1
|
Kumar S, Davra V, Obr AE, Geng K, Wood TL, De Lorenzo MS, Birge RB. Crk adaptor protein promotes PD-L1 expression, EMT and immune evasion in a murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1376155. [PMID: 29296536 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1376155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor infiltration of immune cells in solid cancers can profoundly influence host antitumor responses. In recent years, immunotherapeutic regimens, that target immune checkpoints, demonstrated significant antitumor response by increasing intra-tumoral immune cell populations, including CD8+ effector T cells. However, administration of such immune checkpoint inhibitors is largely inefficacious in inducing immunogenicity and treating breast cancer. Currently, there is a great need to better understand cell autonomous mechanisms of immune evasion in breast cancer to identify upstream therapeutic targets that increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. Here we show that Crk, an SH2 and SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein implicated in focal adhesion signaling, cell migration, and invasion, and frequently up-regulated in human cancers, has an important role in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment. Using a murine 4T1 breast adenocarcinoma model of spontaneous metastasis in immune-competent BALB/C mice, we show that genetic ablation of Crk by CRISPR-Cas9 leads to enhanced anti-tumor immune cell populations, cytotoxic effector and immune surveillance cytokines in primary tumor. Pathologically, this leads to a significant reduction in tumor growth and lung metastasis. Mechanistically, Crk KO suppresses EMT and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and acts additively with anti-PD1 therapy to suppress tumor growth and metastasis outcomes. Taken together, these data reveal a previously un-described function of Crk adaptor protein expression in tumor cells for cell autonomous regulation of tumor immune microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alison E Obr
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ke Geng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mariana S De Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolfi F, Garcia-Guzman M, Ojaniemi M, Nakamura H, Matsuda M, Vuori K. The adaptor protein Crk connects multiple cellular stimuli to the JNK signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:15394-9. [PMID: 9860979 PMCID: PMC28053 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are potently activated by a number of cellular stimuli. Small GTPases, in particular Rac, are responsible for initiating the activation of the JNK pathways. So far, the signals leading from extracellular stimuli to the activation of Rac have remained elusive. Recent studies have demonstrated that the Src homology 2 (SH2)- and Src homology 3 (SH3)-containing adaptor protein Crk is capable of activating JNK when ectopically expressed. We found here that transient expression of Crk induces JNK activation, and this activation was dependent on both the SH2- and SH3-domains of Crk. Expression of p130(Cas) (Cas), a major binding protein for the Crk SH2-domain, also induced JNK activation, which was blocked by the SH2-mutant of Crk. JNK activation by Cas and Crk was effectively blocked by a dominant-negative form of Rac, suggesting for a linear pathway from the Cas-Crk-complex to the Rac-JNK activation. Many of the stimuli that activate the Rac-JNK pathway enhance engagement of the Crk SH2-domain. JNK activation by these stimuli, such as epidermal growth factor, integrin ligand binding and v-Src, was efficiently blocked by dominant-negative mutants of Crk. A dominant-negative form of Cas in turn blocked the integrin-, but not epidermal growth factor - nor v-Src-mediated JNK activation. Together, these results demonstrate an important role for Crk in connecting multiple cellular stimuli to the Rac-JNK pathway, and a role for the Cas-Crk complex in integrin-mediated JNK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Dolfi
- La Jolla Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joung I, Kim T, Stolz LA, Payne G, Winkler DG, Walsh CT, Strominger JL, Shin J. Modification of Ser59 in the unique N-terminal region of tyrosine kinase p56lck regulates specificity of its Src homology 2 domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:5778-82. [PMID: 7597029 PMCID: PMC41584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.13.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During T-cell activation, Ser59 in the unique N-terminal region of p56lck is phosphorylated. Mutation of Ser59 to Glu59 mimics Ser59 phosphorylation, and upon CD4 crosslinking, this mutant p56lck induces tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins distinct from those induced by wild-type p56lck. Mutant and wild-type p56lck have similar affinities for CD4 and similar kinase activities. In glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, the p56lck Src homology 2 (SH2) domain with the SH3 domain and the unique N-terminal region (including Ser59) has a different binding specificity for phosphotyrosyl proteins than the SH2 domain alone. Either deletion of the unique N-terminal region or mutation of Ser59 to Glu59 in the fusion protein reverts the phosphotyrosyl protein binding specificity back to that of the SH2 domain alone. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Ser59 regulates the function of p56lck by controlling binding specificity of its SH2 domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Joung
