicine Research, Department of Cell Biology and Stem Cell Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David A Sinclair
- Department of Genetics, Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology, and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. .,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Song C, Zhang J, Qi S, Liu Z, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Andersen J, Zhang W, Strong R, Martinez PA, Musi N, Nie J, Shi Y. Cardiolipin remodeling by ALCAT1 links mitochondrial dysfunction to Parkinson's diseases. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12941. [PMID: 30838774 PMCID: PMC6516155 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial signature phospholipid that is required for membrane structure, respiration, dynamics, and mitophagy. Oxidative damage of CL by reactive oxygen species is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the underlying cause remains elusive. This work investigated the role of ALCAT1, an acyltransferase that catalyzes pathological remodeling of CL in various aging-related diseases, in a mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We show that MPTP treatment caused oxidative stress, mtDNA mutations, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the midbrain. In contrast, ablation of the ALCAT1 gene or pharmacological inhibition of ALCAT1 prevented MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, apoptosis, and motor deficits. ALCAT1 deficiency also mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction by modulating DRP1 translocation to the mitochondria. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of ALCAT1 significantly improved mitophagy by promoting the recruitment of Parkin to dysfunctional mitochondria. Finally, ALCAT1 expression was upregulated by MPTP and by α-synucleinopathy, a key hallmark of PD, whereas ALCAT1 deficiency prevented α-synuclein oligomerization and S-129 phosphorylation, implicating a key role of ALCAT1 in the etiology of mouse models of PD. Together, these findings identify ALCAT1 as a novel drug target for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Jun Zhang
- Perenna Pharmceuticals IncSan AntonioTexas
| | - Shasha Qi
- Department of Pathophysiologythe Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - John‐Paul Andersen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiologythe Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Randy Strong
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Paul Anthony Martinez
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Jia Nie
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexas
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Tahrir FG, Langford D, Amini S, Mohseni Ahooyi T, Khalili K. Mitochondrial quality control in cardiac cells: Mechanisms and role in cardiac cell injury and disease. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8122-8133. [PMID: 30417391 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in maintaining cardiac homeostasis by supplying the major energy required for cardiac excitation-contraction coupling as well as controlling the key intracellular survival and death pathways. Healthy mitochondria generate ATP molecules through an aerobic process known as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial injury during myocardial infarction (MI) impairs OXPHOS and results in the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), bioenergetic insufficiency, and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, mitochondrial biogenesis along with proper mitochondrial quality control machinery, which removes unhealthy mitochondria is pivotal for mitochondrial homeostasis and cardiac health. Upon damage to the mitochondrial network, mitochondrial quality control components are recruited to segregate the unhealthy mitochondria and target aberrant mitochondrial proteins for degradation and elimination. Impairment of mitochondrial quality control and accumulation of abnormal mitochondria have been reported in the pathogenesis of various cardiac disorders and heart failure. Here, we provide an overview of the recent studies describing various mechanistic pathways underlying mitochondrial homeostasis with the main focus on cardiac cells. In addition, this review demonstrates the potential effects of mitochondrial quality control dysregulation in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh G Tahrir
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and cardiolipin alterations in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: implications for pharmacological cardioprotection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1341-H1352. [PMID: 30095969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Increased reactive oxygen species production, impaired electron transport chain activity, aberrant mitochondrial dynamics, Ca2+ overload, and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore have been proposed as major contributory factors to mitochondrial dysfunction during myocardial I/R injury. Cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, plays a pivotal role in multiple mitochondrial bioenergetic processes, including respiration and energy conversion, in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics as well as in several steps of the apoptotic process. Changes in CL levels, species composition, and degree of oxidation may have deleterious consequences for mitochondrial function with important implications in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, including myocardial I/R injury. In this review, we focus on the role played by CL alterations in mitochondrial dysfunction in myocardial I/R injury. Pharmacological strategies to prevent myocardial injury during I/R targeting mitochondrial CL are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Francesca Maria Ruggiero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics, and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council , Bari , Italy
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40
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Anupama N, Sindhu G, Raghu KG. Significance of mitochondria on cardiometabolic syndromes. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:346-356. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nair Anupama
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division; CSIR -National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST); Industrial estate P.O., Pappanamcode Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala India
| | - Ganapathy Sindhu
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division; CSIR -National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST); Industrial estate P.O., Pappanamcode Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala India
| | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division; CSIR -National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST); Industrial estate P.O., Pappanamcode Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala India
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41
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miR-139-5p inhibits isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by targetting c-Jun. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171430. [PMID: 29440459 PMCID: PMC5843750 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a serious monogenic disease characterized by cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, sudden cardiac death, and heart failure. Previously, we identified that miR-139-5p was down-regulated in HCM patients. However, the regulatory effects of miR-139-5p remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the role of miR-139-5p in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. The expression of miR-139-5p in left ventricular tissues in HCM patients and mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was significantly down-regulated. Knockdown of miR-139-5p expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) induced cardiomyocyte enlargement and increased atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) expression. Overexpression of miR-139-5p antagonized isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiomyocyte enlargement and ANP/brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) up-regulation. More importantly, we found that c-Jun expression was inhibited by miR-139-5p in NRCMs. Knockdown of c-Jun expression significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy induced by miR-139-5p deprivation. Our data indicated that miR-139-5p was down-regulated in the hearts of HCM patients and that it inhibited cardiac hypertrophy by targetting c-Jun expression.
