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Tang H, Shan J, Liu J, Wang X, Wang F, Han S, Zhao X, Wang J. Molecular subtypes, clinical significance, and tumor immune landscape of angiogenesis-related genes in ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:995929. [PMID: 36106103 PMCID: PMC9464911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.995929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a physiological process, where new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels through the mechanism called sprouting. It plays a significant role in supporting tumor growth and is expected to provide novel therapeutic ideas for treating tumors that are resistant to conventional therapies. We investigated the expression pattern of angiogenesis-related genes (ARGs) in ovarian cancer (OV) from public databases, in which the patients could be classified into two differential ARG clusters. It was observed that patients in ARGcluster B would have a better prognosis but lower immune cell infiltration levels in the tumor microenvironment. Then ARG score was computed based on differentially expressed genes via cox analysis, which exhibited a strong correlation to copy number variation, immunophenoscore, tumor mutation load, and chemosensitivity. In addition, according to the median risk score, patients were separated into two risk subgroups, of which the low-risk group had a better prognosis, increased immunogenicity, and stronger immunotherapy efficacy. Furthermore, we constructed a prognostic nomogram and demonstrated its predictive value. These findings help us better understand the role of ARGs in OV and offer new perspectives for clinical prognosis and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Tang
- Department of Gynecology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Jingsong Shan
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehai Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fengxu Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Suping Han
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Suping Han, ; Xinyuan Zhao, ; Jinxiu Wang,
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Suping Han, ; Xinyuan Zhao, ; Jinxiu Wang,
| | - Jinxiu Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Suping Han, ; Xinyuan Zhao, ; Jinxiu Wang,
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2
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Li Q, Cao Z, Zhao S. The Emerging Portrait of Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor Family Receptor Alpha (GFRα) in Cancers. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:659-668. [PMID: 35582425 PMCID: PMC9108399 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.64133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha (GFRα) members have been widely connected to the mechanisms contributing to cell growth, differentiation, cell migration and tissue maturation. Here we review GFRα biological functions and discussed the evidence indicating whether GFRα signaling complex present novel opportunities for oncogenic intervention and treatment resistance. Thus, our work systematically reviewed the emerging role of GFRα family members in cancers, and provided novel insights for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health. 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health. 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuliang Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health. 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
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3
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Zhu H, Huang M, Luo J, Ji X, Liu Q. Deficiency of GFRα1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression but enhances oxaliplatin-mediated anti-tumor efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105815. [PMID: 34391932 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors and their receptors have been identified to promote tumor progression. GFRα1, the receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), has been demonstrated to be predominantly expressed in adult liver tissue. Our preliminary data showed that GFRα1 is significantly downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, compared to the matched non-neoplastic tissue. However, the role of GFRα1 in HCC progression remains unknown. Here we found that the expression of GFRα1 in HCC tissue is inversely correlated with the poorer prognosis of HCC patients. Silencing of GFRα1 expression markedly enhances HCC cell growth, tumor metastasis, as well as shortens the survival of HCC tumor-bearing mice. Forced expression of GFRα1 in HCC cells significantly reverses the tumor-promoting effects of GFRα1 silencing, and AAV8-mediated GFRα1 transfection in HCC tumor tissues significantly impedes tumor growth and prolongs the survival of HCC tumor-bearing mice. These results are also verified in vivo in GFRα1 knock-out mice model, with increased DEN-induced HCC carcinogenesis. Mechanistically, GFRα1 could inhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells, by upregulating expression of Claudin-1 and ZO-1. Of note, silencing of GFRα1 expression promotes oxaliplatin-mediated HCC cell apoptosis resulting in prolonged survival of HCC-bearing mice, and forced expression of GFRα1 markedly increased oxaliplatin resistance of HCC cells. These results demonstrate that deficiency of GFRα1 promotes HCC progression but enhances chemotherapeutic anti-tumor efficacy, suggesting that GFRα1 may be a candidate prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingyan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianhua Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinpei Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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4
