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Pinilla-Macua I, Surve S, Sorkin A. Cell migration signaling through the EGFR-VAV2-Rac1 pathway is sustained in endosomes. J Cell Sci 2025; 138:jcs263541. [PMID: 39744818 PMCID: PMC11828472 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.263541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Ligand binding to EGFR activates Rho family GTPases, triggering actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell migration and invasion. Activated EGFR is also rapidly endocytosed but the role of EGFR endocytosis in cell motility is poorly understood. Hence, we used live-cell microscopy imaging to demonstrate that endogenous fluorescently labeled VAV2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases, is co-endocytosed with EGFR in genome-edited human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC3) cells, an in vitro model for head-and-neck cancer where VAV2 is known to promote metastasis and is associated with poor prognosis. Chemotactic migration of HSC3 cells toward an EGF gradient is found to require both VAV2 and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, sustained activation of Rac1, a Rho family GTPase promoting cell migration and a major substrate of VAV2, also depends on clathrin. Endogenous fluorescently labeled Rac1 localizes to EGFR-containing endosomes. Altogether, our findings suggest that signaling through the EGFR-VAV2-Rac1 pathway persists in endosomes and that this endosomal signaling is required for EGFR-driven cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Pinilla-Macua
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sachin Surve
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Letafati A, Bahavar A, Norouzi M, Rasouli A, Hedayatyaghoubi M, Molaverdi G, Mozhgani SH, Siami Z. Effects of HTLV-1 on leukocyte trafficking and migration in ACs compared to healthy individuals. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:222. [PMID: 39127702 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a RNA virus belonging to Retroviridae family and is associated with the development of various diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Aside from HAM/TSP, HTLV-1 has been implicated in the development of several disorders that mimic auto-inflammation. T-cell migration is important topic in the context of HTLV-1 associated diseases progression. The primary objective of this case-control study was to assess the relationship between increased mRNA expression in virus migration following HTLV-1 infection. PBMCs from 20 asymptomatic patients and 20 healthy subjects were analyzed using real-time PCR to measure mRNA expression of LFA1, MLCK, RAC1, RAPL, ROCK1, VAV1 and CXCR4. Also, mRNA expression of Tax and HBZ were evaluated. Mean expression of Tax and HBZ in ACs (asymptomatic carriers) was 0.7218 and 0.6517 respectively. The results revealed a noteworthy upregulation of these genes involved in T-cell migration among ACs patients in comparison to healthy individuals. Considering the pivotal role of gene expression alterations associated with the progression into two major diseases (ATLL or HAM/TSP), analyzing the expression of these genes in the ACs group can offer probable potential diagnostic markers and aid in monitoring the condition of ACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Bahavar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Rasouli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hedayatyaghoubi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghazale Molaverdi
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Siami
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Sun B, Ding B, Chen Y, Peng C, Chen X. AFAP1L1 promotes gastric cancer progression by interacting with VAV2 to facilitate CDC42-mediated activation of ITGA5 signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2023; 21:18. [PMID: 36631800 PMCID: PMC9835296 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The actin filament-associated protein (AFAP) family genes include AFAP1/AFAP-110, AFAP1L1 and AFAP1L2/XB130. Increasing evidence indicates these three AFAP family members participate in tumor progression, but their clinical significance and molecular mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. METHODS We first analyzed expression of AFAP family genes using public datasets and verified the results. The clinical significance of AFAP family genes in GC patients was also analyzed. In vitro and in vivo experiments were applied to explore the function of AFAP1L1. Enrichment analysis was used to explore potential molecular mechanisms. We then performed additional experiments, such as cell adhesion assay, co-immunoprecipitation and so on to confirm the downstream molecular mechanisms of AFAP1L1. RESULTS Public data analyses and our verification both showed AFAP1L1 was the only AFAP family members that was significantly upregulated in GC compared with normal gastric tissues. Besides, only AFAP1L1 could predict poor prognosis and act as an independent risk factor for GC patients. In addition, AFAP1L1 promotes GC cells proliferation, migration, invasion in vitro and tumor growth, metastasis in vivo by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In terms of mechanism, AFAP1L1 interacts with VAV guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (VAV2) to activate Rho family GTPases CDC42, which finally promotes expression of integrin subunit alpha 5 (ITGA5) and activation of integrin signaling pathway. CONCLUSION AFAP1L1 promotes GC progression by inducing EMT through VAV2-mediated activation of CDC42 and ITGA5 signaling pathway, indicating AFAP1L1 may be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- grid.477407.70000 0004 1806 9292Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005 Hunan China
| | - Bai Ding
- grid.477407.70000 0004 1806 9292Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005 Hunan China
| | - Yu Chen
- grid.477407.70000 0004 1806 9292Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005 Hunan China
| | - Chuang Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China.