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Sun X, Yang X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Guo L. Effects of 17β-Estradiol on Mitophagy in the Murine MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast Cell Line is Mediated via G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor and the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:903-911. [PMID: 29438359 PMCID: PMC5819311 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is associated with 17β-estradiol deficiency. The G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is known to be an estrogen-responsive receptor, but its role in the degradation of mitochondria in osteoblasts by autophagy, or mitophagy, remains unclear. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of 17β-estradiol, GPR30, and its signaling pathway, on mitophagy in the murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line. Material/Methods In the murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line, cells were treated with 17β-estradiol, or G15, a selective GPR30 antagonist, or U0126, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK1/2) inhibitor, or with vehicle as control. The expression of GPR30 was determined by Western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and confocal immunofluorescence imaging. Cell morphology and mitochondrial autophagosomes were identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phosphorylation of the mitophagy markers, heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), translocase of outer membrane (Tom)20, and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) were determined by Western blot, and cell proliferation was determined using the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Results The optimum concentration of 17β-estradiol that resulted in GPR30 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells was 10−7 M, which led to the accumulation of mitochondrial autophagosomes and increased protein phosphorylation levels of Hsp60, Tom20, and LC3. In cells pretreated with G15 or U0126, 17β-estradiol treatment did not increase mitophagy in MC3T3-E1 cells. Conclusions In murine osteoblasts cultured in vitro, treatment with 17β-estradiol resulted in the expression of GPR30 and enhanced mitophagy through the GPR30 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xuhao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Abstract
Autophagy contributes to the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis in most cells of cardiovascular origin, including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and arterial smooth muscle cells. Mitophagy is an autophagic response that specifically targets damaged, and hence potentially cytotoxic, mitochondria. As these organelles occupy a critical position in the bioenergetics of the cardiovascular system, mitophagy is particularly important for cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease. Consistent with this notion, genetic defects in autophagy or mitophagy have been shown to exacerbate the propensity of laboratory animals to spontaneously develop cardiodegenerative disorders. Moreover, pharmacological or genetic maneuvers that alter the autophagic or mitophagic flux have been shown to influence disease outcome in rodent models of several cardiovascular conditions, such as myocardial infarction, various types of cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the intimate connection between autophagy, mitophagy, and cardiovascular disorders.
