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Biosynthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Semiconductor Nanoparticles against Oral Pathogens. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2014; 2014:347167. [PMID: 24860280 PMCID: PMC4016845 DOI: 10.1155/2014/347167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental care is an essential phenomenon in human health. Oral pathogens can cause severe break which may show the way to serious issues in human disease like blood circulation and coronary disease. In the current study, we demonstrated the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of cadmium sulphide and zinc sulphide nanoparticles against oral pathogens. The process for the synthesis of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles is fast, novel, and ecofriendly. Formation of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles was confirmed by surface plasmon spectra using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The morphology of crystalline phase of nanoparticles was determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. The average size of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles was in the range of 10 nm to 25 nm and 65 nm, respectively, and the observed morphology was spherical. The results indicated that the proteins, which contain amine groups, played a reducing and controlling responsibility during the formation of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles in the colloidal solution. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus sp. Staphylococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp., and Candida albicans and these results confirmed that the sulphide nanoparticles are exhibiting good bactericidal activity.
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Srivastava P, Bragança J, Ramanan SR, Kowshik M. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using haloarchaeal isolate Halococcus salifodinae BK3. Extremophiles 2013; 17:821-31. [PMID: 23884709 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bacteria, fungi, yeasts and viruses have been exploited for biosynthesis of highly structured metal sulfide and metallic nanoparticles. Haloarchaea (salt-loving archaea) of the third domain of life Archaea, on the other hand have not yet been explored for nanoparticle synthesis. In this study, we report the intracellular synthesis of stable, mostly spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the haloarchaeal isolate Halococcus salifodinae BK3. The culture on adaptation to silver nitrate exhibited growth kinetics similar to that of the control. NADH-dependent nitrate reductase was involved in silver tolerance, reduction, synthesis of AgNPs, and exhibited metal-dependent increase in enzyme activity. The AgNPs preparation was characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, TEM and EDAX. The XRD analysis of the nanoparticles showed the characteristic Bragg peaks of face-centered cubic silver with crystallite domain size of 22 and 12 nm for AgNPs synthesized in NTYE and halophilic nitrate broth (HNB), respectively. The average particle size obtained from TEM analysis was 50.3 and 12 nm for AgNPs synthesized in NTYE and HNB, respectively. This is the first report on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavee Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH-17B, Zuarinagar, 403 726, Goa, India
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Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Zhai Z, Jobe TO, Akmakjian GZ, Song WY, Limbo O, Russell MR, Kozlovskyy VI, Martinoia E, Vatamaniuk OK, Russell P, Schroeder JI. Tonoplast-localized Abc2 transporter mediates phytochelatin accumulation in vacuoles and confers cadmium tolerance. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40416-26. [PMID: 20937798 PMCID: PMC3003340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins mediate tolerance to heavy metals in plants and some fungi by sequestering phytochelatin-metal complexes into vacuoles. To date, only Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hmt1 has been described as a phytochelatin transporter and attempts to identify orthologous phytochelatin transporters in plants and other organisms have failed. Furthermore, recent data indicate that the hmt1 mutant accumulates significant phytochelatin levels in vacuoles, suggesting that unidentified phytochelatin transporters exist in fungi. Here, we show that deletion of all vacuolar ABC transporters abolishes phytochelatin accumulation in S. pombe vacuoles and abrogates (35)S-PC(2) uptake into S. pombe microsomal vesicles. Systematic analysis of the entire S. pombe ABC transporter family identified Abc2 as a full-size ABC transporter (ABCC-type) that mediates phytochelatin transport into vacuoles. The S. pombe abc1 abc2 abc3 abc4 hmt1 quintuple and abc2 hmt1 double mutant show no detectable phytochelatins in vacuoles. Abc2 expression restores phytochelatin accumulation into vacuoles and suppresses the cadmium sensitivity of the abc quintuple mutant. A novel, unexpected, function of Hmt1 in GS-conjugate transport is also shown. In contrast to Hmt1, Abc2 orthologs are widely distributed among kingdoms and are proposed as the long-sought vacuolar phytochelatin transporters in plants and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Mendoza-Cózatl
- From the Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Zhiyang Zhai
- the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Timothy O. Jobe
- From the Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Garo Z. Akmakjian
- From the Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Won-Yong Song
- the Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Oliver Limbo
- the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Matthew R. Russell
- the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | - Enrico Martinoia
- the Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Olena K. Vatamaniuk
- the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Paul Russell
- the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- From the Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Kennedy PJ, Vashisht AA, Hoe KL, Kim DU, Park HO, Hayles J, Russell P. A genome-wide screen of genes involved in cadmium tolerance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:124-39. [PMID: 18684775 PMCID: PMC2563147 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a worldwide environmental toxicant responsible for a range of human diseases including cancer. Cellular injury from cadmium is minimized by stress-responsive detoxification mechanisms. We explored the genetic requirements for cadmium tolerance by individually screening mutants from the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) haploid deletion collection for inhibited growth on agar growth media containing cadmium. Cadmium-sensitive mutants were further tested for sensitivity to oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) and osmotic stress (potassium chloride). Of 2649 mutants screened, 237 were sensitive to cadmium, of which 168 were cadmium specific. Most were previously unknown to be involved in cadmium tolerance. The 237 genes represent a number of pathways including sulfate assimilation, phytochelatin synthesis and transport, ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10) biosynthesis, stress signaling, cell wall biosynthesis and cell morphology, gene expression and chromatin remodeling, vacuole function, and intracellular transport of macromolecules. The ubiquinone biosynthesis mutants are acutely sensitive to cadmium but only mildly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, indicating that Coenzyme Q10 plays a larger role in cadmium tolerance than just as an antioxidant. These and several other mutants turn yellow when exposed to cadmium, suggesting cadmium sulfide accumulation. This phenotype can potentially be used as a biomarker for cadmium. There is remarkably little overlap with a comparable screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae haploid deletion collection, indicating that the two distantly related yeasts utilize significantly different strategies for coping with cadmium stress. These strategies and their relation to cadmium detoxification in humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ajay A. Vashisht
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Kwang-Lae Hoe
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Oh Park
- BiONEER Corporation, Daejeon 306-220, Republic of Korea
| | - Jacqueline Hayles
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Paul Russell
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Qin M, Lee E, Zankel T, Ow DW. Site-specific cleavage of chromosomes in vitro through Cre-lox recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:1923-7. [PMID: 7596819 PMCID: PMC306964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.11.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombination systems are useful tools for chromosome engineering in vivo and site-specific DNA cleavage methods have applications in genome analysis and gene isolation. Here, we report a new method to fragment chromosomes in vitro using the Cre-lox site-specific recombination system. Two lox sites were targeted into the 5.7 Mb chromosomes I of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In vitro recombination between chromosomal lox sites and exogenously provided lox oligonucleotides 'cleaved' the chromosome at the defined lox sequences. Site-specific cleavage of lox sites in the tobacco genome was also demonstrated. This recombination-based cleavage method provides a novel approach for structural and functional analyses of eukaryotic chromosomes as it allows direct isolation of chromosome regions that correspond to phenotypes revealed through Cre-lox mediated chromosome rearrangements in vivo. Moreover, recombination with end-labeled lox oligonucleotides would permit the specific end-labeling of chromosome segments to facilitate the long range mapping of chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qin
- Plant Gene Expression Center, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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