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Yunussova N, Sypabekova M, Zhumabekova Z, Matkarimov B, Kanayeva D. A Novel ssDNA Aptamer Targeting Carcinoembryonic Antigen: Selection and Characterization. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101540. [PMID: 36290442 PMCID: PMC9598387 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the major causes of a drastically shorter life expectancy and one of the most prevalent diseases in the world today is cancer. Given the data on the rise in cancer cases throughout the world, it is obvious that, despite the diagnostic techniques currently being used, there is a pressing need to develop precise and sensitive techniques for early diagnosis of the disease. A high degree of affinity and specificity towards particular targets is maintained by the short nucleic acid molecules known as aptamers. Aptamers outperform antibodies due to their unique benefits, such as their simplicity in synthesis and modification, lack of toxicity, and long-term stability. Utilizing an accurate recognition element and a robust signal transduction mechanism, molecular diagnostics can be extremely sensitive and specific. In this study, development of new single-stranded DNA aptamers against CEA for use in cancer diagnostics was accomplished using SELEX and NGS methods. As a result of 12 iterative SELEX rounds, nine aptamer candidates against CEA were developed. NGS comparative analysis revealed that round twelve had an enriched number of aptamers that were specifically bound, as opposed to round eight. Among the selected nine sequences characterized by bioinformatics analysis and ELONA, an aptamer sequence with the highest specificity and affinity for the target protein was identified and further examined. Aptamer sequence (6) was screened in a concentration-dependent assay, specificity analysis was performed, and its potential secondary and tertiary structures were predicted, which enabled us to test one of the possible putative interactions with CEA. Finally, aptamer sequence (6) labelled with a Cy5 fluorescent tag was used in confocal microscopy to observe its binding towards the CEA expressed in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigara Yunussova
- Ph.D. Program in Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Marzhan Sypabekova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhazira Zhumabekova
- M.Sc. Program in Biological Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Bakhyt Matkarimov
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Damira Kanayeva
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
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Jia Z, Jia J, Zhang S, Cao J. CMV enhancer may not be suitable for tissue-specific enhancement of promoters in cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:389-392. [PMID: 31130730 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Jia
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhi Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Stanners CP, Rojas M, Zhou H, Fuks A, Beauchemin N. The CEA Family: A System in Transitional Evolution? Int J Biol Markers 2018; 7:137-42. [PMID: 1431335 DOI: 10.1177/172460089200700303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CEA family consists of two structurally and functionally distinct subgroups; the group including CEA, NCA and CGM-6 which are cell surface-bound by phosphatidylinositol (PI) linkages, and the group of BGP splice variants which have transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Although all CEA family members mediate intercellular adhesion in vitro, the PI-linked group show Ca++ and temperature independent adhesion whereas the BGP group show rapidly reversible Ca++ and temperature dependent adhesion. From the close alignment in cDNA nucleotide sequences between family members and between repeated domains in one family member, it is apparent that the CEA family is now rapidly evolving; in fact, analogs of only the transmembrane BGP group have been found so far in the mouse. The addition of a new group of potent adhesion molecules to complex species at some time after the rodent radiation has strong evolutional implications, which are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stanners
- McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec-Canada
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Lerma L, Alcalá S, Piñero C, Torres M, Martin B, Lim F, Sainz B, Tabarés E. Expression of the immediate early IE180 protein under the control of the hTERT and CEA tumor-specific promoters in recombinant pseudorabies viruses: Effects of IE180 protein on promoter activity and apoptosis induction. Virology 2015; 488:9-19. [PMID: 26590793 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the pseudorabies virus (PRV) genome encodes for a single immediate-early protein, IE180, we reasoned that this strong transactivating protein could represent a key regulatory switch that could be genetically manipulated in order to alter its tropism towards cancer cells. We therefore initiated studies to test whether the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor promoters could functionally replace the IE180 promoter. We show that both promoters can functionally substitute the IE180 promoter in plasmid constructs and recombinant viruses, and observed that IE180 differentially auto-regulated each promoter tested, with PRV IE180 negatively regulating the hTERT promoter but positively hyper-activating the CEA promoter. Interestingly, we also observed that the recombinant PRV-TER and PRV-CEA viruses preferentially replicated in diverse cancer cell lines compared to control non-cancer cells, and the PRV-CEA was capable of additionally inducing a profound apoptotic phenotype which we correlated to the overexpression of IE180.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lerma
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - S Alcalá
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - C Piñero
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M Torres
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - B Martin
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - F Lim
- Centro de Biología Molecular, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - B Sainz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - E Tabarés
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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FANG HENGHU, KANG JINGBO, DU RUI, ZHAO XIANGFEI, ZHANG XINHONG, REN DONGQING, ZHANG YAFEI, LU ZEJUN, WU SHANSHAN, ZHENG WEI, WEN JUYI. Growth inhibitory effect of adenovirus-mediated tissue-targeted expression of ribosomal protein L23 on human colorectal carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:763-70. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Qiu Y, Deng D, Deng Q, Wu P, Zhang H, Cai C. Synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4–Au hybrids for sensitive SERS detection of cancer cells at low abundance. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4487-4495. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00638d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and rapid SERS-based immunoassay for living cancer cells using magnetic Fe3O4–Au hybrid nanoparticles is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
| | - Dan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
| | - Qianwen Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
| | - Ping Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
| | - Chenxin Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
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Kurayoshi K, Ozono E, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Komori H, Ohtani K. Cancer cell specific cytotoxic gene expression mediated by ARF tumor suppressor promoter constructs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:240-6. [PMID: 24893334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In current cancer treatment protocols, such as radiation and chemotherapy, side effects on normal cells are major obstacles to radical therapy. To avoid these side effects, a cancer cell-specific approach is needed. One way to specifically target cancer cells is to utilize a cancer specific promoter to express a cytotoxic gene (suicide gene therapy) or a viral gene required for viral replication (oncolytic virotherapy). For this purpose, the selected promoter should have minimal activity in normal cells to avoid side effects, and high activity in a wide variety of cancers to obtain optimal therapeutic efficacy. In contrast to the AFP, CEA and PSA promoters, which have high activity only in a limited spectrum of tumors, the E2F1 promoter exhibits high activity in wide variety of cancers. This is based on the mechanism of carcinogenesis. Defects in the RB pathway and activation of the transcription factor E2F, the main target of the RB pathway, are observed in almost all cancers. Consequently, the E2F1 promoter, which is mainly regulated by E2F, has high activity in wide variety of cancers. However, E2F is also activated by growth stimulation in normal growing cells, suggesting that the E2F1 promoter may also be highly active in normal growing cells. In contrast, we found that the tumor suppressor ARF promoter is activated by deregulated E2F activity, induced by forced inactivation of pRB, but does not respond to physiological E2F activity induced by growth stimulation. We also found that the deregulated E2F activity, which activates the ARF promoter, is detected only in cancer cell lines. These observations suggest that ARF promoter is activated by E2F only in cancer cells and therefore may be more cancer cell-specific than E2F1 promoter to drive gene expression. We show here that the ARF promoter has lower activity in normal growing fibroblasts and shows higher cancer cell-specificity compared to the E2F1 promoter. We also demonstrate that adenovirus expressing HSV-TK under the control of the ARF promoter shows lower cytotoxicity than that of the E2F1 promoter, in normal growing fibroblasts but has equivalent cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. These results suggest that the ARF promoter, which is specifically activated by deregulated E2F activity, is an excellent candidate to drive therapeutic cytotoxic gene expression, specifically in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kurayoshi
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Eiko Ozono
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew P Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hideyuki Komori
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
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Ordóñez NG. Broad-spectrum immunohistochemical epithelial markers: a review. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:1195-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family comprises a large number of cellular surface molecules, the CEA-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs), which belong to the Ig superfamily. CEACAMs exhibit a complex expression pattern in normal and malignant tissues. The majority of the CEACAMs are cellular adhesion molecules that are involved in a great variety of distinct cellular processes, for example in the integration of cellular responses through homo- and heterophilic adhesion and interaction with a broad selection of signal regulatory proteins, i.e., integrins or cytoskeletal components and tyrosine kinases. Moreover, expression of CEACAMs affects tumor growth, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, immune responses, and they serve as receptors for commensal and pathogenic microbes. Recently, new insights into CEACAM structure and function became available, providing further elucidation of their kaleidoscopic functions.
