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The NRSF/REST transcription factor in hallmarks of cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Biochimie 2023; 206:116-134. [PMID: 36283507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), or neuron restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), was first identified as a repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissue. Interestingly, this transcription factor may act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role in developing neuroendocrine and other tumors in patients. The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. In addition to two emerging hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of the immune response are all implicated in the development of human tumors. It is essential to know the role of these processes as they will affect the outcome of alternatives for cancer treatment. Various studies in this review demonstrate that NRSF/REST affects the different hallmarks of cancer that could position NRSF/REST as an essential target in the therapy and diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
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Cloud AS, Vargheese AM, Gunewardena S, Shimak RM, Ganeshkumar S, Kumaraswamy E, Jensen RA, Chennathukuzhi VM. Loss of REST in breast cancer promotes tumor progression through estrogen sensitization, MMP24 and CEMIP overexpression. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:180. [PMID: 35177031 PMCID: PMC8851790 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and is both pathologically and genetically heterogeneous, making early detection and treatment difficult. A subset of breast cancers express normal levels of REST (repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor) mRNA but lack functional REST protein. Loss of REST function is seen in ~ 20% of breast cancers and is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. Despite the frequent loss of REST, little is known about the role of REST in the molecular pathogenesis of breast cancer. METHODS TCGA data was analyzed for the expression of REST target genes in breast cancer patient samples. We then utilized gene knockdown in MCF-7 cells in the presence or absence of steroid hormones estrogen and/ progesterone followed by RNA sequencing, as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation and PCR in an attempt to understand the tumor suppressor role of REST in breast cancer. RESULTS We show that REST directly regulates CEMIP (cell migration-inducing and hyaluronan-binding protein, KIAA1199) and MMP24 (matrix metallopeptidase 24), genes known to have roles in invasion and metastasis. REST knockdown in breast cancer cells leads to significant upregulation of CEMIP and MMP24. In addition, we found REST binds to RE-1 sites (repressor element-1) within the genes and influences their transcription. Furthermore, we found that the estrogen receptor (ESR1) signaling pathway is activated in the absence of REST, regardless of hormone treatment. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a critical role for the loss of REST in aggressive breast cancer pathogenesis and provide evidence for REST as an important diagnostic marker for personalized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S. Cloud
- grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Aditya M. Vargheese
- grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.468219.00000 0004 0408 2680The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.266515.30000 0001 2106 0692University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Raeann M. Shimak
- grid.468219.00000 0004 0408 2680The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Sornakala Ganeshkumar
- grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Easwari Kumaraswamy
- grid.468219.00000 0004 0408 2680The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Roy A. Jensen
- grid.468219.00000 0004 0408 2680The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.266515.30000 0001 2106 0692University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA ,grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Vargheese M. Chennathukuzhi
- grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA ,grid.468219.00000 0004 0408 2680The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS USA
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Ye S, Yu C, Zhang G, Shi F, Chen Y, Yang J, Wu W, Zhou Y. Downregulation of microRNA-126 is inversely correlated with insulin receptor substrate-1 protein expression in colorectal cancer and is associated with advanced stages of disease. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2411-2419. [PMID: 32782558 PMCID: PMC7400408 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common human malignant tumor, and the fourth most common cause of cancer-associated mortality in China. However, the pathogenesis of CRC is not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and clinical significance of microRNA (miR)-126 and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), as well as the role of miR-126 in the prognosis of patients with CRC. A total of 86 colorectal tissue specimens, including 40 CRC and adjacent normal tissue, 26 colorectal adenoma tissue and 20 normal colorectal tissue samples, were collected for the present study. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis was performed to determine miR-126 and IRS-1 mRNA expression levels, while western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed to determine IRS-1 protein expression levels. The correlation between miR-126 and IRS-1 expression, as well as the association between altered miR-126 and IRS-1 expression levels and clinicopathological characteristics, and the overall survival time of patients with CRC were assessed. The results demonstrated that miR-126 expression was significantly downregulated, while IRS-1 protein expression was upregulated in CRC tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissues, colorectal adenoma tissues and normal colorectal tissues, respectively. IHC analysis exhibited strong positive staining of IRS-1 protein in CRC tissues, while absent or weak staining of IRS-1 protein was detected in adjacent normal tissues, colorectal adenoma tissues and normal colorectal tissues. miR-126 expression was inversely correlated with IRS-1 protein expression in CRC tissues (r=−0.420; P<0.05). Furthermore, downregulated miR-126 expression was associated with advanced clinicopathological characteristics of the disease and a shorter overall survival time in patients with CRC. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that miR-126 downregulation may be a candidate molecular marker predictive of poor prognosis of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicai Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Caiyuan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Guixia Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Feixiong Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Yongze Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jianyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Weiyun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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Roopra A. MAGIC: A tool for predicting transcription factors and cofactors driving gene sets using ENCODE data. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007800. [PMID: 32251445 PMCID: PMC7162552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic profiling is an immensely powerful hypothesis generating tool. However, accurately predicting the transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors that drive transcriptomic differences between samples is challenging. A number of algorithms draw on ChIP-seq tracks to define TFs and cofactors behind gene changes. These approaches assign TFs and cofactors to genes via a binary designation of 'target', or 'non-target' followed by Fisher Exact Tests to assess enrichment of TFs and cofactors. ENCODE archives 2314 ChIP-seq tracks of 684 TFs and cofactors assayed across a 117 human cell lines under a multitude of growth and maintenance conditions. The algorithm presented herein, Mining Algorithm for GenetIc Controllers (MAGIC), uses ENCODE ChIP-seq data to look for statistical enrichment of TFs and cofactors in gene bodies and flanking regions in gene lists without an a priori binary classification of genes as targets or non-targets. When compared to other TF mining resources, MAGIC displayed favourable performance in predicting TFs and cofactors that drive gene changes in 4 settings: 1) A cell line expressing or lacking single TF, 2) Breast tumors divided along PAM50 designations 3) Whole brain samples from WT mice or mice lacking a single TF in a particular neuronal subtype 4) Single cell RNAseq analysis of neurons divided by Immediate Early Gene expression levels. In summary, MAGIC is a standalone application that produces meaningful predictions of TFs and cofactors in transcriptomic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avtar Roopra
- Dept. of Neuroscience, 5507 WIMR, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America
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Bailey KL, Agarwal E, Chowdhury S, Luo J, Brattain MG, Black JD, Wang J. TGFβ/Smad3 regulates proliferation and apoptosis through IRS-1 inhibition in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176096. [PMID: 28414818 PMCID: PMC5393866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have uncovered a novel crosstalk between TGFβ and IGF-1R signaling pathways. We show for the first time that expression and activation of IRS-1, an IGF-1R adaptor protein, is decreased by TGFβ/Smad3 signaling. Loss or attenuation of TGFβ activation leads to elevated expression and phosphorylation of IRS-1 in colon cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis and increased tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of IRS-1 expression reversed Smad3 knockdown-mediated oncogenic phenotypes, indicating that TGFβ/Smad3 signaling inhibits cell proliferation and increases apoptosis at least partially through the inhibition of IRS-1 expression and activation. Additionally, the TGFβ/Smad3/IRS-1 signaling axis regulates expression of cyclin D1 and XIAP, which may contribute to TGFβ/Smad3/IRS-1-mediated cell cycle progression and survival. Given that loss of TGFβ signaling occurs frequently in colon cancer, an important implication of our study is that IRS-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Bailey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ekta Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States of America
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjib Chowdhury
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Brattain
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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Rohena-Rivera K, Sánchez-Vázquez MM, Aponte-Colón DA, Forestier-Román IS, Quintero-Aguiló ME, Martínez-Ferrer M. IL-15 regulates migration, invasion, angiogenesis and genes associated with lipid metabolism and inflammation in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172786. [PMID: 28379958 PMCID: PMC5381801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer. In the United States it is second leading cause of cancer related deaths in men. PCa is often treated via radical prostatectomy (RP). However, 15–30% of the patients develop biochemical recurrence (i.e. increased serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a secreted cytokine found over expressed in patients with recurrence-free survival after RP. In our study, we aim to determine the role of IL-15 in PCa using in vitro and in vivo models, and gene expression analysis. PC3 (androgen-independent) and 22RV1 (androgen-dependent) cell lines were treated with IL-15 at 0.0013 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL. Tumor growth was evaluated using an orthotopic xenograft model. The anterior prostate lobes of SCID mice were injected with 250,000 22RV1 cells and IL-15 was administered bi-weekly with intraperitoneal (IP) injections during 4 weeks. Tumor tissue was collected for immunohistochemical and gene expression analysis. To study changes in gene expression, we looked at “Tumor Metastasis” and “PI3K pathway” using commercially available PCR arrays. In addition, we employed a microarray approach using the Affymetrix Hugene 2.0 ST array chip followed by analysis with Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) software. In vitro studies showed that IL-15 decreased PCa cell motility at both concentrations. In vivo studies showed that IL-15 increased neutrophil infiltration, and the expression of adiponectin, desmin and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-sma) in the tumor tissue. Angiogenesis analysis, using CD31 immunohistochemistry, showed that IL-15 decreased the number of blood vessels. Gene expression analysis identified Cancer, Cell Death, Immune Response and Lipid Metabolism as the major diseases and functions altered in tumors treated with IL-15. This suggests that IL-15 causes inflammation and changes in stroma that can promote decreased tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krizia Rohena-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Ingrid S. Forestier-Román
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Magaly Martínez-Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, School of Pharmacy San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail:
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Guo F, Chen H, Chang J, Zhang L. Mutation R273H confers p53 a stimulating effect on the IGF-1R-AKT pathway via miR-30a suppression in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:335-341. [PMID: 26898459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is the most highly mutated tumor suppressor in human malignancies. A wide array of p53 mutations has been revealed to play pivotal roles during cancer progression, which abolish anti-tumor functions of wild type p53 but also elicit tumorigenic effects by activating a diverse subset of downstream molecules. R273H mutation of p53 has been closely implicated in human cancer. Here we report miR-30a as a novel downstream target of p53 R273H mutant, which binds to the promoter region to repress miR-30a expression. Consequently, p53 R273H mutant enhances the migratory capabilities of tumor cells that are compromised by exogenous miR-30a over-expression. Our further investigation indicates that p53 R273H mutation unleashes the inhibition effect of miR-30a on IGF-1R expression, thus leading to elevated activation of IGF-1R-AKT signaling cascade in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangdong Guo
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China.
| | - Hongshen Chen
- Department of breast and thyroid surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Jian Chang
- The Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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