1
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Jiang B, Yuan Y, Yi T, Dang W. The Roles of Antisense Long Noncoding RNAs in Tumorigenesis and Development through Cis-Regulation of Neighbouring Genes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:684. [PMID: 37189431 PMCID: PMC10135817 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense long noncoding RNA (as-lncRNA) is a lncRNA transcribed in reverse orientation that is partially or completely complementary to the corresponding sense protein-coding or noncoding genes. As-lncRNAs, one of the natural antisense transcripts (NATs), can regulate the expression of their adjacent sense genes through a variety of mechanisms, affect the biological activities of cells, and further participate in the occurrence and development of a variety of tumours. This study explores the functional roles of as-lncRNAs, which can cis-regulate protein-coding sense genes, in tumour aetiology to understand the occurrence and development of malignant tumours in depth and provide a better theoretical basis for tumour therapy targeting lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyuan Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yeqin Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ting Yi
- Department of Science and Education, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wei Dang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
- Department of Science and Education, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
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2
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Singh S, Sarkar T, Jakubison B, Gadomski S, Spradlin A, Gudmundsson KO, Keller JR. Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins revealed as orchestrators of steady state, stress and malignant hematopoiesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:934624. [PMID: 35990659 PMCID: PMC9389078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.934624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian hematopoiesis is a dynamic cellular process that provides a continuous supply of myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid/megakaryocyte cells for host survival. This process is sustained by regulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) quiescence, proliferation and activation under homeostasis and stress, and regulating the proliferation and differentiation of downstream multipotent progenitor (MPP) and more committed progenitor cells. Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are small helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins that lack a basic (b) DNA binding domain present in other family members, and function as dominant-negative regulators of other bHLH proteins (E proteins) by inhibiting their transcriptional activity. ID proteins are required for normal T cell, B cell, NK and innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cell, and myeloid cell differentiation and development. However, recent evidence suggests that ID proteins are important regulators of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). This chapter will review our current understanding of the function of ID proteins in HSPC development and highlight future areas of scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tanmoy Sarkar
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brad Jakubison
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Gadomski
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Spradlin
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kristbjorn O. Gudmundsson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan R. Keller,
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3
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Jakubison BL, Sarkar T, Gudmundsson KO, Singh S, Sun L, Morris HM, Klarmann KD, Keller JR. ID2 and HIF-1α collaborate to protect quiescent hematopoietic stem cells from activation, differentiation, and exhaustion. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:152599. [PMID: 35775482 PMCID: PMC9246389 DOI: 10.1172/jci152599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining mechanism(s) that maintain tissue stem quiescence is important for improving tissue regeneration, cell therapies, aging, and cancer. We report here that genetic ablation of Id2 in adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) promotes increased HSC activation and differentiation, which results in HSC exhaustion and bone marrow failure over time. Id2Δ/Δ HSCs showed increased cycling, ROS production, mitochondrial activation, ATP production, and DNA damage compared with Id2+/+ HSCs, supporting the conclusion that Id2Δ/Δ HSCs are less quiescent. Mechanistically, HIF-1α expression was decreased in Id2Δ/Δ HSCs, and stabilization of HIF-1α in Id2Δ/Δ HSCs restored HSC quiescence and rescued HSC exhaustion. Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2) promoted HIF-1α expression by binding to the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein and interfering with proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α. HIF-1α promoted Id2 expression and enforced a positive feedback loop between ID2 and HIF-1α to maintain HSC quiescence. Thus, sustained ID2 expression could protect HSCs during stress and improve HSC expansion for gene editing and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad L Jakubison
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tanmoy Sarkar
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristbjorn O Gudmundsson
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shweta Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly M Morris
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly D Klarmann
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan R Keller
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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4
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ASCL1 phosphorylation and ID2 upregulation are roadblocks to glioblastoma stem cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2341. [PMID: 35149717 PMCID: PMC8837758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of glioblastoma (GBM), one of the deadliest adult cancers, is fuelled by a subpopulation of stem/progenitor cells, which are thought to be the source of resistance and relapse after treatment. Re-engagement of a latent capacity of these cells to re-enter a trajectory resulting in cell differentiation is a potential new therapeutic approach for this devastating disease. ASCL1, a proneural transcription factor, plays a key role in normal brain development and is also expressed in a subset of GBM cells, but fails to engage a full differentiation programme in this context. Here, we investigated the barriers to ASCL1-driven differentiation in GBM stem cells. We see that ASCL1 is highly phosphorylated in GBM stem cells where its expression is compatible with cell proliferation. However, overexpression of a form of ASCL1 that cannot be phosphorylated on Serine–Proline sites drives GBM cells down a neuronal lineage and out of cell cycle more efficiently than its wild-type counterpart, an effect further enhanced by deletion of the inhibitor of differentiation ID2, indicating mechanisms to reverse the block to GBM cell differentiation.
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5
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Choi JW, Joo JD, In JH, Kim D, Kim Y, Choi ST, Kim JH, Jung HS. The small molecule kobusone can stimulate islet β-cell replication in vivo. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211032849. [PMID: 34320857 PMCID: PMC8330483 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211032849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of kobusone to reduce high glucose levels and promote β-cell proliferation. METHODS Four-week-old female db/db mice were assigned to the kobusone (25 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally twice a day) or control group (same volume of PBS). Glucose levels and body weight were measured twice a week. After 6 weeks, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and immunohistochemical studies were performed, and insulin levels were determined. The expression of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, such as PI3K, Akt, cyclin D3 and p57Kip2, was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Kobusone reduced blood glucose levels after 3 weeks and more strongly increased serum insulin levels than the vehicle. Immunohistochemistry illustrated that kobusone increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into islet β-cells, suggesting that it can stimulate islet β-cell replication in vivo. RT-qPCR indicated that kobusone upregulated the mRNA expression of PI3K, Akt, and cyclin D3 and downregulated that of p57Kip2. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that kobusone is a potent pancreatic islet β-cell inducer that has the potential to be developed as an anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Deok Joo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jang Hyeok In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Daewoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yongshin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hong Soo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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6
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Teixeira JR, Szeto RA, Carvalho VMA, Muotri AR, Papes F. Transcription factor 4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:19. [PMID: 33414364 PMCID: PMC7791034 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human transcription factor 4 gene (TCF4) encodes a helix-loop-helix transcription factor widely expressed throughout the body and during neural development. Mutations in TCF4 cause a devastating autism spectrum disorder known as Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, characterized by a range of aberrant phenotypes including severe intellectual disability, absence of speech, delayed cognitive and motor development, and dysmorphic features. Moreover, polymorphisms in TCF4 have been associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurological conditions. Details about how TCF4 genetic variants are linked to these diseases and the role of TCF4 during neural development are only now beginning to emerge. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the functions of TCF4 and its protein products at both the cellular and organismic levels, as well as a description of pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Teixeira
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ryan A. Szeto
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Vinicius M. A. Carvalho
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fabio Papes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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7
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Creff J, Besson A. Functional Versatility of the CDK Inhibitor p57 Kip2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584590. [PMID: 33117811 PMCID: PMC7575724 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin/CDK inhibitor p57Kip2 belongs to the Cip/Kip family, with p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, and is the least studied member of the family. Unlike the other family members, p57Kip2 has a unique role during embryogenesis and is the only CDK inhibitor required for embryonic development. p57Kip2 is encoded by the imprinted gene CDKN1C, which is the gene most frequently silenced or mutated in the genetic disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by multiple developmental anomalies. Although initially identified as a cell cycle inhibitor based on its homology to other Cip/Kip family proteins, multiple novel functions have been ascribed to p57Kip2 in recent years that participate in the control of various cellular processes, including apoptosis, migration and transcription. Here, we will review our current knowledge on p57Kip2 structure, regulation, and its diverse functions during development and homeostasis, as well as its potential implication in the development of various pathologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Creff
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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8
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Zhou Y, Huan L, Wu Y, Bao C, Chen B, Wang L, Huang S, Liang L, He X. LncRNA ID2-AS1 suppresses tumor metastasis by activating the HDAC8/ID2 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 469:399-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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A new method of identifying glioblastoma subtypes and creation of corresponding animal models. Oncogene 2018; 37:4781-4791. [PMID: 29769617 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for up to 50% of brain parenchymal tumors. It is the most malignant type of brain cancer with very poor survival and limited remedies. Cancer subtyping is important for cancer research and therapy. Here, we report a new subtyping method for GBM based on the genetic alterations of CDKN2A and TP53 genes. CDKN2A and TP53 are the most frequently mutated genes with mutation rates of 60 and 30%, respectively. We found that patients with deletion of CDKN2A possess worse survival than those with TP53 mutation. Interestingly, survival of patients with both TP53 mutation and CDKN2A deletion is no worse than for those with only one of these genetic alterations, but similar to those with TP53 mutation alone. Next, we investigated differences in the gene expression profile between TP53 and CDKN2A samples. Consistent with the survival data, the samples with both TP53 mutation and CDKN2A deletion showed a gene expression profile similar to those samples with TP53 mutation alone. Finally, we found that activation of RAS pathway plus Cdkn2a/b silencing can induce GBM, in a similar way to tumor induction by RAS activation plus TP53 silencing. In conclusion, we show that the genetic alterations of CDKN2A and TP53 may be used to stratify GBM, and the new animal models matching this stratification method were generated.