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4
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Wolff DW, Deng Z, Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Foley CE, Han Z, Wang X, Shen S, Rosenberg MM, Moparthy S, Yun DH, Chen J, Baker BK, Roll MV, Magiera AJ, Li J, Hurley E, Feltri ML, Cox AO, Lee J, Furdui CM, Liu L, Bshara W, LaConte LE, Kandel ES, Pasquale EB, Qu J, Hedstrom L, Nikiforov MA. Phosphorylation of guanosine monophosphate reductase triggers a GTP-dependent switch from pro- to anti-oncogenic function of EPHA4. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:970-984.e6. [PMID: 35148834 PMCID: PMC9620470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways post-translationally regulating nucleotide metabolism remain largely unknown. Guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR) is a nucleotide metabolism enzyme that decreases GTP pools by converting GMP to IMP. We observed that phosphorylation of GMPR at Tyr267 is critical for its activity and found that this phosphorylation by ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase EPHA4 decreases GTP pools in cell protrusions and levels of GTP-bound RAC1. EPHs possess oncogenic and tumor-suppressor activities, although the mechanisms underlying switches between these two modes are poorly understood. We demonstrated that GMPR plays a key role in EPHA4-mediated RAC1 suppression. This supersedes GMPR-independent activation of RAC1 by EPHA4, resulting in a negative overall effect on melanoma cell invasion and tumorigenicity. Accordingly, EPHA4 levels increase during melanoma progression and inversely correlate with GMPR levels in individual melanoma tumors. Therefore, phosphorylation of GMPR at Tyr267 is a metabolic signal transduction switch controlling GTP biosynthesis and transformed phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Wolff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anna Bianchi-Smiraglia
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Colleen E. Foley
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Zhannan Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xingyou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | - Sudha Moparthy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Yun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jialin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Brian K. Baker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew V. Roll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Andrew J. Magiera
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Edward Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, USA
| | - Maria Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, USA
| | - Anderson O. Cox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo NY 14203, USA
| | - Leslie E.W. LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Eugene S. Kandel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Elena B. Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA,Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Mikhail A. Nikiforov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Corresponding author and lead contact: Mikhail A. Nikiforov,
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5
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Hülsemann M, Sanchez C, Verkhusha PV, Des Marais V, Mao SPH, Donnelly SK, Segall JE, Hodgson L. TC10 regulates breast cancer invasion and metastasis by controlling membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase at invadopodia. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1091. [PMID: 34531530 PMCID: PMC8445963 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During breast cancer metastasis, cancer cell invasion is driven by actin-rich protrusions called invadopodia, which mediate the extracellular matrix degradation required for the success of the invasive cascade. In this study, we demonstrate that TC10, a member of a Cdc42 subfamily of p21 small GTPases, regulates the membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)-driven extracellular matrix degradation at invadopodia. We show that TC10 is required for the plasma membrane surface exposure of MT1-MMP at these structures. By utilizing our Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor, we demonstrate the p190RhoGAP-dependent regulation of spatiotemporal TC10 activity at invadopodia. We identified a pathway that regulates invadopodia-associated TC10 activity and function through the activation of p190RhoGAP and the downstream interacting effector Exo70. Our findings reveal the role of a previously unknown regulator of vesicular fusion at invadopodia, TC10 GTPase, in breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Hülsemann
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Colline Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Polina V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Vera Des Marais
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Analytical Imaging Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Serena P H Mao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sara K Donnelly
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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6