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Differentiating rectal carcinoma by an immunohistological analysis of carcinomas of pelvic organs based on the NCBI Literature Survey and the Human Protein Atlas database. Surg Today 2012; 42:515-25. [PMID: 22441574 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The treatments and prognoses of pelvic organ carcinomas differ, depending on whether the primary tumor originated in the rectum, urinary bladder, prostate, ovary, or uterus; therefore, it is essential to diagnose pathologically the primary origin and stages of these tumors. To establish the panels of immunohistochemical markers for differential diagnosis, we reviewed 91 of the NCBI articles on these topics and found that the results correlated closely with those of the public protein database, the Human Protein Atlas. The results revealed the panels of immunohistochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of rectal adenocarcinoma, in which [+] designates positivity in rectal adenocarcinoma and [-] designates negativity in rectal adenocarcinoma: from bladder adenocarcinoma, CDX2[+], VIL1[+], KRT7[-], THBD[-] and UPK3A[-]; from prostate adenocarcinoma, CDX2[+], VIL1[+], CEACAM5[+], KLK3(PSA)[-], ACPP(PAP)[-] and SLC45A3(prostein)[-]; and from ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma, CEACAM5[+], VIL1[+], CDX2[+], KRT7[-] and MUC5AC[-]. The panels of markers distinguishing ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and endometrial adenocarcinoma were also represented. Such a comprehensive review on the differential diagnosis of carcinomas of pelvic organs has not been reported before. Thus, much information has been accumulated in public databases to provide an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers.
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Induction of IgM, IgA and IgE Antibodies in Colorectal Cancer Patients Vaccinated with a Recombinant CEA Protein. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:855-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Li XH, Zhou P, Wang LH, Tian SM, Qian Y, Chen LR, Zhang P. The targeted gene (KDRP-CD/TK) therapy of breast cancer mediated by SonoVue and ultrasound irradiation in vitro. ULTRASONICS 2012; 52:186-191. [PMID: 21906771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy has become an effective therapy for breast cancer, and ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has become a popular topic in the gene therapy field. In this study, MCF-7 cells with the KDR promoter and LSl74T cells without the KDR promoter were transfected with the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-KDRP-CD/TK using UTMD. The recombinant plasmid pEGFP-KDRP-CD/TK was transfected into MCF-7 and LS174T cells successfully with no significant difference in transfection efficiency (p>0.05). By RT-PCR, the CD/TK fusion gene was shown to be expressed in MCF-7 cells but not expressed in LS174T cells. In a cytotoxicity experiment, transgenic MCF-7 cells were sensitive to the prodrugs 5-FC and GCV. When both 5-FC and GCV were administered, the rate of cellular inhibition was significantly greater than that achieved when only one of the prodrugs was administered (p<0.001). Moreover, the inhibition rates achieved administering 5-FC, GCV and both 5-FC and GCV were all significantly greater than the gene transfection rate of 21.92±3.64% (p<0.001). However, transgenic LS174T cells were not sensitive to any prodrug. These results demonstrated that UTMD is a safe, effective and targeted gene delivery system. Also, the KDR promoter can drive expression of the CD/TK double suicide gene target in MCF-7 cells, and the targeted killing effect of the KDRP-CD/TK gene on MCF-7 cells in vitro has good synergy with expression of the CD/TK fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-hua Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Raeisossadati R, Farshchian M, Ganji A, Tavassoli A, Velayati A, Dadkhah E, Chavoshi S, Mehrabi Bahar M, Memar B, Rajabi Mashhadi MT, Naseh H, Forghanifard MM, Moghbeli M, Moaven O, Abbaszadegan MR. Quantitative analysis of TEM-8 and CEA tumor markers indicating free tumor cells in the peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26:1265-70. [PMID: 21573768 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cancer in the world. Approximately in 50 percent of patients, metastatic disease is a major cause of death. Therefore, early diagnosis of CRC is crucial for a successful outcome. For the detection of circulating cancer cells, this study applied a sensitive method that employed specific tumor markers for early detection. METHODS A total of 80 blood samples from 40 CRC patients and 40 age-matched healthy controls were collected for the study. The circulating mRNA levels of two CRC tumor markers, tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM-8) and carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) were evaluated using an absolute quantitative real-time PCR assay in a Stratagene Mx-3000P real-time PCR system. GAPDH was used as the endogenous control. RESULTS TEM-8 and CEA were primarily detected more in the CRC patients rather than in the controls: 22/40 vs 9/40, p=0.009 and 30/40 vs 11/40, p=0.00054, respectively. In the CRC patients, the mRNA level of these markers was significantly higher in comparison to the normal controls (p=0.018 and 0.01). The overall sensitivity of this panel was 65% with a specificity of 75%. Statistical analysis for demographic variants did not reach significant values. CONCLUSIONS TEM-8 and CEA markers were detected more frequently and in significantly higher levels in the blood samples of patients compared with samples from age-matched healthy controls. The copy number of CEA and TEM-8 mRNA, as detected by a real-time quantitative PCR, appears to be a promising marker for evaluating the risk of tumor spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Raeisossadati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and its receptor hnRNP M are mediators of metastasis and the inflammatory response in the liver. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:923-32. [PMID: 21901530 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Recombinant carcinoembryonic antigen as a reporter gene for molecular imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 36:104-14. [PMID: 18719907 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-0921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reporter genes can provide a way of noninvasively assessing gene activity in vivo. However, current reporter gene strategies may be limited by the immunogenicity of foreign reporter proteins, endogenous expression, or unwanted biological activity. We have developed a reporter gene based on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a human protein with limited normal tissue expression. METHODS To construct a CEA reporter gene for PET, a CEA minigene (N-A3) was fused to the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the human Fc gamma RIIb receptor. The NA3-Fc gamma RIIb recombinant gene, driven by a CMV promoter, was transfected in Jurkat (human T cell leukemia) cells. Expression was analyzed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and microPET imaging. RESULTS Flow cytometry identified Jurkat clones stably expressing NA3-Fc gamma RIIb at low, medium, and high levels. High and medium NA3-Fc gamma RIIb expression could also be detected by Western blot. Reporter gene positive and negative Jurkat cells were used to establish xenografts in athymic mice. IHC showed staining of the tumor with high reporter gene expression; medium and low N-A3 expression was not detected. MicroPET imaging, using an anti-CEA (124)I-labeled single-chain Fv-Fc antibody fragment, demonstrated that only high N-A3 expression could be detected. Specific accumulation of activity was visualized at the N-A3 positive tumor as early as 4 h. MicroPET image quantitation showed tumor activity of 1.8 +/- 0.2, 15.2 +/- 1.3, and 4.6 +/- 1.2 percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 4, 20, and 48 h, respectively. Biodistribution at 48 h demonstrated tumor uptake of 4.8 +/- 0.8%ID/g. CONCLUSION The CEA N-A3 minigene has the potential to be used as a reporter gene for imaging cells in vivo.