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10
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Pfurr S, Chu YH, Bohrer C, Greulich F, Beattie R, Mammadzada K, Hils M, Arnold SJ, Taylor V, Schachtrup K, Uhlenhaut NH, Schachtrup C. The E2A splice variant E47 regulates the differentiation of projection neurons via p57(KIP2) during cortical development. Development 2017; 144:3917-3931. [PMID: 28939666 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During corticogenesis, distinct classes of neurons are born from progenitor cells located in the ventricular and subventricular zones, from where they migrate towards the pial surface to assemble into highly organized layer-specific circuits. However, the precise and coordinated transcriptional network activity defining neuronal identity is still not understood. Here, we show that genetic depletion of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor E2A splice variant E47 increased the number of Tbr1-positive deep layer and Satb2-positive upper layer neurons at E14.5, while depletion of the alternatively spliced E12 variant did not affect layer-specific neurogenesis. While ChIP-Seq identified a big overlap for E12- and E47-specific binding sites in embryonic NSCs, including sites at the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) Cdkn1c gene locus, RNA-Seq revealed a unique transcriptional regulation by each splice variant. E47 activated the expression of the CDKI Cdkn1c through binding to a distal enhancer. Finally, overexpression of E47 in embryonic NSCs in vitro impaired neurite outgrowth, and overexpression of E47 in vivo by in utero electroporation disturbed proper layer-specific neurogenesis and upregulated p57(KIP2) expression. Overall, this study identifies E2A target genes in embryonic NSCs and demonstrates that E47 regulates neuronal differentiation via p57(KIP2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pfurr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Christian Bohrer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Franziska Greulich
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Robert Beattie
- Department of Biomedicine, Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Könül Mammadzada
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - N Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA binding and cell differentiation (Id) proteins are members of the large family of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, but they lack any DNA-binding motif. During development, the Id proteins play a key role in the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation by modulating different cell-cycle regulators both by direct and indirect mechanisms. Several Id-protein interacting partners have been identified thus far, which belong to structurally and functionally unrelated families, including, among others, the class I and II bHLH transcription factors, the retinoblastoma protein and related pocket proteins, the paired-box transcription factors, and the S5a subunit of the 26 S proteasome. Although the HLH domain of the Id proteins is involved in most of their protein-protein interaction events, additional motifs located in their N-terminal and C-terminal regions are required for the recognition of diverse protein partners. The ability of the Id proteins to interact with structurally different proteins is likely to arise from their conformational flexibility: indeed, these proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions that, in the case of the HLH region, undergo folding upon self- or heteroassociation. Besides their crucial role for cell-fate determination and cell-cycle progression during development, other important cellular events have been related to the Id-protein expression in a number of pathologies. Dysregulated Id-protein expression has been associated with tumor growth, vascularization, invasiveness, metastasis, chemoresistance and stemness, as well as with various developmental defects and diseases. Herein we provide an overview on the structural properties, mode of action, biological function and therapeutic potential of these regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Roschger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.
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12
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Roschger C, Cabrele C. The Id-protein family in developmental and cancer-associated pathways. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:7. [PMID: 28122577 PMCID: PMC5267474 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA binding and cell differentiation (Id) proteins are members of the large family of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, but they lack any DNA-binding motif. During development, the Id proteins play a key role in the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation by modulating different cell-cycle regulators both by direct and indirect mechanisms. Several Id-protein interacting partners have been identified thus far, which belong to structurally and functionally unrelated families, including, among others, the class I and II bHLH transcription factors, the retinoblastoma protein and related pocket proteins, the paired-box transcription factors, and the S5a subunit of the 26 S proteasome. Although the HLH domain of the Id proteins is involved in most of their protein-protein interaction events, additional motifs located in their N-terminal and C-terminal regions are required for the recognition of diverse protein partners. The ability of the Id proteins to interact with structurally different proteins is likely to arise from their conformational flexibility: indeed, these proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions that, in the case of the HLH region, undergo folding upon self- or heteroassociation. Besides their crucial role for cell-fate determination and cell-cycle progression during development, other important cellular events have been related to the Id-protein expression in a number of pathologies. Dysregulated Id-protein expression has been associated with tumor growth, vascularization, invasiveness, metastasis, chemoresistance and stemness, as well as with various developmental defects and diseases. Herein we provide an overview on the structural properties, mode of action, biological function and therapeutic potential of these regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Roschger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.