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Lesnefsky EJ, Chen Q, Hoppel CL. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Aging Heart. Circ Res 2017; 118:1593-611. [PMID: 27174952 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial metabolism is the underlying basis for the increased sensitivity in the aged heart to stress. The aged heart exhibits impaired metabolic flexibility, with a decreased capacity to oxidize fatty acids and enhanced dependence on glucose metabolism. Aging impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, with a greater role played by the mitochondria located between the myofibrils, the interfibrillar mitochondria. With aging, there is a decrease in activity of complexes III and IV, which account for the decrease in respiration. Furthermore, aging decreases mitochondrial content among the myofibrils. The end result is that in the interfibrillar area, there is ≈50% decrease in mitochondrial function, affecting all substrates. The defective mitochondria persist in the aged heart, leading to enhanced oxidant production and oxidative injury and the activation of oxidant signaling for cell death. Aging defects in mitochondria represent new therapeutic targets, whether by manipulation of the mitochondrial proteome, modulation of electron transport, activation of biogenesis or mitophagy, or the regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion. These mechanisms provide new ways to attenuate cardiac disease in elders by preemptive treatment of age-related defects, in contrast to the treatment of disease-induced dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Lesnefsky
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center (E.J.L, Q.C.), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Biophsyics (E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (E.J.L., Q.C.); Medical Service, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (E.J.L.); and Departments of Pharmacology (C.L.H.) and Medicine (E.J.L., C.L.H.), Center for Mitochondrial Disease (C.L.H.), Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Qun Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center (E.J.L, Q.C.), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Biophsyics (E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (E.J.L., Q.C.); Medical Service, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (E.J.L.); and Departments of Pharmacology (C.L.H.) and Medicine (E.J.L., C.L.H.), Center for Mitochondrial Disease (C.L.H.), Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center (E.J.L, Q.C.), Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Biophsyics (E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (E.J.L., Q.C.); Medical Service, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA (E.J.L.); and Departments of Pharmacology (C.L.H.) and Medicine (E.J.L., C.L.H.), Center for Mitochondrial Disease (C.L.H.), Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
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Regulation of autophagy by mitochondrial phospholipids in health and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:114-129. [PMID: 27502688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that maintains nutrient homeostasis by degrading protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy is reduced in aging, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases, including cancers, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria-derived phospholipids cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol are critical throughout the autophagic process, from initiation and phagophore formation to elongation and fusion with endolysosomal vesicles. Cardiolipin is also required for mitochondrial fusion and fission, an important step in isolating dysfunctional mitochondria for mitophagy. Furthermore, genetic screen in yeast has identified a surprising role for cardiolipin in regulating lysosomal function. Phosphatidylethanolamine plays a pivotal role in supporting the autophagic process, including autophagosome elongation as part of lipidated Atg8/LC3. An emerging role for phosphatidylglycerol in AMPK and mTORC1 signaling as well as mitochondrial fission may provide the first glimpse into the function of phosphatidylglycerol apart from being a precursor for cardiolipin. This review examines the effects of manipulating phospholipids on autophagy and mitophagy in health and diseases, as well as current limitations in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Sasagawa S, Nishimura Y, Okabe S, Murakami S, Ashikawa Y, Yuge M, Kawaguchi K, Kawase R, Okamoto R, Ito M, Tanaka T. Downregulation of GSTK1 Is a Common Mechanism Underlying Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:162. [PMID: 27378925 PMCID: PMC4905960 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and is associated with a number of potential outcomes, including impaired diastolic function, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Various etiologies have been described for HCM, including pressure overload and mutations in sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric genes. However, the molecular pathogenesis of HCM remains incompletely understood. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis to identify dysregulated genes common to five mouse HCM models of differing etiology: (i) mutation of myosin heavy chain 6, (ii) mutation of tropomyosin 1, (iii) expressing human phospholamban on a null background, (iv) knockout of frataxin, and (v) transverse aortic constriction. Gene-by-gene comparison identified five genes dysregulated in all five HCM models. Glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 (Gstk1) was significantly downregulated in the five models, whereas myosin heavy chain 7 (Myh7), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), periostin (Postn), and reticulon 4 (Rtn4) were significantly upregulated. Gene ontology comparison revealed that 51 cellular processes were significantly enriched in genes dysregulated in each transcriptome dataset. Among them, six processes (oxidative stress, aging, contraction, developmental process, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation) were related to four of the five genes dysregulated in all HCM models. GSTK1 was related to oxidative stress only, whereas the other four genes were related to all six cell processes except MYH7 for oxidative stress. Gene–gene functional interaction network analysis suggested correlative expression of GSTK1, MYH7, and actin alpha 2 (ACTA2). To investigate the implications of Gstk1 downregulation for cardiac function, we knocked out gstk1 in zebrafish using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 system. We found that expression of the zebrafish homologs of MYH7, ACTA2, and actin alpha 1 were increased in the gstk1-knockout zebrafish. In vivo imaging of zebrafish expressing a fluorescent protein in cardiomyocytes showed that gstk1 deletion significantly decreased the end diastolic volume and, to a lesser extent, end systolic volume. These results suggest that downregulation of GSTK1 may be a common mechanism underlying HCM of various etiologies, possibly through increasing oxidative stress and the expression of sarcomere genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sasagawa
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, TsuJapan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, TsuJapan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, TsuJapan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, TsuJapan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, TsuJapan