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Abstract
First, the testing of therapeutic gene vectors in vitro is described. This is followed by a discussion of the administration of therapeutic vectors in vivo. Two methods for assessing the development of anti-tumor immunity after cytokine gene therapy are provided. In addition, two methods for the generation of murine tumor models in syngeneic hostsone subcutaneous and one orthotopicare also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Kwong
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Spitzweg C, Baker CH, Bergert ER, O'Connor MK, Morris JC. Image-guided radioiodide therapy of medullary thyroid cancer after carcinoembryonic antigen promoter-targeted sodium iodide symporter gene expression. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:916-24. [PMID: 17931047 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) remains difficult to treat because of its unresponsiveness to radioiodine therapy, or to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. We therefore examined the feasibility of radioiodine therapy of MTC after human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) gene transfer, using the tumor-specific carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter for transcriptional targeting. NIS gene transfer was performed in vivo in human MTC cell (TT) xenografts, using adenoviral vectors carrying the NIS gene linked to the cytomegalovirus promoter (Ad5-CMV-NIS) or a CEA promoter fragment (Ad5-CEA-NIS). Functional NIS expression was confirmed by immunostaining as well as in vivo (123)I gamma-camera imaging followed by application of a therapeutic (131)I dose. TT cell xenografts in nude mice injected intratumorally with Ad5-CEA-NIS accumulated 7.5 +/- 1.2% ID/g (percentage injected dose per gram tumor tissue; 5 x 10(8) PFU) and 12 +/- 2.95% ID/g (1 x 10(9) PFU) with an average biological half-life of 6.1 +/- 0.8 and 23.6 +/- 3.7 hr, respectively, as compared with accumulation of 8.4 +/- 0.9% ID/g with a biological half-life of 12 +/- 8 hr after application of Ad5-CMV-NIS (5 x 10(8) PFU). After Ad5-CEA-NIS-mediated NIS gene transfer in TT cell xenografts administration of a therapeutic dose of 111 MBq (3 mCi) of (131)I resulted in a significant reduction of tumor growth associated with significantly lower calcitonin serum levels in treated mice as well as improved survival. We conclude that a therapeutic effect of (131)I was demonstrated in vivo in MTC cell xenografts after adenovirus-mediated induction of tumor-specific iodide accumulation by CEA promoter-directed hNIS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Kokkonen N, Ulibarri IF, Kauppila A, Luosujärvi H, Rivinoja A, Pospiech H, Kellokumpu I, Kellokumpu S. Hypoxia upregulates carcinoembryonic antigen expression in cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2443-50. [PMID: 17657737 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, ceacam5) is an important tumor-associated antigen with reported roles, e.g., in immunological defense, cell adhesion, cell survival and metastasis. Its overexpression in cancer cells is known to involve transcriptional activation of the CEA gene, but the underlying molecular details remain unclear. Here, we show that hypoxia and intracellular alkalinization, 2 factors commonly found in solid tumors, increase CEA protein expression in breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (CaCo-2 and HT-29) cancer cells. The increase was comparable (2-3-fold) to that observed in colorectal carcinomas in vivo. CEA promoter analyses further revealed that this upregulation involves a known binding site for HIF-1 transcription factor (5'-ACGTG-3') within one of the CEA promoter's positive regulatory elements (the FP1 site; the E-box). Accordingly, deletion or targeted mutagenesis of this motif rendered the CEA promoter unresponsive to hypoxia. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation data confirmed that endogenous HIF-1alpha binds to the CEA promoter in hypoxic cells but not in normoxic cells. Moreover, overexpression of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha) was sufficient to increase CEA protein expression in the cells. In contrast, c-Myc, which is known to bind to the overlapping E-box, did not potentiate HIF-1alpha-induced CEA expression. CEA overexpression in vivo was also found to coincide with the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX, a well-known hypoxia marker. Collectively, these results define CEA as a hypoxia-inducible protein and suggest an important role for the tumor microenvironmental factors in CEA overexpression during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kokkonen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Guo X, Evans TRJ, Somanath S, Armesilla AL, Darling JL, Schatzlein A, Cassidy J, Wang W. In vitro evaluation of cancer-specific NF-kappaB-CEA enhancer-promoter system for 5-fluorouracil prodrug gene therapy in colon cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:745-54. [PMID: 17687334 PMCID: PMC2360387 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor with high transcriptional activity in cancer cells. In this study, we developed a novel enhancer–promoter system, κB4-CEA205, in which the basal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter sequence (CEA205) was placed downstream of the four tandem-linked NF-κB DNA-binding sites (κB4). In combination with a κB4 enhancer, the transcriptional activity of the CEA promoter was significantly enhanced (three- to eight-fold) in cancer cell lines but not in normal cells. In cancer cell lines, the transcriptional activity of κB4-CEA205 was comparable with that of the SV40 promoter. We also constructed vectors in which the thymidine phosphorylase (TP) cDNA was under the control of CEA205, κB4, κB4-CEA205 and CMV promoters, respectively. TP protein and enzyme activity were detected at comparable levels in κB4-CEA205- and CMV-driven TP cDNA-transfected cancer cell lines (H630 and RKO). The κB4-TP and CEA205-TP-transfected cell lines, respectively, only demonstrated negligible and low levels of TP protein and enzyme activity. Both CMV- and κB4-CEA205-driven TP cDNA transiently transfected cells were 8- to 10-fold sensitised to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) prodrug, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouradine (5′-DFUR), in contrast to only 1.5- to 2-fold sensitised by the κB4- and CEA205-driven TP cDNA-transfected cells. The bystander killing effect of CMV- and κB4-CEA205-driven TP cDNA-transfected cells was comparable. This is the first report that indicates that the NF-κB DNA-binding site could be used as a novel cancer-specific enhancer to improve cancer-specific promoter activity in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Oncology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK
| | - T R J Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - S Somanath
- Oncology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK
| | - A L Armesilla
- Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK
| | - J L Darling
- Oncology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK
| | - A Schatzlein
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - J Cassidy
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - W Wang
- Oncology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK
- E-mail:
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Xiong W, Fang H, Xu Y, Xiong S, Cao Y, Song Q, Zeng D, Zhang H. Transcription activity of ectogenic human carcinoembryonic antigen promoter in lung adenocarcinoma cells A549. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 26:517-9. [PMID: 17219955 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-006-0507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcription activity of ectogenic human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter in lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 was investigated for the further gene-targeting therapy. The reporter gene green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by CEA promoter and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter were relatively constructed and named plasmid pCEA-EGFP and pCMV-GFP respectively. The intensity of fluorescence was detected by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry analysis after the pCEA-GFP and pSNAV-GFP plasmids were transfected into A549 cells through liposome respectively. The results showed (4.08+/-0.63) % of the A549 cells transfected with pCEA-AFP plasmid expressed, significantly lower than that of the A549 cells transfected with pCMV-GFP [(43.27+/-3.54) %]. It was suggested that ectogenic human CEA promoter in lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 was weakly expressed. The distinct specificity of CEA promoter in CEA high expression cells was regarded as a tool in selective gene therapy, but the transcription activity of ectogenic human CEA promoter was needed to increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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21
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Ugai H, Murata T, Nagamura Y, Ugawa Y, Suzuki E, Nakata H, Kujime Y, Inamoto S, Hirose M, Inabe K, Terashima M, Yamasaki T, Liu B, Nakade K, Pan J, Kimura M, Saito I, Hamada H, Obata Y, Yokoyama KK. A database of recombinant viruses and recombinant viral vectors available from the RIKEN DNA bank. J Gene Med 2005; 7:1148-57. [PMID: 15945121 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral vectors are required as gene-delivery systems for gene therapy and basic research. Recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) expressing genes of interest are being developed as research tools and many studies in vitro and in vivo have already been performed with such rAds. METHODS Shuttle vectors for rAds were constructed with full-length cDNAs and rAds were generated in HEK293 cells by the COS-TPC method. The rAds and shuttle vectors were developed by the Japanese research community and deposited in the RIKEN DNA Bank (RDB; http://www.brc.riken.jp/lab/dna/en/) for distribution to the scientific community. The Recombinant Virus Database (RVD; http://www.brc.riken.jp/lab/dna/rvd/) was established at the RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC) in Japan as the source of information about and distribution of the various resources. RESULTS The RIKEN BRC is releasing more than 300 recombinant viruses (RVs) and 500 shuttle vectors, as well as all related information, which is included in a newly established database, the RVD. The RVD consists of (i) information about the RVs, the inserted cDNAs and the shuttle vectors; (ii) data about sequence-tagged sites (STSs) that are markers of viral DNAs; and (iii) experimental protocols for the use of RVs. CONCLUSIONS The new database and available resources should be very useful to scientists who are studying human gene therapy and performing related basic research. It is a web-interfaced flat-file database that can be accessed through the internet. Moreover, all of the resources deposited in the RDB, which is a public facility in Japan, are available to researchers around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyo Ugai