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Khorsandi K, Esfahani H, Abrahamse H. Characteristics of circRNA and its approach as diagnostic tool in melanoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1079-1094. [PMID: 34380368 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1967749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common types of cancer in the world is skin cancer, which has been divided into two groups: non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. Different external and internal agents are considered as risk factors for melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis but the exact mechanisms are not yet confirmed. Genetic and epigenetic changes, UV exposure, arsenic compounds, and chemical substances are contributory factors to the development of melanoma. A correlation has emerged between new therapies and the discovery of a basic molecular pattern for skin cancer patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are described as a unique group of extensively expressed endogenous regulatory RNAs with closed-loop structure bonds connecting the 5' and 3' ends, which are commonly expressed in mammalian cells. In this review, we describe the biogenesis of circular RNAs and its function in cancerous conditions focusing on the crosstalk between different circRNAs and melanoma. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs appears to be relative to the origin and development of skin-related diseases like malignant melanoma. Different circular RNAs like hsa_circ_0025039, hsa_circRNA006612, circRNA005537, and circANRIL, by targeting different cellular and molecular targets (e.g., CDK4, DAB2IP, ZEB1, miR-889, and let-7 c-3p), can participate in melanoma cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - HomaSadat Esfahani
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Nrf SARChI Chair: Laser Applications in Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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Knockdown circular RNA circGFRA1 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and migration by upregulating microRNA-99a. Neuroreport 2021; 32:748-756. [PMID: 33994521 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most widespread and malignant brain tumor in the central nervous system of adult, causing multiple cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Here, we identified the impact of circGFRA1 on glioma, and aimed to uncover the underlying molecular mechanism. The expression of circGFRA1 of glioma specimens was evaluated by using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis and migration were estimated utilizing CCK-8, EdU staining, colony formation assay, TUNEL staining and Transwell assay, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis, luciferase assay and RNA co-immunoprecipitation was utilized for verification of direct binding between circGFRA1 and miR-99a. Western blot was applied to investigate protein expression in U251 cells. The results showed that circGFRA1 expression was overexpressed in glioma specimens. Knockdown circGFRA1 declined viability, colony formation, proliferation and migrative potential, but enhanced U251 cell apoptosis. Moreover, circGFRA1 acts as a microRNA sponge for miR-99a. Furthermore, miR-99a was involved in the circGFRA1-regulated glioma cell behaviors. Silencing circGFRA1 reduced p/t-AKT, p/t-FOXO1 and p/t-mTOR expression levels via upregulating miR-99a expression. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that knockdown circGFRA1 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and migration by upregulating microRNA-99a.
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Rian/miR-210-3p/Nfkb1 Feedback Loop Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Cell Apoptosis in Myocardial Infarction Through Deactivating the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:207-215. [PMID: 32187165 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe disease that could lead to reversible or irreversible ischemic heart damage. A previous study has revealed that microRNA mmu-miR-210-3p expression is downregulated in fat-1 transgenic mice post-MI. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of miR-210-3p in MI remains obscure. In this study, we observed that miR-210-3p expression was downregulated in the mice's left ventricle post-MI, and miR-210-3p expression was suppressed while cell apoptosis was promoted in H9c2 cells under hypoxia condition. Besides, miR-210-3p overexpression could enhance cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis in hypoxia-treated H9c2 cells. Then, molecular mechanism assays revealed that miR-210-3p overexpression could activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1 (Nfkb1) was the target of miR-210-3p. In addition, RNA imprinted and accumulated in nucleus (Rian), a long noncoding RNA, could sponge miR-210-3p to upregulate Nfkb1 expression. Besides, Nfkb1 was verified to facilitate the transcription of Rian by binding with a Rian promoter. Furthermore, rescue assays revealed that both Nfkb1 and PI3K/Akt pathway are engaged in the Rian-mediated cell proliferation and apoptosis in hypoxia-treated H9c2 cells. In conclusion, a Rian/miR-210-3p/Nfkb1 feedback loop enhances hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis in MI through deactivating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Wan Q, Tang M, Sun SL, Hu J, Sun ZJ, Fang YT, He TC, Zhang Y. SNHG3 promotes migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells through the miR-186-5p/ZEB1 axis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:585-600. [PMID: 33594311 PMCID: PMC7868844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in the development and progression of breast cancer. The lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (SNHG3) reportedly acts as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer; however, little is known about the biological function and oncogenic mechanisms of SNHG3 in breast cancer. We demonstrated that the expression of SNHG3 was abnormally high in breast cancer tissues and cells, and transgenic expression of SNHG3 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The mean volume of the xenografts from the SNHG3-knockdown MCF-7 cells was lower than that of the control tumor cells. Moreover, the expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) increased after SNHG3 overexpression and vice versa. Overexpression of ZEB1 triggered cellular migration and invasion behaviors. Analysis of the mechanism underlying these effects suggested that SNHG3 is an effective sink for miR-186-5p and modulates ZEB1 repression, conferring an additional level to its post-transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, SNHG3 promotes the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells through miR-186-5p/ZEB1 regulation and the induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, indicating that SNHG3 is a potential treatment target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400000, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400000, China