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Qin L, Cao X, Kaneko T, Voss C, Liu X, Wang G, Li SSC. Dynamic interplay of two molecular switches enabled by the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and IL-6-STAT3 signaling axes controls epithelial cell migration in response to growth factors. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101161. [PMID: 34480897 PMCID: PMC8477194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential physiological process, and aberrant migration of epithelial cells underlies many pathological conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms governing cell migration are not fully understood. We report here that growth factor–induced epithelial cell migration is critically dependent on the crosstalk of two molecular switches, namely phosphorylation switch (P-switch) and transcriptional switch (T-switch). P-switch refers to dynamic interactions of deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) and PI3K with tensin-3 (TNS3), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), C-terminal tension, and vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (VAV2) that are dictated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2–extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase 1/2–dependent phosphorylation of TNS3, PTEN, and VAV2. Phosphorylation of TNS3 and PTEN on specific Thr residues led to the switch of DLC1–TNS3 and PI3K–PTEN complexes to DLC1–PTEN and PI3K–TNS3 complexes, whereas Ser phosphorylation of VAV2 promotes the transition of the PI3K–TNS3/PTEN complexes to PI3K–VAV2 complex. T-switch denotes an increase in C-terminal tension transcription/expression regulated by both extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase 1/2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) via interleukin-6–Janus kinase–STAT3 signaling pathway. We have found that, the P-switch is indispensable for both the initiation and continuation of cell migration induced by growth factors, whereas the T-switch is only required to sustain cell migration. The interplay of the two switches facilitated by the interleukin-6–Janus kinase–STAT3 pathway governs a sequence of dynamic protein–protein interactions for sustained cell migration. That a similar mechanism is employed by both normal and tumorigenic epithelial cells to drive their respective migration suggests that the P-switch and T-switch are general regulators of epithelial cell migration and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyugao Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuan Cao
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tomonori Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Voss
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuguang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoping Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shawn S-C Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Kalpana G, Figy C, Feng J, Tipton C, De Castro JN, Bach VN, Borile C, LaSalla A, Odeh HN, Yeung M, Garcia-Mata R, Yeung KC. The RhoA dependent anti-metastatic function of RKIP in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17455. [PMID: 34465801 PMCID: PMC8408146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein was initially discovered as a physiological kinase inhibitor of the MAPK signaling pathway and was later shown to suppress cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Yet, the molecular mechanism through which RKIP executes its effects is not completely defined. RhoA has both a pro- and anti-metastatic cell-context dependent functions. Given that Rho GTPases primarily function on actin cytoskeleton dynamics and cell movement regulation, it is possible that one way RKIP hinders cancer cell invasion/metastasis is by targeting these proteins. Here we show that RKIP inhibits cancer cell invasion and metastasis by stimulating RhoA anti-tumorigenic functions. Mechanistically, RKIP activates RhoA in an Erk2 and GEF-H1 dependent manner to enhance E-cadherin membrane localization and inhibit CCL5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gardiyawasam Kalpana
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Christopher Figy
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jingwei Feng
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.,Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Claire Tipton
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Julius N De Castro
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Vu N Bach
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Clariza Borile
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Alexandria LaSalla
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Hussain N Odeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Miranda Yeung
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Kam C Yeung
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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8
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Yoshikawa M, Yoshii T, Ikuta M, Tsukiji S. Synthetic Protein Condensates That Inducibly Recruit and Release Protein Activity in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6434-6446. [PMID: 33890764 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentation of proteins into biomolecular condensates or membraneless organelles formed by phase separation is an emerging principle for the regulation of cellular processes. Creating synthetic condensates that accommodate specific intracellular proteins on demand would have various applications in chemical biology, cell engineering, and synthetic biology. Here, we report the construction of synthetic protein condensates capable of recruiting and/or releasing proteins of interest in living mammalian cells in response to a small molecule or light. By a modular combination of a tandem fusion of two oligomeric proteins, which forms phase-separated synthetic protein condensates in cells, with a chemically induced dimerization tool, we first created a chemogenetic protein condensate system that can rapidly recruit target proteins from the cytoplasm to the condensates by addition of a small-molecule dimerizer. We next coupled the protein-recruiting condensate system with an engineered proximity-dependent protease, which gave a second protein condensate system wherein target proteins previously expressed inside the condensates are released into the cytoplasm by small-molecule-triggered protease recruitment. Furthermore, an optogenetic condensate system that allows reversible release and sequestration of protein activity in a repeatable manner using light was constructed successfully. These condensate systems were applicable to control protein activity and cellular processes such as membrane ruffling and ERK signaling in a time scale of minutes. This proof-of-principle work provides a new platform for chemogenetic and optogenetic control of protein activity in mammalian cells and represents a step toward tailor-made engineering of synthetic protein condensate-based soft materials with various functionalities for biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yoshikawa