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical & Chemical Research), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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22
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Hurtado Picó A, Wang X, Sipo I, Siemetzki U, Eberle J, Poller W, Fechner H. Viral and nonviral factors causing nonspecific replication of tumor- and tissue-specific promoter-dependent oncolytic adenoviruses. Mol Ther 2005; 11:563-77. [PMID: 15771959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Restricted replication-competent adenoviruses (RRCAs) using tumor- and tissue-specific promoters (ttsP's) are new tools for cancer gene therapy. In this study we investigated viral and nonviral factors affecting "leakiness" of several ttsP's and their relevance for nonspecific ttsP-dependent RRCA (ttsP-RRCA) replication. The leakiness of the ttsP's in nontarget cells was per se highly variable and correlated with levels of nonspecific ttsP-RRCA replication. Transcriptional regulator elements fused to ttsP's showed variable effects: a hypoxic response element reduced leakiness of an alpha-fetoprotein promoter. In contrast, a mouse tyrosinase enhancer increased leakiness of a tyrosinase promoter, although it was not affected by a human tyrosinase enhancer. Furthermore, leakiness of ttsP's was enhanced by 5'-terminal adenoviral E1A enhancers, and adenoviral E1A-13S was found to be a strong transactivator of ttsP's, leading to "autoactivation" of leaky ttsP-RRCAs. In a proof-of-principle study, ttsP-RRCA replication was shown to be inhibited by a tetracycline-controlled transcriptional silencer via direct ttsP silencing. This opens up the prospect of pharmacological regulation of ttsP-RRCAs. Together, these data indicate that leakiness of ttsP's induced by several factors is a major cause of nonspecific ttsP-RRCA replication. Consideration of these factors may help optimize ttsP-dependent RRCA vectors and may thereby improve their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Hurtado Picó
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumonology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Yamamoto O, Takahashi H, Hirasawa M, Chiba H, Shiratori M, Kuroki Y, Abe S. Surfactant protein gene expressions for detection of lung carcinoma cells in peripheral blood. Respir Med 2005; 99:1164-74. [PMID: 16085219 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflow of tumor cells to circulation is an essential step for metastasis of primary tumors. To know its state may contribute to therapeutic strategy. However, methodology to detect lung carcinoma cells floating in peripheral blood has not been established. Pulmonary surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-C and Clara cells-10 kd protein (CC10) are specific to the lung and often expressed in primary lung carcinomas. We evaluated the worth of these gene expressions for the detection of carcinoma cells in peripheral blood. METHODS The expressions in 5 ml of venous blood were tested by RT-PCR. Ninety-nine patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and 17 with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) were compared to 13 with secondary lung tumor, 48 with non-malignant respiratory diseases and 19 healthy volunteers. RESULTS The mRNA expressions of SP-A and SP-C were completely specific to NSCLC when compared to SCLC and secondary lung tumors. All of the healthy volunteers and patients with non-malignant respiratory diseases showed negative for these mRNA expressions, except for one sample. The positive rate of SP-A, SP-C and CC10 mRNA in patients with NSCLC was 33.3%, 14.1%, 3.3%, respectively. The rates of SP-A and SP-C mRNA were higher than that (11.1%) in CEA mRNA. The increased positive rate of mRNA of SP-A and SP-C was significantly dependent on the clinical stage and the existence of distant metastasis. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the detection of mRNA of SP-A and SP-C would give clinicians valuable information suggesting the presence of blood-floating carcinoma cells as a step toward metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orie Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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24
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Deharvengt S, Wack S, Aprahamian M, Hajri A. Transcriptional tumor-selective promoter targeting of E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase for pancreatic cancer suicide gene therapy. J Gene Med 2005; 7:672-80. [PMID: 15580629 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer remains a rapidly fatal disease. Suicide gene therapy has been shown to be an effective tool for pancreatic tumor cell destruction, but a cell-specific gene delivery is required to limit host toxicity. The objective of this study was both to design recombinant vectors in which the suicide gene E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (ePNP) is under the control of either CEA or MUC1 promoter sequences and to investigate on experimental pancreatic carcinomas the selective killing effects of the conditional ePNP/prodrug (MePdR) system. METHODS Transcriptional activities of CEA and MUC1 promoter sequences were analyzed using luciferase reporter gene constructions. Thereafter, recombinant vectors expressing ePNP under control of the most promising pCEA and pMUC1 sequences were designed and used to establish stable tumor cell transfectants from two human pancreatic cell lines, respectively tumor-marker positive (BxPc3) or negative (Panc-1), then applied for in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS Transient experiments indicated that CEA and MUC1 promoter sequences confer specificity while preserving high transcriptional activities. The MePdR treatment induced a high in vitro cytotoxicity on the sole CEA- and MUC1-producing cell lines (i.e. BxPc3-CEA and -MUC1/ePNP). In the same way, prodrug treatment induced a significant tumor regression on the sole tumor-marker-positive BxPc3 xenografts, whilst the Panc1-CEA and -MUC1/ePNP tumors were not affected. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm and extend the antitumor efficacy of the ePNP/MePdR killing system and demonstrate the feasibility of the transcriptional targeting strategy under tumor marker promoter control and thereby a preferential killing of CEA- and MUC1-producing pancreatic tumor cells. Thus, efficient in vivo gene delivery and transcriptional targeting constitute the major future clinical challenge for a selective pancreatic cancer suicide gene strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Deharvengt
- INSERM U375, IRCAD, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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25
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Topal B, Aerts JL, Roskams T, Fieuws S, Van Pelt J, Vandekerckhove P, Penninckx F. Cancer cell dissemination during curative surgery for colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31:506-11. [PMID: 15922887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The amount of cancer cells disseminated during curative surgery for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) may be responsible for recurrence. Haematogenous and intrahepatic cancer cell dissemination was evaluated, and its impact on cancer recurrence was assessed. METHOD Twenty patients with resectable CRLM were included in a prospective study. Twelve patients underwent curative resection for 21 metastases. Ten selected metastases in eight patients were treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) followed by resection at the same operative session. Cancer cell dissemination was determined before, during and after surgery using 'real time' quantitative RT-PCR assay, based on detection and quantification of CEA and CK20 mRNA transcripts. RESULTS Circulating cancer cells were detected in 80% and intrahepatic cancer cells in 37% of the patients, though without impact on cancer recurrence. The amounts of disseminated cancer cells were significantly increased after surgery. This increase was similar in patients treated with and without RFA. RFA caused complete tumour destruction. CONCLUSION Curative surgery for CRLM significantly increases the amount of disseminated cancer cells. Radiofrequency ablation can completely destroy selected resectable CRLM without excessive cancer cell dissemination. Neither haematogenous nor intrahepatic cancer cell dissemination were related to cancer recurrence in this small patient series.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Topal
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Parker AL, Fisher KD, Oupicky D, Read ML, Nicklin SA, Baker AH, Seymour LW. Enhanced gene transfer activity of peptide-targeted gene-delivery vectors. J Drug Target 2005; 13:39-51. [PMID: 15848953 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the capacity of the cell-binding heptapeptide SIGYPLP to enhance transgene expression using non-viral and viral gene delivery vectors. Targeted polyplex based vectors showed good levels of DNA uptake in freshly isolated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) compared to untargeted controls, whilst displaying only modest increases in reporter gene activity. The targeted polyplexes showed reduced levels of DNA uptake in cells of a none endothelial origin although they mediated higher levels of transgene expression. The enhanced efficiency of transgene expression may relate to the more rapid rate of cell division. However, since in vivo application of polyplexes is compromised by instability to serum proteins, serum-resistant polyplexes (surface modified with multivalent reactive hydrophilic polymers based on poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (pHPMA)) were also evaluated for their ability to mediate transgene expression. Surface modification of polyplexes with pHPMA ablates non-specific cell entry, reducing levels of transgene expression, whilst the incorporation of the SIGYPLP peptide into the hydrophilic polymer resulted in restored transgene expression in all formulations tested. The technology of surface modification using pHPMA can also be applied in the context of viruses, masking receptor-binding epitopes and enabling the linkage of novel cell targeting ligands, enabling construction of a virus with receptor-specific infectivity. Retargeting of adenovirus based vectors using the same polymer-peptide construct enhanced levels of transgene expression in HUVECs to greater than 15 times that observed using parental (unmodified) virus, whilst restoring levels of transgene expression in non-endothelial cell lines tested. The use of constructs based on conjugates between hydrophilic polymers and small receptor-binding oligopeptides as agents for retargeting viral or non-viral vectors to cellular receptors represents a simple alternative to the use of antibodies as targeting ligands for cell specific gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Parker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London 123 Coldharbour Lane, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate if CD44v6 could be used as a molecular marker of cancer progression and metastasis through the detection of CD44v6 gene expression in normal human peripheral blood.