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13
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Andresini O, Ciotti A, Rossi MN, Battistelli C, Carbone M, Maione R. A cross-talk between DNA methylation and H3 lysine 9 dimethylation at the KvDMR1 region controls the induction of Cdkn1c in muscle cells. Epigenetics 2016; 11:791-803. [PMID: 27611768 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1230576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cdk inhibitor p57kip2, encoded by the Cdkn1c gene, plays a critical role in mammalian development and in the differentiation of several tissues. Cdkn1c protein levels are carefully regulated via imprinting and other epigenetic mechanisms affecting both the promoter and distant regulatory elements, which restrict its expression to particular developmental phases or specific cell types. Inappropriate activation of these regulatory mechanisms leads to Cdkn1c silencing, causing growth disorders and cancer. We have previously reported that, in skeletal muscle cells, induction of Cdkn1c expression requires the binding of the bHLH myogenic factor MyoD to a long-distance regulatory element within the imprinting control region KvDMR1. Interestingly, MyoD binding to KvDMR1 is prevented in myogenic cell types refractory to the induction of Cdkn1c. In the present work, we took advantage of this model system to investigate the epigenetic determinants of the differential interaction of MyoD with KvDMR1. We show that treatment with the DNA demethylating agent 5-azacytidine restores the binding of MyoD to KvDMR1 in cells unresponsive to Cdkn1c induction. This, in turn, promotes the release of a repressive chromatin loop between KvDMR1 and Cdkn1c promoter and, thus, the upregulation of the gene. Analysis of the chromatin status of Cdkn1c promoter and KvDMR1 in unresponsive compared to responsive cell types showed that their differential responsiveness to the MyoD-dependent induction of the gene does not involve just their methylation status but, rather, the differential H3 lysine 9 dimethylation at KvDMR1. Finally, we report that the same histone modification also marks the KvDMR1 region of human cancer cells in which Cdkn1c is silenced. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the epigenetic status of KvDMR1 represents a critical determinant of the cell type-restricted expression of Cdkn1c and, possibly, of its aberrant silencing in some pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriella Andresini
- a Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Agnese Ciotti
- a Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Marianna N Rossi
- a Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- a Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Carbone
- a Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Rossella Maione
- a Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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14
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Sullivan JM, Havrda MC, Kettenbach AN, Paolella BR, Zhang Z, Gerber SA, Israel MA. Phosphorylation Regulates Id2 Degradation and Mediates the Proliferation of Neural Precursor Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1321-31. [PMID: 26756672 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins (Id1-Id4) function to inhibit differentiation and promote proliferation of many different cell types. Among the Id family members, Id2 has been most extensively studied in the central nervous system (CNS). Id2 contributes to cultured neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation as well as to the proliferation of CNS tumors such as glioblastoma that are likely to arise from NPC-like cells. We identified three phosphorylation sites near the N-terminus of Id2 in NPCs. To interrogate the importance of Id2 phosphorylation, Id2(-/-) NPCs were modified to express wild type (WT) Id2 or an Id2 mutant protein that could not be phosphorylated at the identified sites. We observed that NPCs expressing this mutant lacking phosphorylation near the N-terminus had higher steady-state levels of Id2 when compared to NPCs expressing WT Id2. This elevated level was the result of a longer half-life and reduced proteasome-mediated degradation. Moreover, NPCs expressing constitutively de-phosphorylated Id2 proliferated more rapidly than NPCs expressing WT Id2, a finding consistent with the well-characterized function of Id2 in driving proliferation. Observing that phosphorylation of Id2 modulates the degradation of this important cell-cycle regulator, we sought to identify a phosphatase that would stabilize Id2 enhancing its activity in NPCs and extended our analysis to include human glioblastoma-derived stem cells (GSCs). We found that expression of the phosphatase PP2A altered Id2 levels. Our findings suggest that inhibition of PP2A may be a novel strategy to regulate the proliferation of normal NPCs and malignant GSCs by decreasing Id2 levels. Stem Cells 2016;34:1321-1331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Sullivan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brenton R Paolella
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mark A Israel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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15
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Hoffmann A, Spengler D. Role of ZAC1 in transient neonatal diabetes mellitus and glucose metabolism. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:95-109. [PMID: 26322169 PMCID: PMC4549774 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus 1 (TNDM1) is a rare genetic disorder representing with severe neonatal hyperglycaemia followed by remission within one and a half year and adolescent relapse with type 2 diabetes in half of the patients. Genetic defects in TNDM1 comprise uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 6, duplication of the minimal TNDM1 locus at 6q24, or relaxation of genomically imprinted ZAC1/HYMAI. Whereas the function of HYMAI, a non-coding mRNA, is still unidentified, biochemical and molecular studies show that zinc finger protein 1 regulating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (ZAC1) behaves as a factor with versatile transcriptional functions dependent on binding to specific GC-rich DNA motives and interconnected regulation of recruited coactivator activities. Genome-wide expression profiling enabled the isolation of a number of Zac1 target genes known to regulate different aspects of β-cell function and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Among these, upregulation of Pparγ and Tcf4 impairs insulin-secretion and β-cell proliferation. Similarly, Zac1-mediated upregulation of Socs3 may attenuate β-cell proliferation and survival by inhibition of growth factor signalling. Additionally, Zac1 directly represses Pac1 and Rasgrf1 with roles in insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation. Collectively, concerted dysregulation of these target genes could contribute to the onset and course of TNDM1. Interestingly, Zac1 overexpression in β-cells spares the effects of stimulatory G-protein signaling on insulin secretion and raises the prospect for tailored treatments in relapsed TNDM1 patients. Overall, these results suggest that progress on the molecular and cellular foundations of monogenetic forms of diabetes can advance personalized therapy in addition to deepening the understanding of insulin and glucose metabolism in general.
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16
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Janesick A, Wu SC, Blumberg B. Retinoic acid signaling and neuronal differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1559-76. [PMID: 25558812 PMCID: PMC11113123 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The identification of neurological symptoms caused by vitamin A deficiency pointed to a critical, early developmental role of vitamin A and its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). The ability of RA to induce post-mitotic, neural phenotypes in various stem cells, in vitro, served as early evidence that RA is involved in the switch between proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies have expanded this "opposing signal" model, and the number of primary neurons an embryo develops is now known to depend critically on the levels and spatial distribution of RA. The proneural and neurogenic transcription factors that control the exit of neural progenitors from the cell cycle and allow primary neurons to develop are partly elucidated, but the downstream effectors of RA receptor (RAR) signaling (many of which are putative cell cycle regulators) remain largely unidentified. The molecular mechanisms underlying RA-induced primary neurogenesis in anamniote embryos are starting to be revealed; however, these data have been not been extended to amniote embryos. There is growing evidence that bona fide RARs are found in some mollusks and other invertebrates, but little is known about their necessity or functions in neurogenesis. One normal function of RA is to regulate the cell cycle to halt proliferation, and loss of RA signaling is associated with dedifferentiation and the development of cancer. Identifying the genes and pathways that mediate cell cycle exit downstream of RA will be critical for our understanding of how to target tumor differentiation. Overall, elucidating the molecular details of RAR-regulated neurogenesis will be decisive for developing and understanding neural proliferation-differentiation switches throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300 USA
| | - Stephanie Cherie Wu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300 USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
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17
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Fischer B, Azim K, Hurtado-Chong A, Ramelli S, Fernández M, Raineteau O. E-proteins orchestrate the progression of neural stem cell differentiation in the postnatal forebrain. Neural Dev 2014; 9:23. [PMID: 25352248 PMCID: PMC4274746 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation is a complex multistep process that persists in specific regions of the postnatal forebrain and requires tight regulation throughout life. The transcriptional control of NSC proliferation and specification involves Class II (proneural) and Class V (Id1-4) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. In this study, we analyzed the pattern of expression of their dimerization partners, Class I bHLH proteins (E-proteins), and explored their putative role in orchestrating postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis. RESULTS Overexpression of a dominant-negative form of the E-protein E47 (dnE47) confirmed a crucial role for bHLH transcriptional networks in postnatal neurogenesis by dramatically blocking SVZ NSC differentiation. In situ hybridization was used in combination with RT-qPCR to measure and compare the level of expression of E-protein transcripts (E2-2, E2A, and HEB) in the neonatal and adult SVZ as well as in magnetic affinity cell sorted progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Our results evidence that E-protein transcripts, in particular E2-2 and E2A, are enriched in the postnatal SVZ with expression levels increasing as cells engage towards neuronal differentiation. To investigate the role of E-proteins in orchestrating lineage progression, both in vitro and in vivo gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed for individual E-proteins. Overexpression of E2-2 and E2A promoted SVZ neurogenesis by enhancing not only radial glial cell differentiation but also cell cycle exit of their progeny. Conversely, knock-down by shRNA electroporation resulted in opposite effects. Manipulation of E-proteins and/or Ascl1 in SVZ NSC cultures indicated that those effects were Ascl1 dependent, although they could not solely be attributed to an Ascl1-induced switch from promoting cell proliferation to triggering cell cycle arrest and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to former concepts, suggesting ubiquitous expression and subsidiary function for E-proteins to foster postnatal neurogenesis, this work unveils E-proteins as being active players in the orchestration of postnatal SVZ neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Ferrer-Vicens I, Riffo‐Campos ÁL, Zaragozá R, García C, López-Rodas G, Viña JR, Torres L, García-Trevijano ER. In vivo genome-wide binding of Id2 to E2F4 target genes as part of a reversible program in mice liver. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3583-97. [PMID: 24573694 PMCID: PMC11113549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of differentiation Id2, a protein lacking the basic DNA-binding domain, is involved in the modulation of a number of biological processes. The molecular mechanisms explaining Id2 pleiotropic functions are poorly understood. Id2 and E2F4 are known to bind simultaneously to c-myc promoter. To study whether Id2 plays a global role on transcriptional regulation, we performed in vivo genome-wide ChIP/chip experiments for Id2 and E2F4 in adult mouse liver. An Id2-containing complex was bound to a common sequence downstream from the TSS on a subset of 442 E2F4 target genes mainly related to cell development and chromatin structure. We found a positive correlation between Id2 protein levels and the expression of E2F4/Id2 targets in fetal and adult liver. Id2 protein stability increased in fetal liver by interaction with USP1 de-ubiquitinating enzyme, which was induced during development. In adult liver, USP1 and Id2 levels dramatically decreased. In differentiated liver tissue, when Id2 concentration was low, E2F4/Id2 was bound to the same region as paused Pol II and target genes remained transcriptionally inactive. Conversely, in fetal liver when Id2 levels were increased, Id2 and Pol II were released from gene promoters and target genes up-regulated. During liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, we obtained the same results as in fetal liver. Our results suggest that Id2 might be part of a reversible development-related program involved in the paused-ON/OFF state of Pol II on selected genes that would remain responsive to specific stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ferrer-Vicens