| | - Shi-Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400000, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400000, China
| | - Zi-Jiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400000, China
| | - Yu-Ting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400000, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical CenterChicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400000, China
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Choi YD, Jung JY, Baek M, Khan S, Song PI, Ryu S, Koo JY, Chauhan SC, Tsin A, Choi C, Kim WJ, Kim M. APE1 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Proliferation through GFRα1/Src/ERK Axis-Cascade Signaling in Response to GDNF. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3586. [PMID: 32438692 PMCID: PMC7279477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the worst exocrine gastrointestinal cancer leading to the highest mortality. Recent studies reported that aberrant expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1) is involved in uncontrolled cell growth. However, the molecular mechanism of APE1 biological role remains unrevealed in pancreatic cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate that APE1 accelerates pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/glial factor receptor α1 (GFRα1)/Src/ERK axis-cascade signaling. The proliferation of endogenous APE1 expressed-MIA PaCa-2, a human pancreatic carcinoma cell line, was increased by treatment with GDNF, a ligand of GFRα1. Either of downregulated APE1 or GFRα1 expression using small interference RNA (siRNA) inhibited GDNF-induced cancer cell proliferation. The MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059 decreased GDNF-induced MIA PaCa-2 cell proliferation. Src inactivation by either its siRNA or Src inhibitor decreased ERK-phosphorylation in response to GDNF in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Overexpression of GFRα1 in APE1-deficient MIA PaCa-2 cells activated the phosphorylation of Src and ERK. The expression of both APE1 and GFRα1 was gradually increased as progressing pancreatic cancer grades. Our results highlight a critical role for APE1 in GDNF-induced pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through APE1/GFRα1/Src/ERK axis-cascade signaling and provide evidence for future potential therapeutic drug targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Duk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.-D.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Ji-Yeon Jung
- Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Minwoo Baek
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA;
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (S.K.); (S.C.C.)
| | - Peter I. Song
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (P.I.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Sunhyo Ryu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Joo-Yeon Koo
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.-D.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (S.K.); (S.C.C.)
| | - Andrew Tsin
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (P.I.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Chan Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Won Jae Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Mihwa Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.-D.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (P.I.S.); (A.T.)
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Zhang H, Ba S, Yang Z, Wang T, Lee JY, Li T, Shao F. Graphene Quantum Dot-Based Nanocomposites for Diagnosing Cancer Biomarker APE1 in Living Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13634-13643. [PMID: 32129072 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As an essential DNA repair enzyme, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is overexpressed in most human cancers and is identified as a cancer diagnostic and predictive biomarker for cancer risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment efficacy. Despite its importance in cancer, however, it is still a significant challenge nowadays to sense abundance variation and monitor enzymatic activity of this biomarker in living cells. Here, we report our construction of biocompatible functional nanocomposites, which are a combination of meticulously designed unimolecular DNA and fine-sized graphene quantum dots. Upon utilization of these nanocomposites as diagnostic probes, massive accumulation of fluorescence signal in living cells can be triggered by merely a small amount of cellular APE1 through repeated cycles of enzymatic catalysis. Most critically, our delicate structural designs assure that these graphene quantum dot-based nanocomposites are capable of sensing cancer biomarker APE1 in identical type of cells under different cell conditions and can be applied to multiple cancerous cells in a highly sensitive and specific manners. This work not only brings about new methods for cytology-based cancer screening but also lays down a general principle for fabricating diagnostic probes that target other endogenous biomarkers in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Sai Ba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhaoqi Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tianxiang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Yiqin Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Tianhu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Fangwei Shao
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
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10