METHODS: RNA was extracted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 50 healthy donors, the expression of CD44v6 was investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: CD44v6 mRNA was detected in 58% of healthy volunteers under the proper controls.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the measurement of CD44v6 expression in peripheral blood by RT-PCR is not suitable for detection of circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Sagawa T, Takahashi M, Sato T, Sato Y, Lu Y, Sumiyoshi T, Yamada Y, Iyama S, Fukaura J, Sasaki K, Hamada H, Miyanishi K, Takayama T, Kato J, Niitsu Y. Prolonged survival of mice with multiple liver metastases of human colon cancer by intravenous administration of replicable E1B-55K-deleted adenovirus with E1A expressed by CEA promoter. Mol Ther 2005; 10:1043-50. [PMID: 15564136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver is the most preferential site for metastasis of colon cancer. We, in the present study, constructed a self-replicable adenovirus in which E1A is driven by a CEA promoter and E1B-55K is deleted from the E1B region (AdCEAp/Rep) and examined its effects on multiple metastases of a human colon cancer cell in a mouse xenograft model. We first showed effective replication of the virus in various CEA-producing human colon cancer cells (M7609, HT-29) and subsequent lysis of the infected cells in vitro. We then demonstrated that a single intratumoral injection of the virus (1 x 10(8) PFU/100 microl) induced a complete regression of subcutaneous tumors (M7609) inoculated into nude mice. Further, we demonstrated that systemic administration of the virus (1 x 10(8) PFU/100 microl) through the tail vein to nude mice, which 1 week prior had been inoculated with tumor cells (colon carcinoma cell line HT-29) via the spleen and showed apparent multiple metastases in the liver, effectively suppressed the metastasis formation. The mean survival time of the treated mice was significantly longer than that of the controls. Thus, the systemic administration of AdCEAp/Rep was considered to be effective on multiple liver metastases of CEA-positive colon cancer in a xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Sagawa
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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Scholz IV, Cengic N, Baker CH, Harrington KJ, Maletz K, Bergert ER, Vile R, Göke B, Morris JC, Spitzweg C. Radioiodine therapy of colon cancer following tissue-specific sodium iodide symporter gene transfer. Gene Ther 2005; 12:272-80. [PMID: 15510175 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of using radioiodine therapy in colon carcinoma cells (HCT 116) following tumor-specific expression of the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) using the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter. HCT 116 cells were stably transfected with an expression vector, in which hNIS cDNA has been coupled to a CEA promoter fragment. This promoter is responsible for tissue-specific expression of CEA in gastrointestinal tract epithelium, and has been shown to target therapeutic genes to colorectal cancer cells. Functional NIS expression was confirmed by iodide uptake assay, Western blot analysis, immunostaining and in vitro clonogenic assay. The stably transfected HCT 116 cells concentrated (125)I about 10-fold in vitro without evidence of iodide organification. In contrast, transfection of control cancer cells without CEA expression did not result in iodide accumulation. Western blot analysis using a hNIS-specific antibody revealed a band of approximately 90 kDa. In addition, immunostaining of stably transfected HCT 116 cells revealed hNIS-specific membrane-associated immunoreactivity. In an in vitro clonogenic assay approximately 95% of stably transfected HCT 116 cells were killed by exposure to (131)I, while only about 5% of NIS-negative control cells were killed. Further, using an adenovirus carrying the NIS gene linked to the CEA promoter, high levels of tumor-specific radioiodide accumulation were induced in HCT 116 cells. In conclusion, a therapeutic effect of (131)I has been demonstrated in colon carcinoma cells following induction of tumor-specific iodide uptake activity by CEA promoter-directed NIS expression in vitro. This study demonstrates the potential of NIS as a therapeutic gene allowing radioiodine therapy of colon cancer following tumor-specific NIS gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Scholz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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Reisfeld RA, Niethammer AG, Luo Y, Xiang R. DNA vaccines suppress tumor growth and metastases by the induction of anti-angiogenesis. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:181-90. [PMID: 15233734 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four novel oral DNA vaccines provide long-lived protection against melanoma, colon, breast, and non-small cell lung carcinoma in mouse model systems. The vaccines are delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to secondary lymphoid organs and are directed against targets such as carcinoembryonic antigen, tyrosine-related protein, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 [also called fetal liver kinase-1 (FLK-1)], and transcription factor Fos-related antigen-1 (Fra-1). The FLK-1 and Fra-1 vaccines are effective in suppressing angiogenesis in the tumor vasculature. All four vaccines are capable of inducing potent cell-mediated protective immunity, breaking peripheral T-cell tolerance against these self-antigens resulting in effective suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. It is anticipated that such research efforts will contribute toward the rational design of future DNA vaccines that will be effective for prevention and treatment of human cancer.
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Ullenhag GJ, Frödin JE, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Lidströmer N, Strigård K, Eriksson E, Samanci A, Choudhury A, Nilsson B, Rossmann ED, Mosolits S, Mellstedt H. Durable Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Colorectal Carcinoma Patients Vaccinated with Recombinant CEA and Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:3273-81. [PMID: 15161680 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have indicated that carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) might be a suitable immunotherapeutic target in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The aim of the present study was to analyze the immunological and clinical effects of vaccination with CEA together with the adjuvant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-four resected CRC patients without macroscopic disease were immunized seven times with recombinant CEA at four different dose levels over a 12-month period. Half of the patients received GM-CSF (80 microg/day for 4 consecutive days) at each immunization. Patients were monitored immunologically for 36 months and clinically for 76 months. T-cell response was evaluated by a [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assay, and IgG response was determined by ELISA. RESULTS Minor local side effects were common. All 12 patients (100%) in the GM-CSF group developed a CEA-specific T-cell as well as an IgG response. The corresponding figures in the CEA alone group were 9 of 12 (75%) and 8 of 12 (66%), respectively. GM-CSF significantly augmented the amplitude of the T-cell response and the IgG titers. No dose-response relationship was noted. The immune responses at 12 months persisted 24 months after the last vaccination. Anti-CEA IgG titers were associated with increased survival (P < 0.05), whereas standard prognostic factors had no relationship, with the exception of serum CEA value. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with recombinant CEA and GM-CSF appears to be a nontoxic regimen inducing potent and durable antigen-specific IgG and T-cell response. The results of this study justify more extensive trials with recombinant CEA protein for immunotherapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J Ullenhag
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Niklas Lidströmer
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Paus E, Almåsbak H, Børmer OP, Warren DJ. A single-chain-Fv-based immunofluorometric assay specific for the CEA variant NCA-2. J Immunol Methods 2003; 283:125-39. [PMID: 14659905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. In meconium, a C-terminal truncated form of CEA, denominated NCA-2, is predominant. This molecular variant is present also in sera from adult cancer patients, but no NCA-2-specific assay is yet available, and its possible clinical significance is largely unknown. We have used phage display technology to produce a single-chain antibody (scFv) suitable for an NCA-2-specific assay and compared the NCA-2 results with CEA values in patient sera. A phagemid library with a diversity of 10(7) was constructed from splenic mRNA obtained from a mouse immunized with NCA-2 purified from human meconium. Following phage rescue and three rounds of panning on solid phases coated with NCA-2, several clones were isolated, which displayed high specificity for NCA-2. These were sub-cloned into an Escherichia coli expression vector for high-level expression of soluble scFv. From BIAcore studies a single scFv with low k(off) and a K(D) of 10(-10) mol/l was selected for europium labelling and an immunofluorometric assay with a sensitivity of 0.2 microg/l was established. The assay detects a protein in serum with a molecular weight significantly lower than CEA. For comparison, a routine assay for CEA, which measures both CEA and NCA-2 equivalently, and a CEA-specific assay based on the T84.66 antibody were employed. The difference between serum values measured with the two CEA assays corresponded to the values determined with the NCA-2-specific assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Paus
- Central Laboratory, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Okabe S, Arai T, Yamashita H, Sugihara K. Adenovirus-mediated prodrug-enzyme therapy for CEA-producing colorectal cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:367-73. [PMID: 12783317 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carcinoembryonic antigen expression is increased in more than 80% of patients with colorectal cancer. Values are especially higher in patients with advanced stage disease. Virus directed prodrug/enzyme therapy (VDEPT) using genetically engineered viral vectors has been considered as one of the more notable cancer gene therapies for the transduction of various enzymes into cancer cells. We made adenovirus vectors under the control of a CEA promoter that included the HSV-tk gene and investigated its usefulness to specifically target human CEA-producing colorectal cancer cells. METHODS An adenovirus vector with the lacZ or HSV-tk gene under the control of a CAG or CEA promoter was designed for the VDEPT experiment. Human colorectal cancer cell lines were used for in vitro experiments to assure the transduction efficacy of the inserted genes by these vectors. To conduct the in vivo experiment, liver metastases of the cell line were created in CB17 SCID mouse. We then performed intrasplenic injections of adenovirus vectors and intraperitoneal injections of the prodrug, ganciclovir. RESULTS RCM-1, the CEA-producing human rectal cancer cell line, was more strongly stained by X-gal staining. Furthermore, COLO320 was faintly stained secondary to a shortage of CEA production. The in vivo VDEPT experiment with RCM-1 and the adenovirus vector driven by the CEA promoter revealed attenuation of liver metastases in the treatment group. CONCLUSIONS Adenovirus vectors under the control of the CEA promoter can transduce inserted genes effectively into targeted human colorectal cancer cells according to the amount of expressed CEA protein. We anticipate the future use of VDEPT of the HSV-tk/GCV system using this vector in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okabe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519 Tokyo, Japan.