- Division of Tumor Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Physical and functional interactions between SH2 and SH3 domains of the Src family protein tyrosine kinase p59fyn. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 7520528 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.9.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Src family protein tyrosine kinases participate in signalling through cell surface receptors that lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase domains. All nine members of this family possess adjacent Src homology (SH2 and SH3) domains, both of which are essential for repression of the enzymatic activity. The repression is mediated by binding between the SH2 domain and a C-terminal phosphotyrosine, and the SH3 domain is required for this interaction. However, the biochemical basis of functional SH2-SH3 interaction is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that when the SH2 and SH3 domains of p59fyn (Fyn) were present as adjacent domains in a single protein, binding of phosphotyrosyl peptides and proteins to the SH2 domain was enhanced, whereas binding of a subset of cellular polypeptide ligands to the SH3 domain was decreased. An interdomain communication was further revealed by occupancy with domain-specific peptide ligands: occupancy of the SH3 domain with a proline-rich peptide enhanced phosphotyrosine binding to the linked SH2 domain, and occupancy of the SH2 domain with phosphotyrosyl peptides enhanced binding of certain SH3-specific cellular polypeptides. Second, we demonstrate a direct binding between purified SH2 and SH3 domains of Fyn and Lck Src family kinases. Heterologous binding between SH2 and SH3 domains of closely related members of the Src family, namely, Fyn, Lck, and Src, was also observed. In contrast, Grb2, Crk, Abl, p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and GTPase-activating protein SH2 domains showed lower or no binding to Fyn or Lck SH3 domains. SH2-SH3 binding did not require an intact phosphotyrosine binding pocket on the SH2 domain; however, perturbations of the SH2 domain induced by specific high-affinity phosphotyrosyl peptide binding abrogated binding of the SH3 domain. SH3-SH2 binding was observed in the presence of proline-rich peptides or when a point mutation (W119K) was introduced in the putative ligand-binding pouch of the Fyn SH3 domain, although these treatments completely abolished the binding to p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other SH3-specific polypeptides. These biochemical SH2-SH3 interactions suggest novel mechanisms of regulating the enzymatic activity of Src kinases and their interactions with other proteins.
Collapse
|
5
|
Panchamoorthy G, Fukazawa T, Stolz L, Payne G, Reedquist K, Shoelson S, Songyang Z, Cantley L, Walsh C, Band H. Physical and functional interactions between SH2 and SH3 domains of the Src family protein tyrosine kinase p59fyn. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:6372-85. [PMID: 7520528 PMCID: PMC359163 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.9.6372-6385.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Src family protein tyrosine kinases participate in signalling through cell surface receptors that lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase domains. All nine members of this family possess adjacent Src homology (SH2 and SH3) domains, both of which are essential for repression of the enzymatic activity. The repression is mediated by binding between the SH2 domain and a C-terminal phosphotyrosine, and the SH3 domain is required for this interaction. However, the biochemical basis of functional SH2-SH3 interaction is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that when the SH2 and SH3 domains of p59fyn (Fyn) were present as adjacent domains in a single protein, binding of phosphotyrosyl peptides and proteins to the SH2 domain was enhanced, whereas binding of a subset of cellular polypeptide ligands to the SH3 domain was decreased. An interdomain communication was further revealed by occupancy with domain-specific peptide ligands: occupancy of the SH3 domain with a proline-rich peptide