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Abi A, Farahani N, Molavi G, Gheibi Hayat SM. Circular RNAs: epigenetic regulators in cancerous and noncancerous skin diseases. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:280-293. [PMID: 31477805 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent kind of malignancy in the universe is skin cancer, which has been categorized into non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. There are no complete information of the skin carcinogenesis process. A variety of external and internal agents contribute to the non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis. These factors are epigenetic changes, X-rays, genetic, arsenic compounds, UV rays, and additional chemical products. It was found that there could be a relationship between the appearing novel and more suitable therapies for participants in this class of diseases and detection of basic molecular paths. A covalently closed loop structure bond connecting the 5' and 3' ends characterizes a new group of extensively expressed endogenous regulatory RNAs, which are called circular RNAs (circRNAs). Mammals commonly express circRNAs. They are of high importance in tumorigenesis. Multiple lines evidence indicated that a variety of circular RNAs are associated with initiation and development of skin-related diseases such as skin cancers. Given that different circular RNAs (hsa_circ_0025039, hsa_circRNA006612, circRNA005537, and circANRIL) via targeting various cellular and molecular targets (e.g., CDK4, DAB2IP, ZEB1, miR-889, and let-7c-3p) exert their effects on skin cancers progression. Herein, for first time, we summarized different circular RNAs in skin cancers and noncancerous diseases. Moreover, we highlighted crosstalk between circular RNAs and ceRNAs in cancerous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najmeh Farahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghader Molavi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Abdollahzadeh R, Daraei A, Mansoori Y, Sepahvand M, Amoli MM, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) cross talk and language in ceRNA regulatory networks: A new look at hallmarks of breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10080-10100. [PMID: 30537129 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy in women worldwide. Despite the substantial advancement in understanding the molecular mechanisms and management of BC, it remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. One of the main reasons for this obstacle is that we have not been able to find the Achilles heel for the BC as a highly heterogeneous disease. Accumulating evidence has revealed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), play key roles in the development of BC; however, the involving of complex regulatory interactions between the different varieties of ncRNAs in the development of this cancer has been poorly understood. In the recent years, the newly discovered mechanism in the RNA world is "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" which proposes regulatory dialogues between different RNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), transcribed pseudogenes, and circular RNAs (circRNAs). In the latest BC research, various studies have revealed that dysregulation of several ceRNA networks (ceRNETs) between these ncRNAs has fundamental roles in establishing the hallmarks of BC development. And it is thought that such a discovery could open a new window for a better understanding of the hidden aspects of breast tumors. Besides, it probably can provide new biomarkers and potential efficient therapeutic targets for BC. This review will discuss the existing body of knowledge regarding the key functions of ceRNETs and then highlights the emerging roles of some recently discovered ceRNETs in several hallmarks of BC. Moreover, we propose for the first time the "ceRnome" as a new term in the present article for RNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sepahvand
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa M Amoli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Circular RNAs function as ceRNAs to regulate and control human cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:79. [PMID: 29626935 PMCID: PMC5889847 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are connected at the 3′ and 5′ ends by exon or intron cyclization, forming a complete ring structure. circRNA is more stable and conservative than linear RNA and abounds in various organisms. In recent years, increasing numbers of reports have found that circRNA plays a major role in the biological functions of a network of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). circRNAs can compete together with microRNAs (miRNAs) to influence the stability of target RNAs or their translation, thus, regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level. circRNAs are involved in biological processes such as tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration as ceRNAs. circRNAs, therefore, represent promising candidates for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Here, we review the progress in studying the role of circRNAs as ceRNAs in tumors and highlight the participation of circRNAs in signal transduction pathways to regulate cellular functions.
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GFRA1: A Novel Molecular Target for the Prevention of Osteosarcoma Chemoresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041078. [PMID: 29617307 PMCID: PMC5979596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked GDNF (glial cell derived neurotrophic factor) receptor alpha (GFRA), a coreceptor that recognizes the GDNF family of ligands, has a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Of the four identified GFRA isoforms, GFRA1 specifically recognizes GDNF and is involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neuronal cells. GFRA1 has also been implicated in cancer cell progression and metastasis. Recent findings show that GFRA1 can contribute to the development of chemoresistance in osteosarcoma. GFRA1 expression was induced following treatment of osteosarcoma cells with the popular anticancer drug, cisplatin and induction of GFRA1 expression significantly suppressed apoptosis mediated by cisplatin in osteosarcoma cells. GFRA1 expression promotes autophagy by activating the SRC-AMPK signaling axis following cisplatin treatment, resulting in enhanced osteosarcoma cell survival. GFRA1-induced autophagy promoted tumor growth in mouse xenograft models, suggesting a novel function of GFRA1 in osteosarcoma chemoresistance.