| | - Shiko Okabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Soichiro Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ashikawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Mizuki Yuge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Koki Kawaguchi
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Reiko Kawase
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Ryuji Okamoto
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, TsuJapan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, TsuJapan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, TsuJapan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, TsuJapan
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Bradley RM, Stark KD, Duncan RE. Influence of tissue, diet, and enzymatic remodeling on cardiolipin fatty acyl profile. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1804-18. [PMID: 27061349 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a specialized phospholipid found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of its unique dimeric structure, cardiolipin plays an important role in mitochondrial function, stability, and membrane fluidity. As such, cardiolipin is subject to a high degree of remodeling by phospholipases, acyltransferases, and transacylases that create a fatty acyl profile that tends to be highly tissue-specific. Despite this overarching regulation, the molecular species of cardiolipin produced are also influenced by dietary lipid composition. A number of studies have characterized the tissue-specific profile of cardiolipin species and have investigated the specific nature of cardiolipin remodeling, including the role of both enzymes and diet. The aim of this review is to highlight tissue specific differences in cardiolipin composition and, collectively, the enzymatic and dietary factors that contribute to these differences. Consequences of aberrant cardiolipin fatty acyl remodeling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bradley
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Mitochondrial autophagy in cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:8-15. [PMID: 27003723 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac mitochondria produce vast amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to maintain contractile function. They are also the primary source of reactive oxygen species, which contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, cardiomyocyte death, and heart failure. To protect against mitochondrial damage, cardiomyocytes develop well-coordinated quality control mechanisms that maintain the overall mitochondrial health through mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). Mitophagy removes dysfunctional mitochondria in the heart not only under normal physiological conditions, but also in response to pathological stresses. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitophagy dysregulation can induce cardiomyocyte death and cardiomyopathy. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about mitophagic mechanisms, regulatory pathways, and function in the heart.
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Hsu P, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang HG, Ye JM, Shi Y. Cardiolipin remodeling by TAZ/tafazzin is selectively required for the initiation of mitophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:643-52. [PMID: 25919711 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1023984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tafazzin (TAZ) is a phospholipid transacylase that catalyzes the remodeling of cardiolipin, a mitochondrial phospholipid required for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations of TAZ cause Barth syndrome, which is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy, leading to premature death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in Barth syndrome remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of TAZ in regulating mitochondrial function and mitophagy. Using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with doxycycline-inducible knockdown of Taz, we showed that TAZ deficiency in MEFs caused defective mitophagosome biogenesis, but not other autophagic processes. Consistent with a key role of mitophagy in mitochondria quality control, TAZ deficiency in MEFs also led to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and severe oxidative stress. Together, these findings provide key insights on mitochondrial dysfunction in Barth syndrome, suggesting that pharmacological restoration of mitophagy may provide a novel treatment for this lethal condition.
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Key Words
- AdGFP-LC3, recombinant adenovirus expressing GFP tagged MAP1LC3B
- AdTAZ, recombinant adenovirus expressing Myc-tagged TAZ
- BTHS, Barth syndrome
- BafA1, bafilomycin A1
- Barth syndrome
- CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone
- CL, cardiolipin
- Dox, doxycycline
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- LTG, LysoTracker Green
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- MLCL, monolysocardiolipin
- MTR, MitoTracker Red
- PARK2, parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2 mitochondrial
- TAZ, tafazzin
- TLCL, tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin
- autophagy
- cardiolipin
- mitochondrial dysfunction
- mitophagosome
- mitophagy
- tafazzin
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hsu
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology ; Hershey , PA USA
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Dolinsky VW, Cole LK, Sparagna GC, Hatch GM. Cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: Role of cardiolipin and sirtuins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1544-54. [PMID: 26972373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids accounts for the majority of cardiac ATP production in the heart. Fatty acid utilization by cardiac mitochondria is controlled at the level of fatty acid uptake, lipid synthesis, mobilization and mitochondrial import and oxidation. Consequently defective mitochondrial function appears to be central to the development of heart failure. Cardiolipin is a key mitochondrial phospholipid required for the activity of the electron transport chain. In heart failure, loss of cardiolipin and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin helps to fuel the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species that are a by-product of inefficient mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III. In this vicious cycle, reactive oxygen species generate lipid peroxides and may, in turn, cause oxidation of cardiolipin catalyzed by cytochrome c leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Hence, preservation of cardiolipin and mitochondrial function may be keys to the prevention of heart failure development. In this review, we summarize cardiac energy metabolism and the important role that fatty acid uptake and metabolism play in this process and how defects in these result in heart failure. We highlight the key role that cardiolipin and sirtuins play in cardiac mitochondrial β-oxidation. In addition, we review the potential of pharmacological modulation of cardiolipin through the polyphenolic molecule resveratrol as a sirtuin-activator in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we provide novel experimental evidence that resveratrol treatment increases cardiolipin in isolated H9c2 cardiac myocytes and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin in the heart of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and hypothesize that this leads to improvement in mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Laura K Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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