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Huang P, Wang J, Guo Y, Xie W. Molecular detection of disseminated tumor cells in the peripheral blood in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:192-8. [PMID: 12684893 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2002] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, 62 preoperative peripheral blood samples from patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas, 12 healthy volunteers, and ten patients with inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases were analyzed for the determination of CEA, CK19, and CK20 mRNA expression in peripheral blood, and its clinical significance was evaluated. METHODS Nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR) was used to analyze CEA, CK19, and CK20 mRNA expression in peripheral blood. Fresh tumor tissues from patients with colorectal cancer (n=15) were used as a positive control. RESULTS Among 62 blood samples from patients with gastrointestinal cancer, the expression of CEA, CK19, and CK20 mRNA was 51.6% (32/62), 35.5% (22/62), and 48.4% (30/62), respectively. 74.2% (46/62) were positive for at least one marker. Fifteen tumor tissues were all positive for CEA, CK19, and CK20 mRNA. Only one blood sample from patients with no gastrointestinal carcinoma was positive for CEA mRNA. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood in patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma was significantly correlated with its malignant biological properties, and may be helpful in the selection of clinical treatment and judgment of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southeast University, 210009 Capa, Nanjing, China.
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35
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Hampton R, Walker M, Marshall J, Juhl H. Differential expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) splice variants in whole blood of colon cancer patients and healthy volunteers: implication for the detection of circulating colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:7817-23. [PMID: 12420218 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2002] [Revised: 07/11/2002] [Accepted: 07/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of circulating cancer cells in whole blood samples by real time quantitative RT-PCR might be of clinical value for monitoring therapeutic effectiveness. In colon cancer patients, carcinoembrynic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) have been frequently used for RT-PCR based tumor cell detection, but the specificity in particular for CEA has been questioned. In this study, we compared real-time RT-PCR for CEA and CK20 and analysed patients with metastatic disease (n=32) and healthy volunteers (n=17). CK20 mean values were elevated in cancer patients (P<0.001) and defined a subgroup (38%) who showed CK20 levels at least 100-fold above the highest value of the healthy control group. In contrast, only two cancer patients (6%) showed elevated CEA levels. Samples of the healthy control group showed exclusively a CEA-PCR product of 79 degrees C melting temperature. Thirty per cent of the colon cancer patients showed an additional product of 82 degrees C melting temperature. The 82 degrees C product was identical with the amplification product of CEA-cDNA and cDNA from different colon cancer cell lines. Colon cancer cells were spiked into normal blood in 10-fold dilutions that resulted in a dose dependent shift of the melt curve from 79 degrees C to the 82 degrees C. Sequencing of the PCR products showed that white blood cells express a splice variant of CEA, which hinders detection of tumor cell cDNA in whole blood samples. Our findings have implications for the use of CEA as a diagnostic molecule (e.g. by RT-PCR). The discovery of a physiologically expressed CEA splice variant might lead to a better understanding of the biological function of CEA and its family members.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/analysis
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/biosynthesis
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/blood
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Computer Systems
- DNA, Complementary/blood
- False Positive Reactions
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Intermediate Filament Proteins/blood
- Keratin-20
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/blood
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA Splicing
- Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hampton
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Aquino A, Prete SP, Balduzzi A, Fossile E, Formica V, Torino F, Bonmassar L, Di Giacomo A, Cappelletti D, Cardillo A, Graziani G. A novel method for monitoring response to chemotherapy based on the detection of circulating cancer cells: a case report. J Chemother 2002; 14:412-6. [PMID: 12420861 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.4.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel method for detecting micrometastasis in the blood stream of cancer patients based on RT-PCR amplification of tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA. To increase sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR, CEA transcript was selectively up-regulated in cancer cells by exposure of peripheral blood to non-toxic concentrations of staurosporine (ST). Thereafter, polyA(+) RNA was extracted from tumor cells captured by means of magnetic beads coated with a monoclonal antibody against a common human epithelial antigen. Finally, RNA was subjected to RT-PCR analysis of CEA transcript. Using this approach, we demonstrated an ST-mediated increase in CEA transcript in blood specimens collected from a patient with metastatic colon cancer before receiving treatment with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. After a few cycles of chemotherapy, CEA-positive tumor cells were no longer detected. Clinical follow-up of this patient indicated that treatment with chemotherapy induced a dramatic reduction in liver metastasis. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that lack of CEA transcript detection might be consistent with disappearance or at least marked reduction of circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aquino
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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37
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Aquino A, Prete SP, Balduzzi A, Formica V, Fossile E, Bonmassar L, Concolino F, Bonmassar E, Graziani G. Treatment of peripheral blood with staurosporine increases detection of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen positive tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:119-21. [PMID: 12115597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Prete SP, Cappelletti D, Baier S, Nasuti P, Guadagni F, De Vecchis L, Greiner JW, Bonmassar E, Graziani G, Aquino A. Pharmacological modulation of carcinoembryonic antigen in human cancer cells: studies with staurosporine. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:641-51. [PMID: 12013504 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary studies, performed in our laboratory, showed that staurosporine (ST), a protein-kinase (PK) inhibitor, increases the expression of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in a human colon cancer cell line. The present study explores the cellular and molecular effects of ST on the CEA expression in breast cancer MCF-7 line and in a number of colon cancer cell lines characterized by the different basal levels of the antigen, including two cloned sublines (i.e. C22.20 and C6.6, expressing low and high CEA levels, respectively). In all cases, increase of the CEA expression was observed at drug concentrations devoid of marked cytostatic effects (e.g. 5 nM) and was accompanied by the enhanced CEA shedding in the supernatant. Moreover, the increase of the CEA levels both occurred in the cell membranes and in the cytosolic compartments and appeared to be the result of the enhanced CEA gene transcription. Similar results have been previously obtained with interferon-gamma. However, ST treatment, different from interferon-gamma, did not up-regulate the level of the HLA class I molecules. A preliminary investigation also showed that other PKC inhibitors did not substantially modulate the CEA expression. Therefore, the biochemical mechanism underlying the effect of ST should not be correlated with that involved in the PKC inhibition. The present study suggests that ST and, presumably, its analogs used in the cancer treatment could enhance the CEA expression on neoplastic cells in patients affected by the CEA-positive malignancies. This appears to be of potential clinical interest for the development of new immunotherapeutic or diagnostic approaches based on the pharmacological modulation of this antigenic marker.