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14
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Farg MA, Konopka A, Soo KY, Ito D, Atkin JD. The DNA damage response (DDR) is induced by the C9orf72 repeat expansion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2882-2896. [PMID: 28481984 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. Hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansions in a non-coding region of C9orf72 are the major cause of familial ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) worldwide. The C9orf72 repeat expansion undergoes repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation to produce five dipeptide repeat proteins (DRPs), including poly(GR) and poly(PR). Whilst it remains unclear how mutations in C9orf72 lead to neurodegeneration in ALS/FTD, dysfunction to the nucleolus and R loop formation are implicated as pathogenic mechanisms. These events can damage DNA and hence genome integrity. Cells activate the DNA damage response (DDR) with the aim of repairing this damage. However, if the damage cannot be repaired, apoptosis is triggered. In lumbar motor neurons from C9orf72-positive ALS patients, we demonstrate significant up-regulation of markers of the DDR compared to controls: phosphorylated histone 2AX (γ-H2AX), phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM), cleaved poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and tumour suppressor p53-binding protein (53BP1). Similarly, significant up-regulation of γ-H2AX and p-ATM was detected in neuronal cells expressing poly(GR)100 and poly(PR)100 compared to controls, revealing that DNA damage is triggered by the DRPs. Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a histone chaperone induced during the DDR, which interacts with APE1 to enhance DNA repair. We also demonstrate that more NPM1 precipitates with APE1 in C9orf72 patients compared to controls. Furthermore, overexpression of NPM1 inhibits apoptosis in cells expressing poly(GR)100 and poly(PR)100. This study therefore demonstrates that DNA damage is activated by the C9orf72 repeat expansion in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Farg
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Anna Konopka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Kai Ying Soo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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15
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He R, Liu P, Xie X, Zhou Y, Liao Q, Xiong W, Li X, Li G, Zeng Z, Tang H. circGFRA1 and GFRA1 act as ceRNAs in triple negative breast cancer by regulating miR-34a. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:145. [PMID: 29037220 PMCID: PMC5644184 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Backgroud Accumulating evidences indicate that circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, play important roles in tumorigenesis. However, the function of circRNAs in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is largely unknown. Methods We performed circRNA microarrays to identify circRNAs that are aberrantly expressed in TNBC cell lines. Expression levels of a significantly upregulated circRNA, circGFRA1, was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in TNBC cell lines and tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to explore the significance of circGFRA1 in clinical prognosis. Then, we examined the functions of circGFRA1 in TNBC by cell proliferation, apoptosis and mouse xenograft assay. In addition, luciferase assay was used to explore the miRNA sponge function of circGFRA1 in TNBC. Results Microarray analysis and qRT-PCR verified a circRNA termed circGFRA1 that was upregulated in TNBC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that upregulated circGFRA1 was correlated with poorer survival. Knockdown of circGFRA1 inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in TNBC. Via luciferase reporter assays, circGFRA1 and GFRA1 was observed to directly bind to miR-34a. Subsequent experiments showed that circGFRA1 and GFRA1 regulated the expression of each other by sponging miR-34a. Conclusions Taken together, we conclude that circGFRA1 may function as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate GFRA1 expression through sponging miR-34a to exert regulatory functions in TNBC. circGFRA1 may be a diagnostic biomarker and potential target for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang He
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Kim M, Jung JY, Choi S, Lee H, Morales LD, Koh JT, Kim SH, Choi YD, Choi C, Slaga TJ, Kim WJ, Kim DJ. GFRA1 promotes cisplatin-induced chemoresistance in osteosarcoma by inducing autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 13:149-168. [PMID: 27754745 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1239676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in chemotherapy has significantly increased its efficacy, yet the development of chemoresistance remains a major drawback. In this study, we show that GFRA1/GFRα1 (GDNF family receptor α 1), contributes to cisplatin-induced chemoresistance by regulating autophagy in osteosarcoma. We demonstrate that cisplatin treatment induced GFRA1 expression in human osteosarcoma cells. Induction of GFRA1 expression reduced cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death and it significantly increased osteosarcoma cell survival via autophagy. GFRA1 regulates AMPK-dependent autophagy by promoting SRC phosphorylation independent of proto-oncogene RET kinase. Cisplatin-resistant osteosarcoma cells showed NFKB1/NFκB-mediated GFRA1 expression. GFRA1 expression promoted tumor formation and growth in mouse xenograft models and inhibition of autophagy in a GFRA1-expressing xenograft mouse model during cisplatin treatment effectively reduced tumor growth and increased survival. In cisplatin-treated patients, treatment period and metastatic status were associated with GFRA1-mediated autophagy. These findings suggest that GFRA1-mediated autophagy is a promising novel target for overcoming cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kim
- a Department of Oral Physiology , School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea.,b Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , Edinburg , TX , USA.,c Department of Pharmacology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Ji-Yeon Jung
- a Department of Oral Physiology , School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea.,d Dental Science Research Institute , Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Seungho Choi
- a Department of Oral Physiology , School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- b Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , Edinburg , TX , USA.,c Department of Pharmacology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Liza D Morales
- b Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , Edinburg , TX , USA