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela L. Riffo‐Campos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Concha García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerardo López-Rodas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena R. García-Trevijano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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19
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Battistelli C, Busanello A, Maione R. Functional interplay between MyoD and CTCF in regulating long-range chromatin interactions during differentiation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3757-67. [PMID: 25002401 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.149427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order chromatin structures appear to be dynamically arranged during development and differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying their maintenance or disruption and their functional relevance to gene regulation are poorly understood. We recently described a dynamic long-range chromatin interaction between the gene promoter of the cdk inhibitor p57(kip2) (also known as Cdkn1c) and the imprinting control region KvDMR1 in muscle cells. Here, we show that CTCF, the best characterized organizer of long-range chromatin interactions, binds to both the p57(kip2) promoter and KvDMR1 and is necessary for the maintenance of their physical contact. Moreover, we show that CTCF-mediated looping is required to prevent p57(kip2) expression before differentiation. Finally, we provide evidence that the induction of p57(kip2) during myogenesis involves the physical interaction of the muscle-regulatory factor MyoD with CTCF at KvDMR1, the displacement of the cohesin complex subunit Rad21 and the destabilization of the chromatin loop. The finding that MyoD affects chromatin looping at CTCF-binding sites represents the first evidence that a differentiation factor regulates chromatin-loop dynamics and provides a useful paradigm for gaining insights into the developmental regulation of long-range chromatin contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Battistelli
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Busanello
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Maione
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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20
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Andrade-Zapata I, Baonza A. The bHLH factors extramacrochaetae and daughterless control cell cycle in Drosophila imaginal discs through the transcriptional regulation of the Cdc25 phosphatase string. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004233. [PMID: 24651265 PMCID: PMC3961188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major issues in developmental biology is about having a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate organ growth. Identifying these mechanisms is essential to understand the development processes that occur both in physiological and pathological conditions, such as cancer. The E protein family of basic helix-loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors, and their inhibitors the Id proteins, regulate cell proliferation in metazoans. This notion is further supported because the activity of these factors is frequently deregulated in cancerous cells. The E protein orthologue Daughterless (Da) and the Id orthologue Extramacrochaetae (Emc) are the only members of these classes of bHLH proteins in Drosophila. Although these factors are involved in controlling proliferation, the mechanism underlying this regulatory activity is poorly understood. Through a genetic analysis, we show that during the development of epithelial cells in the imaginal discs, the G2/M transition, and hence cell proliferation, is controlled by Emc via Da. In eukaryotic cells, the main activator of this transition is the Cdc25 phosphatase, string. Our genetic analyses reveal that the ectopic expression of string in cells with reduced levels of Emc or high levels of Da is sufficient to rescue the proliferative defects seen in these mutant cells. Moreover, we present evidence demonstrating a role of Da as a transcriptional repressor of string. Taken together, these findings define a mechanism through which Emc controls cell proliferation by regulating the activity of Da, which transcriptionally represses string. Precise control of cell proliferation is critical for normal development and tissue homeostasis. Members of the inhibitor of differentiation (Id) family of helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are key regulators that coordinate the balance between cell division and differentiation. These proteins exert this function in part by combining with ubiquitously expressed bHLH transcription factors (E proteins), preventing these transcription factors from forming functional hetero- or homodimeric DNA binding complexes. Deregulation of the activity of Id proteins frequently leads to tumour formation. The Daughterless (Da) and Extramacrochaetae (Emc) proteins are the only members of the E and Id families in Drosophila, yet their role in the control of cell proliferation has not been determined. In this study, we show that the elimination of emc or the ectopic expression of da arrests cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, we demonstrate that emc controls cell proliferation via Da, which acts as a transcriptional repressor of the Cdc25 phosphatase string. These results provide an important insight into the mechanisms through which Id and E protein interactions control cell cycle progression and therefore how the disruption of the function of Id proteins can induce oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Baonza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lasorella A, Benezra R, Iavarone A. The ID proteins: master regulators of cancer stem cells and tumour aggressiveness. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:77-91. [PMID: 24442143 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are transcriptional regulators that control the timing of cell fate determination and differentiation in stem and progenitor cells during normal development and adult life. ID genes are frequently deregulated in many types of human neoplasms, and they endow cancer cells with biological features that are hijacked from normal stem cells. The ability of ID proteins to function as central 'hubs' for the coordination of multiple cancer hallmarks has established these transcriptional regulators as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in specific types of human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, 10032 New York, USA
| | - Robert Benezra
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 241, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, 10032 New York, USA
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22
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Abstract
Imprinted genes play a critical role in brain development and mental health, although the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins directs the proliferation, differentiation, and specification of distinct neuronal progenitor populations. Here, we identified the bHLH factor gene Tcf4 as a direct target gene of Zac1/Plagl1, a maternally imprinted transcriptional regulator, during early neurogenesis. Zac1 and Tcf4 expression levels concomitantly increased during neuronal progenitor differentiation; moreover, Zac1 interacts with two cis-regulatory elements in the Tcf4 gene locus, and these elements together confer synergistic activation of the Tcf4 gene. Tcf4 upregulation enhances the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p57(Kip2), a paternally imprinted Tcf4 target gene, and increases the number of cells in G1 phase. Overall, we show that Zac1 controls cell cycle arrest function in neuronal progenitors through induction of p57(Kip2) via Tcf4 and provide evidence for cooperation between imprinted genes and a bHLH factor in early neurodevelopment.
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23
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Niola F, Zhao X, Singh D, Sullivan R, Castano A, Verrico A, Zoppoli P, Friedmann-Morvinski D, Sulman E, Barrett L, Zhuang Y, Verma I, Benezra R, Aldape K, Iavarone A, Lasorella A. Mesenchymal high-grade glioma is maintained by the ID-RAP1 axis. J Clin Invest 2012; 123:405-17. [PMID: 23241957 DOI: 10.1172/jci63811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are incurable brain tumors that are characterized by the presence of glioma-initiating cells (GICs). GICs are essential to tumor aggressiveness and retain the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation as long as they reside in the perivascular niche. ID proteins are master regulators of stemness and anchorage to the extracellular niche microenvironment, suggesting that they may play a role in maintaining GICs. Here, we modeled the probable therapeutic impact of ID inactivation in HGG by selective ablation of Id in tumor cells and after tumor initiation in a new mouse model of human mesenchymal HGG. Deletion of 3 Id genes induced rapid release of GICs from the perivascular niche, followed by tumor regression. GIC displacement was mediated by derepression of Rap1gap and subsequent inhibition of RAP1, a master regulator of cell adhesion. We identified a signature module of 5 genes in the ID pathway, including RAP1GAP, which segregated 2 subgroups of glioma patients with markedly different clinical outcomes. The model-informed survival analysis together with genetic and functional studies establish that ID activity is required for the maintenance of mesenchymal HGG and suggest that pharmacological inactivation of ID proteins could serve as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Niola
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Tury A, Mairet-Coello G, DiCicco-Bloom E. The multiple roles of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory protein p57(KIP2) in cerebral cortical neurogenesis. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:821-42. [PMID: 22076965 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The members of the CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory proteins (CKIs), including p57(KIP2), p27(KIP1), and p21(CIP1), block the progression of the cell cycle by binding and inhibiting cyclin/CDK complexes of the G1 phase. In addition to this well-characterized function, p57(KIP2) and p27(KIP1) have been shown to participate in an increasing number of other important cellular processes including cell fate and differentiation, cell motility and migration, and cell death/survival, both in peripheral and central nervous systems. Increasing evidence over the past few years has characterized the functions of the newest CIP/KIP member p57(KIP2) in orchestrating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration during neurogenesis. Here, we focus our discussion on the multiple roles played by p57(KIP2) during cortical development, making comparisons to p27(KIP1) as well as the INK4 family of CKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tury
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Nanoparticle-based delivery for the treatment of inner ear disorders. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 19:388-96. [PMID: 21897248 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32834aa3a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The delivery of targetable synthetic vectors that can carry a variety of drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids, such as DNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA), to mammalian cells is important as a potential therapeutic system that avoids the problems that are associated with viruses. RECENT FINDINGS The so-called multifunctional nanocarriers that are equipped with several functions, such as targetability, shelter from the immune system, and opsonization, and are capable of delivering payload across the nuclear envelope, have been synthesized. To improve transfection efficiency, a group of novel peptides have been attached to the surface of the carrier that will enhance endosomal escape and promote nuclear entry. The targeting of tropomyocin receptor kinase B (TrkB) with ligands enhances uptake in spiral ganglion cell culture. Treatment cargos have included growth factors such as the Math-1 gene, short hairpin RNA, and steroids. The problems with current synthetic nanocarriers are poorer selectivity, internalization, and transfection rate compared with viral vectors. SUMMARY Within a few years, when the synthetic vectors have been optimized, the first human drugs/proteins/gene product-based therapies will become available in a phase I study.