enhanced phosphotyrosine binding to the linked SH2 domain, and occupancy of the SH2 domain with phosphotyrosyl peptides enhanced binding of certain SH3-specific cellular polypeptides. Second, we demonstrate a direct binding between purified SH2 and SH3 domains of Fyn and Lck Src family kinases. Heterologous binding between SH2 and SH3 domains of closely related members of the Src family, namely, Fyn, Lck, and Src, was also observed. In contrast, Grb2, Crk, Abl, p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and GTPase-activating protein SH2 domains showed lower or no binding to Fyn or Lck SH3 domains. SH2-SH3 binding did not require an intact phosphotyrosine binding pocket on the SH2 domain; however, perturbations of the SH2 domain induced by specific high-affinity phosphotyrosyl peptide binding abrogated binding of the SH3 domain. SH3-SH2 binding was observed in the presence of proline-rich peptides or when a point mutation (W119K) was introduced in the putative ligand-binding pouch of the Fyn SH3 domain, although these treatments completely abolished the binding to p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other SH3-specific polypeptides. These biochemical SH2-SH3 interactions suggest novel mechanisms of regulating the enzymatic activity of Src kinases and their interactions with other proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Panchamoorthy
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
CRK protein binds to two guanine nucleotide-releasing proteins for the Ras family and modulates nerve growth factor-induced activation of Ras in PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8035825 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that growth factors activate Ras through a complex of an adaptor type SH2-containing molecule, Grb2, and a Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (GNRP), mSos. We report on the involvement of another adaptor molecule, CRK, in the activation of Ras. Overexpression of wild-type CRK proteins CRK-I and CRK-II enhanced the nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced activation of Ras in PC12 cells, although the basal level of GTP-bound active Ras was not altered. In contrast, mutants with a single amino acid substitution in either the SH2 or SH3 domain of the CRK-I protein inhibited the NGF-induced activation of Ras. Two GNRPs for the Ras family, mSos and C3G, were coimmunoprecipitated with the endogenous Crk proteins in PC12 cells. The association between C3G and the CRK mutants was dependent upon the presence of intact SH3. The SH2 domain of CRK bound to the SHC protein phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by NGF stimulation. The results demonstrate that, in addition to Grb2, CRK participates in signaling from the NGF receptor and that two GNRPs appear to transmit signals from these adaptor molecules to Ras.
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsuda M, Hashimoto Y, Muroya K, Hasegawa H, Kurata T, Tanaka S, Nakamura S, Hattori S. CRK protein binds to two guanine nucleotide-releasing proteins for the Ras family and modulates nerve growth factor-induced activation of Ras in PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:5495-500. [PMID: 8035825 PMCID: PMC359069 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5495-5500.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that growth factors activate Ras through a complex of an adaptor type SH2-containing molecule, Grb2, and a Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (GNRP), mSos. We report on the involvement of another adaptor molecule, CRK, in the activation of Ras. Overexpression of wild-type CRK proteins CRK-I and CRK-II enhanced the nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced activation of Ras in PC12 cells, although the basal level of GTP-bound active Ras was not altered. In contrast, mutants with a single amino acid substitution in either the SH2 or SH3 domain of the CRK-I protein inhibited the NGF-induced activation of Ras. Two GNRPs for the Ras family, mSos and C3G, were coimmunoprecipitated with the endogenous Crk proteins in PC12 cells. The association between C3G and the CRK mutants was dependent upon the presence of intact SH3. The SH2 domain of CRK bound to the SHC protein phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by NGF stimulation. The results demonstrate that, in addition to Grb2, CRK participates in signaling from the NGF receptor and that two GNRPs appear to transmit signals from these adaptor molecules to Ras.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
This article reviews current knowledge on the mechanisms affecting the fidelity of initiation codon selection, and discusses the effects of structural features in the 5′-non-coding region on the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kozak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854
| |
Collapse
|