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- d Dental Science Research Institute , Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea.,e Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics , School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Sun Hun Kim
- d Dental Science Research Institute , Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea.,f Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Yoo-Duk Choi
- g Department of Pathology , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Chan Choi
- g Department of Pathology , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- c Department of Pharmacology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Won Jae Kim
- a Department of Oral Physiology , School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea.,d Dental Science Research Institute , Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- b Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , Edinburg , TX , USA.,c Department of Pharmacology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
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17
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Li H, Zou J, Mi J, Wei X, Zhao D, Zhang S, Tian G. Association of APE1 Gene Asp148Glu Variant with Digestive Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2456-66. [PMID: 26292623 PMCID: PMC4548740 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in DNA base excision repair and has been implicated in carcinogenesis. In this study, we summarize available data to examine the susceptibility of APE1 gene Asp148Glu variant to digestive cancer via a meta-analysis. Material/Methods Study selection and data abstraction were conducted independently by 2 authors. Random-effects model was utilized to pool effect estimates. Heterogeneity and publication bias were addressed. Results Sixteen articles involving 4916 digestive cancer patients and 7748 controls were qualified for this meta-analysis. Overall association showed an indicative association between Asp148Glu variant and digestive cancer under allelic (odds ratio or OR=1.11; 95% confidence interval or CI: 0.99–1.25; P=0.074) and dominant (OR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.00–1.40; P=0.056) models, with strong evidence of heterogeneity. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was an obvious source of heterogeneity. In subgroup analyses by cancer sites, this variant was significantly associated with the increased risk for hepatocellular cancer under allelic (OR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.25–1.80; P<0.001) and homozygous genotypic (OR=1.55; 95% CI: 1.02–2.29; P=0.028) models. There were low probabilities of publication bias for the above comparisons. Conclusions The results of this meta-analysis collectively suggest that APE1 gene Asp148Glu variant is not a risk-conferring factor for digestive cancer. Further large and well-designed studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Gastric and Intestine, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jia Mi
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaodan Wei
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Institute of Anatomy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Geng Tian
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
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18
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Kim HS, Guo C, Thompson EL, Jiang Y, Kelley MR, Vasko MR, Lee SH. APE1, the DNA base excision repair protein, regulates the removal of platinum adducts in sensory neuronal cultures by NER. Mutat Res 2015; 779:96-104. [PMID: 26164266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is one of the major side effects of treatment with the anticancer drug, cisplatin. One proposed mechanism for this neurotoxicity is the formation of platinum adducts in sensory neurons that could contribute to DNA damage. Although this damage is largely repaired by nuclear excision repair (NER), our previous findings suggest that augmenting the base excision repair pathway (BER) by overexpressing the repair protein APE1 protects sensory neurons from cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. The question remains whether APE1 contributes to the ability of the NER pathway to repair platinum-damage in neuronal cells. To examine this, we manipulated APE1 expression in sensory neuronal cultures and measured Pt-removal after exposure to cisplatin. When neuronal cultures were treated with increasing concentrations of cisplatin for two or three hours, there was a concentration-dependent increase in Pt-damage that peaked at four hours and returned to near baseline levels after 24h. In cultures where APE1 expression was reduced by ∼ 80% using siRNA directed at APE1, there was a significant inhibition of Pt-removal over eight hours which was reversed by overexpressing APE1 using a lentiviral construct for human wtAPE1. Overexpressing a mutant APE1 (C65 APE1), which only has DNA repair activity, but not its other significant redox-signaling function, mimicked the effects of wtAPE1. Overexpressing DNA repair activity mutant APE1 (226 + 177APE1), with only redox activity was ineffective suggesting it is the DNA repair function of APE1 and not its redox-signaling, that restores the Pt-damage removal. Together, these data provide the first evidence that a critical BER enzyme, APE1, helps regulate the NER pathway in the repair of cisplatin damage in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chunlu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eric L Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yanlin Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael R Vasko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Suk-Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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19
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Thakur S, Sarkar B, Cholia RP, Gautam N, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. APE1/Ref-1 as an emerging therapeutic target for various human diseases: phytochemical modulation of its functions. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e106. [PMID: 25033834 PMCID: PMC4119211 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, which repairs oxidative base damage caused by endogenous and exogenous agents. APE1 acts as a reductive activator of many transcription factors (TFs) and has also been named redox effector factor 1, Ref-1. For example, APE1 activates activator protein-1, nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, paired box gene 8, signal transducer activator of transcription 3 and p53, which are involved in apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and survival pathways. APE1/Ref-1 maintains cellular homeostasis (redox) via the activation of TFs that regulate various physiological processes and that crosstalk with redox balancing agents (for example, thioredoxin, catalase and superoxide dismutase) by controlling levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The efficiency of APE1/Ref-1's function(s) depends on pairwise interaction with participant protein(s), the functions regulated by APE1/Ref-1 include the BER pathway, TFs, energy metabolism, cytoskeletal elements and stress-dependent responses. Thus, APE1/Ref-1 acts as a ‘hub-protein' that controls pathways that are important for cell survival. In this review, we will discuss APE1/Ref-1's versatile nature in various human etiologies, including neurodegeneration, cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases that have been linked with alterations in the expression, subcellular localization and activities of APE/Ref-1. APE1/Ref-1 can be targeted for therapeutic intervention using natural plant products that modulate the expression and functions of APE1/Ref-1. In addition, studies focusing on translational applications based on APE1/Ref-1-mediated therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Thakur