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Busanello A, Battistelli C, Carbone M, Mostocotto C, Maione R. MyoD regulates p57kip2 expression by interacting with a distant cis-element and modifying a higher order chromatin structure. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8266-75. [PMID: 22740650 PMCID: PMC3458561 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor MyoD, the prototypical master regulator of differentiation, directs a complex program of gene expression during skeletal myogenesis. The up-regulation of the cdk inhibitor p57kip2 plays a critical role in coordinating differentiation and growth arrest during muscle development, as well as in other tissues. p57kip2 displays a highly specific expression pattern and is subject to a complex epigenetic control driving the imprinting of the paternal allele. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing its expression during development are still poorly understood. We have identified an unexpected mechanism by which MyoD regulates p57kip2 transcription in differentiating muscle cells. We show that the induction of p57kip2 requires MyoD binding to a long-distance element located within the imprinting control region KvDMR1 and the consequent release of a chromatin loop involving p57kip2 promoter. We also show that differentiation-dependent regulation of p57kip2, while involving a region implicated in the imprinting process, is distinct and hierarchically subordinated to the imprinting control. These findings highlight a novel mechanism, involving the modification of higher order chromatin structures, by which MyoD regulates gene expression. Our results also suggest that chromatin folding mediated by KvDMR1 could account for the highly restricted expression of p57kip2 during development and, possibly, for its aberrant silencing in some pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Busanello
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Sezione di Genetica Molecolare, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, Roma 00161, Italy
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27
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Niola F, Zhao X, Singh D, Castano A, Sullivan R, Lauria M, Nam HS, Zhuang Y, Benezra R, Di Bernardo D, Iavarone A, Lasorella A. Id proteins synchronize stemness and anchorage to the niche of neural stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:477-87. [PMID: 22522171 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem-cell functions require activation of stem-cell-intrinsic transcriptional programs and extracellular interaction with a niche microenvironment. How the transcriptional machinery controls residency of stem cells in the niche is unknown. Here we show that Id proteins coordinate stem-cell activities with anchorage of neural stem cells (NSCs) to the niche. Conditional inactivation of three Id genes in NSCs triggered detachment of embryonic and postnatal NSCs from the ventricular and vascular niche, respectively. The interrogation of the gene modules directly targeted by Id deletion in NSCs revealed that Id proteins repress bHLH-mediated activation of Rap1GAP, thus serving to maintain the GTPase activity of RAP1, a key mediator of cell adhesion. Preventing the elevation of the Rap1GAP level countered the consequences of Id loss on NSC-niche interaction and stem-cell identity. Thus, by preserving anchorage of NSCs to the extracellular environment, Id activity synchronizes NSC functions to residency in the specialized niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Niola
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Hirai S, Miwa A, Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Kasai M, Okabe S, Hata Y, Okado H. RP58 controls neuron and astrocyte differentiation by downregulating the expression of Id1-4 genes in the developing cortex. EMBO J 2012; 31:1190-202. [PMID: 22234186 PMCID: PMC3297993 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate number of neurons and glial cells is generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) by the regulation of cell cycle exit and subsequent differentiation. Although the regulatory mechanism remains obscure, Id (inhibitor of differentiation) proteins are known to contribute critically to NSC proliferation by controlling cell cycle. Here, we report that a transcriptional factor, RP58, negatively regulates all four Id genes (Id1-Id4) in developing cerebral cortex. Consistently, Rp58 knockout (KO) mice demonstrated enhanced astrogenesis accompanied with an excess of NSCs. These phenotypes were mimicked by the overexpression of all Id genes in wild-type cortical progenitors. Furthermore, Rp58 KO phenotypes were rescued by the knockdown of all Id genes in mutant cortical progenitors but not by the knockdown of each single Id gene. Finally, we determined p57 as an effector gene of RP58-Id-mediated cell fate control. These findings establish RP58 as a novel key regulator that controls the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs and restriction of astrogenesis by repressing all Id genes during corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Hirai
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Miwa
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Kasai
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Characterization of critical domains within the tumor suppressor CASZ1 required for transcriptional regulation and growth suppression. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1518-28. [PMID: 22331471 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06039-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CASZ1 is a zinc finger (ZF) transcription factor that is critical for controlling the normal differentiation of subtypes of neural and cardiac muscle cells. In neuroblastoma tumors, loss of CASZ1 is associated with poor prognosis and restoration of CASZ1 function suppresses neuroblastoma tumorigenicity. However, the key domains by which CASZ1 transcription controls developmental processes and neuroblastoma tumorigenicity have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we show that loss of any one of ZF1 to ZF4 resulted in a 58 to 79% loss in transcriptional activity, as measured by induction of tyrosine hydroxylase promoter-luciferase activity, compared to that of wild-type (WT) CASZ1b. Mutation of ZF5 or deletion of the C-terminal sequence of amino acids (aa) 728 to 1166 (a truncation of 38% of the protein) does not significantly alter transcriptional function. A series of N-terminal truncations reveals a critical transcriptional activation domain at aa 31 to 185 and a nuclear localization signal at aa 23 to 29. Soft agar colony formation assays and xenograft studies show that WT CASZ1b is more active in suppressing neuroblastoma growth than CASZ1b with a ZF4 mutation or a deletion of aa 31 to 185. This study identifies key domains needed for CASZ1b to regulate gene transcription. Furthermore, we establish a link between loss of CASZ1b transcriptional activity and attenuation of CASZ1b-mediated inhibition of neuroblastoma growth and tumorigenicity.
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30
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A network of broadly expressed HLH genes regulates tissue-specific cell fates. Cell 2012; 147:881-92. [PMID: 22078884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal expression of specific basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors defines many types of cellular differentiation. We find that a distinct mechanism regulates the much broader expression of the heterodimer partners of these specific factors and impinges on differentiation. In Drosophila, a cross-interacting regulatory network links expression of the E protein Daughterless (Da), which heterodimerizes with bHLH proteins to activate them, with expression of the Id protein Extramacrochaetae (Emc), which antagonizes bHLH proteins. Coupled transcriptional feedback loops maintain the widespread Emc expression that restrains Da expression, opposing bHLH-dependent differentiation while enhancing growth and cell survival. Where extracellular signals repress emc, Da expression can increase. This defines regions of proneural ectoderm independently from the proneural bHLH genes. Similar regulation is found in multiple Drosophila tissues and in mammalian cells and therefore is likely to be a conserved general feature of developmental regulation by HLH proteins.