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Qiao J, Doubrovin M, Sauter BV, Huang Y, Guo ZS, Balatoni J, Akhurst T, Blasberg RG, Tjuvajev JG, Chen SH, Woo SLC. Tumor-specific transcriptional targeting of suicide gene therapy. Gene Ther 2002; 9:168-75. [PMID: 11859419 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2001] [Accepted: 10/16/2001] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional targeting of gene expression has been plagued by the weakness of tissue-specific promoters. Thus, to increase promoter strength while maintaining tissue specificity, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus containing a binary promoter system with a tumor-specific promoter (CEA; carcinoembryonic antigen) driving a transcription transactivator, which then activates a minimal promoter to express a suicide gene (HSV-tk; herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase). This ADV/binary-tk induced equal or greater cell killing in a CEA-specific manner in vitro compared with the CEA-independent killing of a vector with a constitutive viral promoter driving HSV-tk (ADV/RSV-tk). To monitor adenovirus-mediated HSV-tk gene expression in vivo, we employed noninvasive nuclear imaging using a radioiodinated nucleoside analog ([((1)31)I]-FIAU) serving as a substrate for HSV-tk. [((1)31)I]-FIAU-derived radioactivity accumulated after intratumoral injection of ADV/binary-tk only in the area of CEA-positive tumors with significantly less spread to the adjacent liver tissue than after administration of the universally expressed ADV/RSV-tk. Both viruses exhibited similar antitumor efficacy upon injection of liver metastases. Importantly, in vivo dose escalation studies demonstrated significantly reduced toxicity after intravenous administration of ADV/binary-tk versus ADV/RSV-tk. In summary, the increased therapeutic index of this novel, amplified CEA-driven suicide gene therapy vector is a proof of principle for the powerful enhancement of a weak tissue-specific promoter for effective tumor restricted gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qiao
- Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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40
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Xiang R, Primus FJ, Ruehlmann JM, Niethammer AG, Silletti S, Lode HN, Dolman CS, Gillies SD, Reisfeld RA. A dual-function DNA vaccine encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and CD40 ligand trimer induces T cell-mediated protective immunity against colon cancer in carcinoembryonic antigen-transgenic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4560-5. [PMID: 11591784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA)-based DNA vaccine encoding both CEA and CD40 ligand trimer achieved effective tumor-protective immunity against murine colon carcinoma in CEA-transgenic mice by activating both naive T cells and dendritic cells. Peripheral T cell tolerance to CEA was broken in a prophylactic model by this novel, dual-function DNA vaccine, whose efficacy was further enhanced by boosts with a recombinant Ab-IL-2 fusion protein (huKS1/4-IL-2). These conclusions are supported by four lines of evidence. First, a lethal challenge of MC38-CEA-KS Ag murine colon carcinoma cells was for the first time completely rejected in 100% of experimental animals treated by oral gavage of this DNA vaccine carried by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium, followed by five boosts with huKS1/4-IL-2. Second, specific activation of dendritic cells was indicated by their marked up-regulation in expression of costimulatory molecules B7.1 (CD80), B7.2 (CD86), and ICAM-1. Third, a decisive increase over control values was observed in both MHC class I Ag-restricted cytotoxicity of CTLs from successfully vaccinated mice and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-12. Fourth, activation of CTLs was augmented, as indicated by up-regulation of activity markers LFA-1, CD25, CD28, and CD69. Taken together, these results suggest that a dual-function DNA vaccine encoding CEA and CD40 ligand trimer combined with tumor-targeted IL-2 may be a promising strategy for the rational development of DNA-based cancer vaccines for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xiang
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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McLaughlin PM, Kroesen BJ, Harmsen MC, de Leij LF. Cancer immunotherapy: insights from transgenic animal models. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 40:53-76. [PMID: 11578916 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of strategies in cancer immunotherapy has been developed in the last decade, some of which are currently being used in clinical settings. The development of these immunotherapeutical strategies has been facilitated by the generation of relevant transgenic animal models. Since the different strategies in experimental immunotherapy of cancer each aim to activate different immune system components, a variety of transgenic animals have been generated either expressing tumor associated, HLA, oncogenic or immune effector cell molecule proteins. This review aims to discuss the existing transgenic mouse models generated to study and develop cancer immunotherapy strategies and the variable results obtained. The potential of the various transgenic animal models regarding the development of anti-cancer immunotherapeutical strategies is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M McLaughlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Biology, Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lipinski KS, Djeha AH, Ismail T, Mountain A, Young LS, Wrighton CJ. High-level, beta-catenin/TCF-dependent transgene expression in secondary colorectal cancer tissue. Mol Ther 2001; 4:365-71. [PMID: 11592840 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for improved therapies for inoperable metastatic colon cancer. Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) using adenovirus vectors works well in preclinical models of this disease, but successful clinical application is hampered by an inability to construct vectors that express at high levels in infected tumor cells but not in infected normal cells. Constitutive activation of beta-catenin-dependent gene expression is almost certainly a key causative event in the genesis of colon and some other cancers. Here we have exploited this oncogenic defect to design a synthetic promoter, CTP1, that, in contrast to currently available tumor-selective promoters, is both highly active in cancer cells and highly cancer-cell-specific. CTP1 directs high-level beta-galactosidase expression in freshly isolated biopsies of secondary colon cancer, but is not detectably active in associated normal liver tissue. We also demonstrate that CTP1 can direct high-level, tumor-specific therapeutic gene expression in vivo. Intratumoral injection of an adenovirus vector encoding Escherichia coli nitroreductase driven by CTP1 efficiently sensitized SW480 xenografts to the prodrug CB1954, whereas systemic vector and prodrug administration produced no apparent signs of toxicity. CTP1 may form the basis for effective, targeted gene therapy of metastatic colon cancer and other tumors with deregulated beta-catenin/T cell factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lipinski
- Cobra Therapeutics Ltd, Stephenson Building, Keele University Science Park, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5SP, UK
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43
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Bessa X, Elizalde JI, Boix L, Piñol V, Lacy AM, Saló J, Piqué JM, Castells A. Lack of prognostic influence of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1084-92. [PMID: 11266372 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood may be detected using high-sensitivity molecular techniques in several types of solid neoplasms, but their significance in colorectal cancer is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) messenger RNA (mRNA) detection in peripheral blood samples from patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS Peripheral vein blood samples from 95 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed colorectal carcinoma were obtained immediately before surgery to determine the presence of circulating tumor cells by use of a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction targeting CEA mRNA. Endpoints of the study were disease-free and overall survival. Results are referred to the whole series and, more importantly, to the 68 patients who underwent surgery for cure. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 42 months, 19 of 68 patients (28%) operated on for cure had tumor relapse. In addition, 50 of 68 patients (73%) were alive. The probability of disease-free and overall survival was dependent on lymph node metastases and degree of differentiation, but not on the presence of circulating tumor cells (disease-free survival: relative risk, 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-2.22, P = 0.99; overall survival: relative risk, 0.91, 95% CI, 0.34-2.43; P = 0.84). Similar results were obtained when all 95 patients with colorectal cancer were analyzed (disease-free survival: relative risk, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.63-1.95; P = 0.71; overall survival: relative risk, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.63-2.30, P = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative detection of blood circulating tumor cells by means of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of CEA does not have prognostic significance in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bessa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Koch PE, Guo ZS, Kagawa S, Gu J, Roth JA, Fang B. Augmenting transgene expression from carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter via a GAL4 gene regulatory system. Mol Ther 2001; 3:278-83. [PMID: 11273768 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Though extensively studied, the use of tissue- or cell-type-specific promoters to target transgene expression is hampered by their weak activity. We hypothesized that this problem could be addressed by using a GAL4 gene regulatory system, wherein a weak, tissue-specific promoter would drive expression of the GAL4/VP16 fusion protein (GV16), which in turn would transactivate a minimal synthetic promoter, GAL4/TATA (GT), upstream of a transgene. To test this hypothesis, we constructed adenoviral vectors expressing a lacZ or GV16 gene driven by a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter (Ad/CEA-LacZ or Ad/CEA-GV16) and evaluated levels of transgene expression they produced in cultured cells and in subcutaneous tumors after intratumoral administration. In CEA-positive cells, treatment with Ad/CEA-GV16 + Ad/GT-LacZ versus Ad/CEA-LacZ increased transgene expression 20- to 100-fold. In CEA-negative cells, treatment with Ad/CEA-GV16 + Ad/GT-LacZ increased transgene expression to a much lower degree (6- to 8-fold). In addition, analysis of Bax gene-mediated cell death revealed that this system can be used to avoid Bax's toxic effects on CEA-negative cells without compromising its ability to kill CEA-positive cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the combination of a tissue-specific promoter with the GAL4 gene regulatory system could be useful for targeting transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Koch