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekananda Sarkar
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Ravi P Cholia
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Nandini Gautam
- Center for Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Center for Genetic Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Emerging Life Science Technologies, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Anil K Mantha
- 1] Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, India [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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20
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The redox function of APE1 is involved in the differentiation process of stem cells toward a neuronal cell fate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89232. [PMID: 24586617 PMCID: PMC3929656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Low-to-moderate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) govern different steps of neurogenesis via molecular pathways that have been decrypted only partially. Although it has been postulated that redox-sensitive molecules are involved in neuronal differentiation, the molecular bases for this process have not been elucidated yet. The aim of this work was therefore to study the role played by the redox-sensitive, multifunctional protein APE1/Ref-1 (APE1) in the differentiation process of human adipose tissue-derived multipotent adult stem cells (hAT-MASC) and embryonic carcinoma stem cells (EC) towards a neuronal phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Applying a definite protocol, hAT-MASC can adopt a neural fate. During this maturation process, differentiating cells significantly increase their intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels and increase the APE1 nuclear fraction bound to chromatin. This latter event is paralleled by the increase of nuclear NF-κB, a transcription factor regulated by APE1 in a redox-dependent fashion. Importantly, the addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) to the differentiation medium partially prevents the nuclear accumulation of APE1, increasing the neuronal differentiation of hAT-MASC. To investigate the involvement of APE1 in the differentiation process, we employed E3330, a specific inhibitor of the APE1 redox function. The addition of E3330, either to the neurogenic embryonic carcinoma cell line NT2-D1or to hAT-MASC, increases the differentiation of stem cells towards a neural phenotype, biasing the differentiation towards specific subtypes, such as dopaminergic cells. In conclusion, during the differentiation process of stem cells towards a neuroectodermic phenotype, APE1 is recruited, in a ROS-dependent manner, to the chromatin. This event is associated with an inhibitory effect of APE1 on neurogenesis that may be reversed by E3330. Therefore, E3330 may be employed both to boost neural differentiation and to bias the differentiation potential of stem cells towards specific neuronal subtypes. These findings provide a molecular basis for the redox-mediated hypothesis of neuronal differentiation program.
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21
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Chang IY, Kim JN, Maeng YH, Yoon SP. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, the sensitive marker for DNA deterioration in dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. Redox Rep 2013; 18:165-73. [PMID: 23883737 DOI: 10.1179/1351000213y.0000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes are commonly associated with the development of colorectal cancer. Additionally, base excision repair, which involves apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), recognizes and eliminates oxidative DNA damage. Here, we investigated the possible roles of APE1 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis using the young rat model. Four-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 2% DSS in drinking water for 1 week. MMR and APE1 expression levels were assessed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Following DSS treatment, growth of young rats failed and the animals had loose stools. Together with the histological changes associated with acute colitis, APE1 and MSH2 levels increased significantly at 3 and 5 days after DSS treatment, respectively. The difference between APE1 and MSH2 expression was significant. DSS-induced DNA damage and subsequent repair activity were evaluated by staining for 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and APE1, respectively; 8-OHdG immunoreactivity increased throughout the colonic mucosa, while APE1 levels in the surface epithelium increased at an earlier timepoint. Taken together, our data suggest that changes in APE1 expression after DSS treatment occurred earlier and were more widespread than changes in MMR expression, suggesting that APE1 is more sensitive for prediction of DNA deterioration in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Youb Chang
- Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kim MH, Kim HB, Yoon SP, Lim SC, Cha MJ, Jeon YJ, Park SG, Chang IY, You HJ. Colon cancer progression is driven by APEX1-mediated upregulation of Jagged. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:65521. [PMID: 23863623 PMCID: PMC3726152 DOI: 10.1172/jci65521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APEX1) has been reported in numerous human solid tumors and is positively correlated with cancer progression; however, the role of APEX1 in tumor progression is poorly defined. Here, we show that APEX1 contributes to aggressive colon cancer behavior and functions as an upstream activator in the Jagged1/Notch signaling pathway. APEX1 overexpression or knockdown in human colon cancer cell lines induced profound changes in malignant properties such as cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in vitro and in tumor formation and metastasis in mouse xenograft models. These oncogenic effects of APEX1 were mediated by the upregulation of Jagged1, a major Notch ligand. Furthermore, APEX1 expression was associated with Jagged1 in various colon cancer cell lines and in tissues from colon cancer patients. This finding identifies APEX1 as a positive regulator of Jagged1/Notch activity and suggests that it is a potential therapeutic target in colon cancers that exhibit high levels of Jagged1/Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hwa Kim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Beum Kim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Pil Yoon