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Penas C, Ramachandran V, Ayad NG. The APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase: From Cell Biology to Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2012; 1:60. [PMID: 22655255 PMCID: PMC3356048 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is required for normal cell proliferation, vertebrate development, and cancer cell transformation. The UPS consists of multiple proteins that work in concert to target a protein for degradation via the 26S proteasome. Chains of an 8.5-kDa protein called ubiquitin are attached to substrates, thus allowing recognition by the 26S proteasome. Enzymes called ubiquitin ligases or E3s mediate specific attachment to substrates. Although there are over 600 different ubiquitin ligases, the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) complexes and the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) are the most studied. SCF involvement in cancer has been known for some time while APC/C's cancer role has recently emerged. In this review we will discuss the importance of APC/C to normal cell proliferation and development, underscoring its possible contribution to transformation. We will also examine the hypothesis that modulating a specific interaction of the APC/C may be therapeutically attractive in specific cancer subtypes. Finally, given that the APC/C pathway is relatively new as a cancer target, therapeutic interventions affecting APC/C activity may be beneficial in cancers that are resistant to classical chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Penas
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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32
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Zhao Z, Choi J, Zhao C, Ma ZA. FTY720 normalizes hyperglycemia by stimulating β-cell in vivo regeneration in db/db mice through regulation of cyclin D3 and p57(KIP2). J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5562-73. [PMID: 22194608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.305359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of insulin-producing β-cell mass is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes in humans and diabetic db/db mice. Pancreatic β-cells can modulate their mass in response to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological cues. There are currently few effective therapeutic approaches targeting β-cell regeneration although some anti-diabetic drugs may positively affect β-cell mass. Here we show that oral administration of FTY720, a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, to db/db mice normalizes fasting blood glucose by increasing β-cell mass and blood insulin levels without affecting insulin sensitivity. Fasting blood glucose remained normal in the mice even after the drug was withdrawn after 23 weeks of treatment. The islet area in the pancreases of the FTY720-treated db/db mice was more than 2-fold larger than that of the untreated mice after 6 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, BrdU incorporation assays and Ki67 staining demonstrated cell proliferation in the islets and pancreatic duct areas. Finally, islets from the treated mice exhibited a significant decrease in the level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57(KIP2) and an increase in the level of cyclin D3 as compared with those of untreated mice, which could be reversed by the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Our findings reveal a novel network that controls β-cell regeneration in the obesity-diabetes setting by regulating cyclin D3 and p57(KIP2) expression through the S1P signaling pathway. Therapeutic strategies targeting this network may promote in vivo regeneration of β-cells in patients and prevent and/or cure type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshan Zhao
- Division of Experimental Diabetes and Aging, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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33
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Lee SH, Hao E, Levine F, Itkin-Ansari P. Id3 upregulates BrdU incorporation associated with a DNA damage response, not replication, in human pancreatic β-cells. Islets 2011; 3:358-66. [PMID: 21964314 PMCID: PMC3329516 DOI: 10.4161/isl.3.6.17923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating mechanisms of cell cycle control in normally quiescent human pancreatic β-cells has the potential to impact regeneration strategies for diabetes. Previously we demonstrated that Id3, a repressor of basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) proteins, was sufficient to induce cell cycle entry in pancreatic duct cells, which are closely related to β-cells developmentally. We hypothesized that Id3 might similarly induce cell cycle entry in primary human β-cells. To test this directly, adult human β-cells were transduced with adenovirus expressing Id3. Consistent with a replicative response, β-cells exhibited BrdU incorporation. Further, Id3 potently repressed expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p57 (Kip2 ) , a gene which is also silenced in a rare β-cell hyperproliferative disorder in infants. Surprisingly however, BrdU positive β-cells did not express the proliferation markers Ki67 and pHH3. Instead, BrdU uptake reflected a DNA damage response, as manifested by hydroxyurea incorporation, γH2AX expression, and 53BP1 subcellular relocalization. The uncoupling of BrdU uptake from replication raises a cautionary note about interpreting studies relying solely upon BrdU incorporation as evidence of β-cell proliferation. The data also establish that loss of p57 (Kip2) is not sufficient to induce cell cycle entry in adult β-cells. Moreover, the differential responses to Id3 between duct and β-cells reveal that β-cells possess intrinsic resistance to cell cycle entry not common to all quiescent epithelial cells in the adult human pancreas. The data provide a much needed comparative model for investigating the molecular basis for this resistance in order to develop a strategy for improving replication competence in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Lee
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ergeng Hao
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center; La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fred Levine
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Pamela Itkin-Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
- Development and Aging Program; Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research; La Jolla, CA USA
- Correspondence to: Pamela Itkin-Ansari,
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Paridaen JTML, Janson E, Utami KH, Pereboom TC, Essers PB, van Rooijen C, Zivkovic D, MacInnes AW. The nucleolar GTP-binding proteins Gnl2 and nucleostemin are required for retinal neurogenesis in developing zebrafish. Dev Biol 2011; 355:286-301. [PMID: 21565180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS), a member of a family of nucleolar GTP-binding proteins, is highly expressed in proliferating cells such as stem and cancer cells and is involved in the control of cell cycle progression. Both depletion and overexpression of NS result in stabilization of the tumor suppressor p53 protein in vitro. Although it has been previously suggested that NS has p53-independent functions, these to date remain unknown. Here, we report two zebrafish mutants recovered from forward and reverse genetic screens that carry loss of function mutations in two members of this nucleolar protein family, Guanine nucleotide binding-protein-like 2 (Gnl2) and Gnl3/NS. We demonstrate that these proteins are required for correct timing of cell cycle exit and subsequent neural differentiation in the brain and retina. Concomitantly, we observe aberrant expression of the cell cycle regulators cyclinD1 and p57kip2. Our models demonstrate that the loss of Gnl2 or NS induces p53 stabilization and p53-mediated apoptosis. However, the retinal differentiation defects are independent of p53 activation. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that Gnl2 and NS have both non-cell autonomously and cell-autonomous function in correct timing of cell cycle exit and neural differentiation. Finally, the data suggest that Gnl2 and NS affect cell cycle exit of neural progenitors by regulating the expression of cell cycle regulators independently of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T M L Paridaen
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kopecky B, Santi P, Johnson S, Schmitz H, Fritzsch B. Conditional deletion of N-Myc disrupts neurosensory and non-sensory development of the ear. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1373-90. [PMID: 21448975 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ear development requires interactions of transcription factors for proliferation and differentiation. The proto-oncogene N-Myc is a member of the Myc family that regulates proliferation. To investigate the function of N-Myc, we conditionally knocked out N-Myc in the ear using Tg(Pax2-Cre) and Foxg1(KiCre). N-Myc CKOs had reduced growth of the ear, abnormal morphology including fused sensory epithelia, disrupted histology, and disorganized neuronal innervation. Using Thin-Sheet Laser Imaging Microscopy (TSLIM), 3D reconstruction and quantification of the cochlea revealed a greater than 50% size reduction. Immunochemistry and in situ hybridization showed a gravistatic organ-cochlear fusion and a "circularized" apex with no clear inner and outer hair cells. Furthermore, the abnormally developed cochlea had cross innervation from the vestibular ganglion near the basal tip. These findings are put in the context of the possible functional relationship of N-Myc with a number of other cell proliferative and fate determining genes during ear development.