- Section of Thoracic Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Bessa X, Castells A, Lacy AM, Elizalde JI, Delgado S, Boix L, Piñol V, Pellisé M, García-Valdecasas JC, Piqué JM. Laparoscopic-assisted vs. open colectomy for colorectal cancer: influence on neoplastic cell mobilization. J Gastrointest Surg 2001; 5:66-73. [PMID: 11309650 DOI: 10.1016/s1091-255x(01)80015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Laparoscopic surgery for treatment of colorectal cancer has been suggested to enhance tumor dissemination. Recently, molecular techniques have been developed to detect micrometastatic disease in patients with solid tumors, with a higher accuracy than cytologic or immunohistochemical approaches. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential harmful effects of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy on neoplastic cell mobilization in patients with resectable colorectal cancer. Fifty patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to laparoscopic-assisted (LAC, n = 26) or open (OC, n = 24) colectomy. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained preoperatively, immediately after tumor removal, and 24 hours later. In 10 patients from each treatment group, portal blood and peritoneal fluid samples were also obtained before and after resection. Neoplastic cells were detected by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction targeted to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) transcription. CEA mRNA was detected in peripheral venous blood samples from 35 of 50 colorectal cancer patients preoperatively. Among those 15 baseline-negative patients, four experienced conversion 24 hours after tumor resection (2 [33%] of 6 in the LAC group vs. 2 [22%] of 9 in the OC group; NS). At that time point, clearance of CEA mRNA expression was observed in 14 of the 35 baseline-positive patients (9 [45%] of 20 in the LAC group vs. 5 [33%] of 15 in the OC group; NS). In addition, only one patient in the LAC group with baseline-negative CEA mRNA expression experienced portal blood conversion after tumor removal, although his peripheral blood level remained negative. Finally, baseline peritoneal fluid CEA mRNA expression was never detected, but one patient in each group became positive postoperatively. These results confirm that preoperative and perioperative mobilization of neoplastic cells is a frequent occurrence in patients with colorectal cancer, but the surgical approach (LAC vs. OC) does not seem to be a determining factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bessa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacious Biomèdiques August Pi y Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
One of the greatest challenges to gene therapy is the targetting of gene delivery selectively to the sites of disease and regulation of transgene expression without adverse effects. Ultimately, the successful realization of these goals is dependent upon improvements in vector design. Over the years, viral vector design has progressed from various types of replication-defective viral mutants to replication-conditioned viruses and, more recently, to 'gutted' and hybrid vectors, which have, respectively, eliminated expression of non-relevant or toxic viral genes and incorporated desired elements of different viruses so as to increase the efficacy of gene delivery in vivo. This review will focus on the different viral and cellular elements which have been incorporated into virus vectors to: improve transduction efficiencies; alter the entry specificity of virions; control the fate of transgenes in the host cells; and regulate transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Lam
- Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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47
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Panzetta-Dutari GM, Koritschoner NP, Bocco JL, Nores R, Dumur CI, Patrito LC. Transcription of genes encoding pregnancy-specific glycoproteins is regulated by negative promoter-selective elements. Biochem J 2000; 350 Pt 2:511-9. [PMID: 10947966 PMCID: PMC1221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) genes comprise a family of 11 highly conserved members whose expression is maximal in placental cells and marginal in other cell types. We have investigated here the molecular basis of PSG regulation by analysing a large regulatory region of the PSG-5 gene in cells that do and do not express these genes. The promoter region (-254 to -43), which does not contain a TATA-box, large GC-rich sequences or a classical initiator, was active in all cell types analysed. Additional upstream sequences up to position -3204 repressed promoter activity. Two independent repressor regions were identified and found to operate effectively in HeLa, COS-7 and HTR8/SVneo placental cells. More significantly, these negatively acting modules failed to repress a heterologous TATA-containing thymidine kinase promoter. Detailed transcriptional and DNA-protein analyses of the proximal repressor region (-605 to -254) revealed the presence of both negative and positive cis-acting elements. Disruption of the repressive functions resulted in an enhanced transcription of the reporter constructs. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that PSG-5 gene transcription is highly repressed by promoter-selective negative regulatory regions and the relief of repression allows enhanced PSG-5 gene transcription irrespective of the cell type. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PSG genes are expressed mainly through a derepression mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Panzetta-Dutari
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ala Oeste, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina
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48
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Taniguchi T, Makino M, Suzuki K, Kaibara N. Prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA levels in tumor drainage blood and peripheral blood of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000901)89:5<970::aid-cncr5>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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49
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Thompson J, Epting T, Schwarzkopf G, Singhofen A, Eades-Perner AM, van Der Putten H, Zimmermann W. A transgenic mouse line that develops early-onset invasive gastric carcinoma provides a model for carcinoembryonic antigen-targeted tumor therapy. Int J Cancer 2000. [PMID: 10842202 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000615)86:6%3c863::aid-ijc16%3e3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to obtain suitable in vivo models for optimizing new tumor therapy strategies for intestinal adenocarcinomas, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter/SV40 T antigen gene constructs have been used to generate transgenic mice. One transgenic line (L5496), which contains a 424-bp CEA promoter/SV40 T antigen transgene, exclusively developed multi-focal carcinomas in the pyloric region of the stomach in 100% of the offspring. Tumors were already observable in 37-day-old animals as dysplastic cell foci within the mucosal layer. In 50-day-old mice, the tumor mass was mainly restricted to the mucosa with invasive growth into the submucosal tissue. The animals became moribund at 100-130 days of age due to blockage of the pylorus. At this time, the tumor had penetrated into the duodenum and had invaded all tissue layers within the stomach. In contrast to most other stomach tumor models, this one perfectly matches the development of the most common stomach cancers found in humans. Furthermore, after crossing these mice with mice that are transgenic for the human CEA gene, the double transgenic offspring revealed expression of CEA in the resulting tumors. Thus, as well as being a model for studying gastric carcinoma development and prevention, this system should provide a useful preclinical model for CEA-targeted gastric tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thompson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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50
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Thompson J, Epting T, Schwarzkopf G, Singhofen A, Eades-Perner AM, van Der Putten H, Zimmermann W. A transgenic mouse line that develops early-onset invasive gastric carcinoma provides a model for carcinoembryonic antigen-targeted tumor therapy. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:863-9. [PMID: 10842202 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000615)86:6<863::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to obtain suitable in vivo models for optimizing new tumor therapy strategies for intestinal adenocarcinomas, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter/SV40 T antigen gene constructs have been used to generate transgenic mice. One transgenic line (L5496), which contains a 424-bp CEA promoter/SV40 T antigen transgene, exclusively developed multi-focal carcinomas in the pyloric region of the stomach in 100% of the offspring. Tumors were already observable in 37-day-old animals as dysplastic cell foci within the mucosal layer. In 50-day-old mice, the tumor mass was mainly restricted to the mucosa with invasive growth into the submucosal tissue. The animals became moribund at 100-130 days of age due to blockage of the pylorus. At this time, the tumor had penetrated into the duodenum and had invaded all tissue layers within the stomach. In contrast to most other stomach tumor models, this one perfectly matches the development of the most common stomach cancers found in humans. Furthermore, after crossing these mice with mice that are transgenic for the human CEA gene, the double transgenic offspring revealed expression of CEA in the resulting tumors. Thus, as well as being a model for studying gastric carcinoma development and prevention, this system should provide a useful preclinical model for CEA-targeted gastric tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thompson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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