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jin Cha
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gon Park
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Youb Chang
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin You
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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23
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Bosshard M, Markkanen E, van Loon B. Base excision repair in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203191 PMCID: PMC3546685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes and high oxygen metabolism result in formation of numerous oxidized DNA lesions in the tissues of the central nervous system. Accumulation of damage in the DNA, due to continuous genotoxic stress, has been linked to both aging and the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. Different DNA repair pathways have evolved to successfully act on damaged DNA and prevent genomic instability. The predominant and essential DNA repair pathway for the removal of small DNA base lesions is base excision repair (BER). In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the involvement of BER proteins in the maintenance of genetic stability in different brain regions and how changes in the levels of these proteins contribute to aging and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bosshard
- Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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24
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Mantha AK, Dhiman M, Taglialatela G, Perez-Polo RJ, Mitra S. Proteomic study of amyloid beta (25-35) peptide exposure to neuronal cells: Impact on APE1/Ref-1's protein-protein interaction. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1230-9. [PMID: 22488727 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic, extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) protein and subsequent neuronal cell death are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). APE1/Ref-1, the predominant apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease and essential in eukaryotic cells, plays a central role in the base excision repair (BER) pathway for repairing oxidized and alkylated bases and single-strand breaks (SSBs) in DNA. APE1/Ref-1 is also involved in the redox activation of several trans-acting factors (TFs) in various cell types, but little is known about its role in neuronal functions. There is emerging evidence for APE1/Ref-1's role in neuronal cells vulnerable in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders, as reflected in its nuclear accumulation in AD brains. An increase in APE1/Ref-1 has been shown to enhance neuronal survival after oxidative stress. To address whether APE1/Ref-1 level or its association with other proteins is responsible for this protective effect, we used 2-D proteomic analyses and identified cytoskeleton elements (i.e., tropomodulin 3, tropomyosin alpha-3 chain), enzymes involved in energy metabolism (i.e., pyruvate kinase M2, N-acetyl transferase, sulfotransferase 1c), proteins involved in stress response (i.e., leucine-rich and death domain, anti-NGF30), and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotien-H (hnRNP-H) as being associated with APE1/Ref-1 in Aβ(25-35)-treated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines, two common neuronal precursor lines used in Aβ neurotoxicity studies. Because the levels of some of these proteins are affected in the brains of AD patients, our study suggests a neuroprotective role for APE1/Ref-1 via its association with those proteins and modulating their cellular functions during Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Mantha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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25
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Gutierrez H, Davies AM. Regulation of neural process growth, elaboration and structural plasticity by NF-κB. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:316-25. [PMID: 21459462 PMCID: PMC3115056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family of transcription factors has recently emerged as a major regulator of the growth and elaboration of neural processes. NF-κB signaling has been implicated in controlling axon initiation, elongation, guidance and branching and in regulating dendrite arbor size and complexity during development and dendritic spine density in the adult. NF-κB is activated by a variety of extracellular signals, and either promotes or inhibits growth depending on the phosphorylation status of the p65 NF-κB subunit. These novel roles for NF-κB, together with recent evidence implicating NF-κB in the regulation of neurogenesis in the embryo and adult, have important implications for neural development and for learning and memory in the mature nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Gutierrez
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Biomedical Sciences Building 3, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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26
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Kang MY, Kim KY, Yoon Y, Kang Y, Kim HB, Youn CK, Kim DH, Kim MH. Ape1/Ref-1 Stimulates GDNF/GFRalpha1-mediated Downstream Signaling and Neuroblastoma Proliferation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:349-56. [PMID: 19915696 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.5.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha1 (GFRalpha1) is a direct target of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1/Ref-1). In the present study, we further analyzed the physiological roles of Ape1/Ref-1-induced GFRalpha1 expression in Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. Ape1/Ref-1 expression caused the clustering of GFRalpha1 immunoreactivity in lipid rafts in response to GDNF. We also found that Ret, a downstream target of GFRalpha1, was functionally activated by GDNF in Ape1/Ref-1-expressing cells. Moreover, GDNF promoted the proliferation of Ape1/Ref-1-expressing Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, GFRalpha1-specific RNA experiments demonstrated that the downregulation of GFRalpha1 by siRNA in Ape1/Ref-1-expressing cells impaired the ability of GDNF to phosphorylate Akt and PLCgamma-1 and to stimulate cellular proliferation. These results show an association between Ape1/Ref-1 and GDNF/GFRalpha signaling, and suggest a potential molecular mechanism for the involvement of Ape1/Ref-1 in neuronal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, DNA Repair Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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