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Penella E, Sandoval J, Zaragozá R, García C, Viña JR, Torres L, García-Trevijano ER. Molecular mechanisms of Id2 down-regulation in rat liver after acetaminophen overdose. Protection by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Free Radic Res 2011; 44:1044-53. [PMID: 20815767 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.498825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Id2 is a pleiotropic protein whose function depends on its expression levels. Id2-deficient cells show increased cell death. This study explored the molecular mechanisms for the modulation of Id2 expression elicited by GSH and oxidative stress in the liver of acetaminophen (APAP)-intoxicated rats. APAP-overdose induced GSH depletion, Id2 promoter hypoacetylation, RNApol-II released and, therefore, Id2 down-regulation. Id2 expression depends on c-Myc binding to its promoter. APAP-overdose decreased c-Myc content and binding to Id2 promoter. Reduction of c-Myc was not accompanied by decreased c-myc mRNA, suggesting a mechanism dependent on protein stability. Administration of N-acetyl-cysteine prior to APAP-overload prevented GSH depletion and c-Myc degradation. Consistently, c-Myc was recruited to Id2 promoter, histone-H3 was hyperacetylated, RNApol II was bound to Id2 coding region and Id2 repression prevented. The results suggest a novel transcriptional-dependent mechanism of Id2 regulation by GSH and oxidative stress induced by APAP-overdose through the indirect modulation of the proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Penella
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Valencia / INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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37
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Borriello A, Caldarelli I, Bencivenga D, Cucciolla V, Oliva A, Usala E, Danise P, Ronzoni L, Perrotta S, Della Ragione F. p57 Kip2 is a downstream effector of BCR–ABL kinase inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:10-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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38
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Jung S, Park RH, Kim S, Jeon YJ, Ham DS, Jung MY, Kim SS, Lee YD, Park CH, Suh-Kim H. Id proteins facilitate self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:831-41. [PMID: 19757990 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein family of Id (inhibitor of differentiation) dimerize with bHLH transcription factors and function as negative regulators of differentiation during development. Most of inhibitory roles of Id proteins have been demonstrated in non-neural tissues, and their roles in the developing nervous system are not clearly demonstrated. In this study, we show that Id1, Id2, and Id3 increase self-renewing and proliferation potential of cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) while inhibiting neuronal differentiation. In electrophoretic mobility gel shift and luciferase assays, Id proteins interfered with binding of NeuroD/E47 complexes to the E-box sequences and inhibited E-box-mediated gene expression. Overexpression of Id proteins in NSCs increased both the number and the size of neurospheres in colony-forming assays. Expression of Hes1 and Hes5 was not increased by overexpression of Id proteins under the condition in which Nestin expression was increased. In utero electroporation of Id yielded higher numbers of Ki67-positive and Sox2-positive cells in the mouse embryonic brain. The study suggests Id proteins play independent roles in the maintenance of neural stem properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Coma S, Amin DN, Shimizu A, Lasorella A, Iavarone A, Klagsbrun M. Id2 promotes tumor cell migration and invasion through transcriptional repression of semaphorin 3F. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3823-32. [PMID: 20388805 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Id proteins (Id1 to Id4) are helix-loop-helix transcription factors that promote metastasis. It was found that Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), a potent inhibitor of metastasis, was repressed by Id2. High metastatic human tumor cell lines had relatively high amounts of Id2 and low SEMA3F levels compared with their low metastatic counterparts. No correlation between metastatic potential and expression of the other Id family members was observed. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Id2 in low metastatic tumor cells downregulated SEMA3F and, as a consequence, enhanced their ability to migrate and invade, two requisite steps of metastasis in vivo. Id2 overexpression was driven by the c-myc oncoprotein. SEMA3F was a direct target gene of the E47/Id2 pathway. Two E-box sites, which bind E protein transcription factors including E47, were identified in the promoter region of the SEMA3F gene. E47 directly activated SEMA3F promoter activity and expression and promoted SEMA3F biological activities, including filamentous actin depolymerization, inactivation of RhoA, and inhibition of cell migration. Silencing of SEMA3F inhibited the E47-induced SEMA3F expression and biological activities, confirming that these E47-induced effects were SEMA3F dependent. E47 did not induce expression of the other members of the SEMA3 family. Id2, a dominant-negative inhibitor of E proteins, abrogated the E47-induced SEMA3F expression and biological activities. Thus, high metastatic tumor cells overexpress c-myc, leading to upregulation of Id2 expression; the aberrantly elevated amount of Id2 represses SEMA3F expression and, as a consequence, enhances the ability of tumor cells to migrate and invade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Coma
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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40
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The transcriptional network for mesenchymal transformation of brain tumours. Nature 2009; 463:318-25. [PMID: 20032975 PMCID: PMC4011561 DOI: 10.1038/nature08712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 933] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inference of transcriptional networks that regulate transitions into physiologic or pathologic cellular states remains a central challenge in systems biology. A mesenchymal phenotype is the hallmark of tumor aggressiveness in human malignant glioma but the regulatory programs responsible for implementing the associated molecular signature are largely unknown. Here, we show that reverse-engineering and unbiased interrogation of a glioma-specific regulatory network reveal the transcriptional module that activates expression of mesenchymal genes in malignant glioma. Two transcription factors (C/EBPβ and Stat3) emerge as synergistic initiators and master regulators of mesenchymal transformation. Ectopic co-expression of C/EBPβ and Stat3 reprograms neural stem cells along the aberrant mesenchymal lineage whereas elimination of the two factors in glioma cells leads to collapse of the mesenchymal signature and reduces tumor aggressiveness. In human glioma, expression of C/EBPβ and Stat3 correlates with mesenchymal differentiation and predicts poor clinical outcome. These results reveal that activation of a small regulatory module is necessary and sufficient to initiate and maintain an aberrant phenotypic state in cancer cells.
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Akaishi K, Nakayama J, Sakai K, Kobayashi T, Rutka JT. Antigen p57/Kip2 as a potential negative regulator of human astrocytoma growth. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:1615-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pateras IS, Apostolopoulou K, Niforou K, Kotsinas A, Gorgoulis VG. p57KIP2: "Kip"ing the cell under control. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1902-19. [PMID: 19934273 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(KIP2) is an imprinted gene located at the chromosomal locus 11p15.5. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the CIP/KIP family, which includes additionally p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1). It is the least studied CIP/KIP member and has a unique role in embryogenesis. p57(KIP2) regulates the cell cycle, although novel functions have been attributed to this protein including cytoskeletal organization. Molecular analysis of animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome have shown its nodal implication in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. p57(KIP2) is frequently down-regulated in many common human malignancies through several mechanisms, denoting its anti-oncogenic function. This review is a thorough analysis of data available on p57(KIP2), in relation to p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1), on gene and protein structure, its transcriptional and translational regulation, and its role in human physiology and pathology, focusing on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Hemmi S, Werner S, Dummer R, Hoek KS. Id2 suppression of p15 counters TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition of melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:445-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Distinct effects of Hedgehog signaling on neuronal fate specification and cell cycle progression in the embryonic mouse retina. J Neurosci 2009; 29:6932-44. [PMID: 19474320 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0289-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-extrinsic signals can profoundly influence the production of various neurons from common progenitors. Yet mechanisms by which extrinsic signals coordinate progenitor cell proliferation, cell cycle exit, and cell fate choices are not well understood. Here, we address whether Hedgehog (Hh) signals independently regulate progenitor proliferation and neuronal fate decisions in the embryonic mouse retina. Conditional ablation of the essential Hh signaling component Smoothened (Smo) in proliferating progenitors, rather than in nascent postmitotic neurons, leads to a dramatic increase of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and a mild increase of cone photoreceptor precursors without significantly affecting other early-born neuronal cell types. In addition, Smo-deficient progenitors exhibit aberrant expression of cell cycle regulators and delayed G(1)/S transition, especially during the late embryonic stages, resulting in a reduced progenitor pool by birth. Deficiency in Smo function also causes reduced expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription repressor Hes1 and preferential elevation of the proneural gene Math5. In Smo and Math5 double knock-out mutants, the enhanced RGC production observed in Smo-deficient retinas is abolished, whereas defects in the G(1)/S transition persist, suggesting that Math5 mediates the Hh effect on neuronal fate specification but not on cell proliferation. These findings demonstrate that Hh signals regulate progenitor pool expansion primarily by promoting cell cycle progression and influence cell cycle exit and neuronal fates by controlling specific proneural genes. Together, these distinct cellular effects of Hh signaling in neural progenitor cells coordinate a balanced production of diverse neuronal cell types.
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Han WD, Wu ZQ, Zhao YL, Si YL, Fu XB. FHL2 interacts with and acts as a functional repressor of Id2 in human neuroblastoma cells. Chin J Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-009-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Yang Z, MacQuarrie KL, Analau E, Tyler AE, Dilworth FJ, Cao Y, Diede SJ, Tapscott SJ. MyoD and E-protein heterodimers switch rhabdomyosarcoma cells from an arrested myoblast phase to a differentiated state. Genes Dev 2009; 23:694-707. [PMID: 19299559 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1765109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas are characterized by expression of myogenic specification genes, such as MyoD and/or Myf5, and some muscle structural genes in a population of cells that continues to replicate. Because MyoD is sufficient to induce terminal differentiation in a variety of cell types, we have sought to determine the molecular mechanisms that prevent MyoD activity in human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In this study, we show that a combination of inhibitory Musculin:E-protein complexes and a novel splice form of E2A compete with MyoD for the generation of active full-length E-protein:MyoD heterodimers. A forced heterodimer between MyoD and the full-length E12 robustly restores differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells and broadly suppresses multiple inhibitory pathways. Our studies indicate that rhabdomyosarcomas represent an arrested progress through a normal transitional state that is regulated by the relative abundance of heterodimers between MyoD and the full-length E2A proteins. The demonstration that multiple inhibitory mechanisms can be suppressed and myogenic differentiation can be induced in the RD rhabdomyosarcomas by increasing the abundance of MyoD:E-protein heterodimers suggests a central integrating function that can be targeted to force differentiation in muscle cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Han W, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Meng Y, Si Y, Yang J, Fu X, Yu L. FHL2 interacts with and acts as a functional repressor of Id2 in human neuroblastoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:3996-4009. [PMID: 19417068 PMCID: PMC2709579 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of differentiation 2 (Id2) is a natural inhibitor of the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors. Although Id2 is well known to prevent differentiation and promote cell-cycle progression and tumorigenesis, the molecular events that regulate Id2 activity remain to be investigated. Here, we identified that Four-and-a-half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) is a novel functional repressor of Id2. Moreover, we demonstrated that FHL2 can directly interact with all members of the Id family (Id1–4) via an N-terminal loop–helix structure conserved in Id proteins. FHL2 antagonizes the inhibitory effect of Id proteins on basic helix–loop–helix protein E47-mediated transcription, which was abrogated by the deletion mutation of Ids that disrupted their interaction with FHL2. We also showed a competitive nature between FHL2 and E47 for binding Id2, whereby FHL2 prevents the formation of the Id2–E47 heterodimer, thus releasing E47 to DNA and restoring its transcriptional activity. FHL2 expression was remarkably up-regulated during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, during which the expression of Id2 was opposite to that. Ectopic FHL2 expression in neuroblastoma cells markedly reduces the transcriptional and cell-cycle promoting functions of Id2. Altogether, these results indicate that FHL2 is an important repressor of the oncogenic activity of Id2 in neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Proper expression of helix-loop-helix protein Id2 is important to chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Biochem J 2009; 419:635-43. [PMID: 19175360 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The process of chondrogenesis can be mimicked in vitro by insulin treatment of mouse ATDC5 chondroprogenitor cells. To identify novel factors that are involved in the control of chondrogenesis, we carried out a large-scale screening through retroviral insertion mutagenesis and isolated a fast-growing ATDC5 clone incapable of chondrogenic differentiation. Inverse-PCR analysis of this clone revealed that the retroviral DNA was inserted into the promoter region of mouse Id2 (inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 2) gene. This retroviral insertion increased Id2 protein levels to twice those found in normal ATDC5 cells. To investigate whether an elevated level of Id2 protein was responsible for inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation, ATDC5 cells were infected with a retrovirus to stably express Id2. ATDC5 cells expressing ectopic Id2 exhibited signs of de-differentiation, such as rapid growth, and insulin failed to induce expression of Sox9 (Sry-type high-mobility-group box 9) or matrix genes such as type II collagen (COL2) in these cells. When endogenous Id2 was knocked down by siRNA (small interfering RNA) in ATDC5 cells, expression of Sox9 and COL2 was increased and chondrogenic differentiation was accelerated. To examine how Id2 is expressed in chondrocytes in vivo, we carried out immunostaining of E16.5 mouse embryos and found that Id2 is expressed in articular chondrocytes and proliferating chondrocytes, but barely detectable in hypertrophic chondrocytes. Our results suggest that proper expression of Id2 is important to achieving a fine balance between growth and differentiation during chondrogenesis.
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Ye W, Mairet-Coello G, Pasoreck E, Dicicco-Bloom E. Patterns of p57Kip2 expression in embryonic rat brain suggest roles in progenitor cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:1-21. [PMID: 18814313 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In developing central nervous system, a variety of mechanisms couple cell cycle exit to differentiation during neurogenesis. The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p57Kip2 controls the transition from proliferation to differentiation in many tissues, but roles in developing brain remain uncertain. To characterize possible functions, we defined p57Kip2 protein expression in embryonic (E) day 12.5 to 20.5 rat brains using immunohistochemistry combined with markers of proliferation and differentiation. The p57Kip2 was localized primarily in cell nuclei and positive cells formed two distinct patterns including wide dispersion and laminar aggregation that were brain region-specific. From E12.5 to E16.5, p57Kip2 expression was detected mainly in ventricular zone (VZ) and/or mantle zone of hippocampus, septum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, and spinal cord. After E18.5, p57Kip2 was detected in select regions undergoing differentiation. The p57Kip2 expression was also compared with regional transcription factors, including Ngn2, Nkx2.1, and Pax6. Time course studies performed in diencephalon showed that p57Kip2 immunoreactivity colocalized with BrdU at 8 hr in nuclei exhibiting the wide dispersion pattern, whereas colocalization in the laminar pattern occurred only later. Moreover, p57Kip2 frequently colocalized with neuronal marker, beta-III tubulin. Finally, we characterized relationships of p57Kip2 to CDK inhibitor p27Kip1: in proliferative regions, p57Kip2 expression preceded p27Kip1 as cells underwent differentiation, though the proteins colocalized in substantial numbers of cells, suggesting potentially related yet distinct functions of Cip/Kip family members during neurogenesis. Our observations that p57Kip2 exhibits nuclear expression as precursors exit the cell cycle and begin expressing neuronal characteristics suggests that the CDK inhibitor contributes to regulating the transition from proliferation to differentiation during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Ye
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Targeting Id protein interactions by an engineered HLH domain induces human neuroblastoma cell differentiation. Oncogene 2009; 28:1881-91. [PMID: 19330020 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA-binding (Id) proteins prevent cell differentiation, promote growth and sustain tumour development. They do so by binding to E proteins and other transcription factors through the helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain, and inhibiting transcription. This makes HLH-mediated Id protein interactions an appealing therapeutic target. We have used the dominant interfering HLH dimerization mutant 13I to model the impact of Id inhibition in two human neuroblastoma cell lines: LA-N-5, similar to immature neuroblasts, and SH-EP, resembling more immature precursor cells. We have validated 13I as an Id inhibitor by showing that it selectively binds to Ids, impairs complex formation with RB, and relieves repression of E protein-activated transcription. Id inactivation by 13I enhances LA-N-5 neural features and causes SH-EP cells to acquire neuronal morphology, express neuronal proteins such as N-CAM and NF-160, proliferate more slowly, and become responsive to retinoic acid. Concomitantly, 13I augments the cell-cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) and reduces the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor. These effects are Id specific, being counteracted by Id overexpression. Furthermore, 13I strongly impairs tumorigenic properties in agar colony formation and cell invasion assays. Targeting Id dimerization may therefore be effective for triggering differentiation and restraining neuroblastoma cell tumorigenicity.
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