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yoshii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikuta
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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9
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Genistein inhibits radiation-induced invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells by blocking the DNA-PKcs/Akt2/Rac1 signaling pathway. Radiother Oncol 2020; 155:93-104. [PMID: 33129924 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Radiotherapy is the most important therapeutic measure against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is regarded as the most common and highly lethal type of brain cancer. Nevertheless, most relapses originate in the close vicinity of the irradiated target volume. Genistein is a natural product that can suppress the invasive potential of cancer cells. In this study, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs)-proficient and -deficient GBM cells were selected for in vitro and in vivo studies to investigate the inhibiting effects of genistein on radiation-induced invasion and migration and the corresponding mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS GBM cell lines with or without genistein pre-treatment were irradiated with X-rays. Cell survival was determined using colony formation assay and the rate of cellular proliferation was analyzed with a real-time cell electronic sensing system. For in vitro study, invasion and migration abilities were evaluated via wound-healing and transwell assays, while protein expression was determined with western blotting. Genistein interaction with DNA-PKcs was estimated with pull-down, recombinant and binding assays. For in vivo study, cells were stereotactically injected into NOD-SCID mice to establish tumors. Hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the invasive potential of GBM. RESULTS X-ray irradiation enhanced the migration and invasion of DNA-PKcs-positive but not DNA-PKcs-negative GBM cells. It also activated the DNA-PKcs/Akt2/Rac1 signaling pathway, which contributed to GBM malignant progression by aggravating GBM cell invasive potential. The study successfully demonstrated that genistein can specifically bind to DNA-PKcs and block the DNA-PKcs/Akt2/Rac1 pathway, thereby effectively inhibiting radiation-induced invasion and migration of GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. The present study emphasized that radiation-induced invasive potential is initiated by DNA-PKcs, which is a well-known double strand breaks (DSB) repair protein, and determined the exact site for genistein binding to DNA-PKcs. CONCLUSION DNA-PKcs is not only a potential target for cancer therapy, but also a reliable biomarker for predicting radiation-induced invasion and migration of GBM cells. Thus, genistein might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating GBM.
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10
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Colón-Bolea P, García-Gómez R, Shackleton S, Crespo P, Bustelo XR, Casar B. RAC1 induces nuclear alterations through the LINC complex to enhance melanoma invasiveness. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2768-2778. [PMID: 33026942 PMCID: PMC7851868 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-02-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RHO GTPases are key regulators of the cytoskeletal architecture, which impact a broad range of biological processes in malignant cells including motility, invasion, and metastasis, thereby affecting tumor progression. One of the constraints during cell migration is the diameter of the pores through which cells pass. In this respect, the size and shape of the nucleus pose a major limitation. Therefore, enhanced nuclear plasticity can promote cell migration. Nuclear morphology is determined in part through the cytoskeleton, which connects to the nucleoskeleton through the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. Here, we unravel the role of RAC1 as an orchestrator of nuclear morphology in melanoma cells. We demonstrate that activated RAC1 promotes nuclear alterations through its effector PAK1 and the tubulin cytoskeleton, thereby enhancing migration and intravasation of melanoma cells. Disruption of the LINC complex prevented RAC1-induced nuclear alterations and the invasive properties of melanoma cells. Thus, RAC1 induces nuclear morphology alterations through microtubules and the LINC complex to promote an invasive phenotype in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Colón-Bolea
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sue Shackleton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HM, UK
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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11
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Rho GTPases in the Amygdala-A Switch for Fears? Cells 2020; 9:cells9091972. [PMID: 32858950 PMCID: PMC7563696 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear is a fundamental evolutionary process for survival. However, excess or irrational fear hampers normal activity and leads to phobia. The amygdala is the primary brain region associated with fear learning and conditioning. There, Rho GTPases are molecular switches that act as signaling molecules for further downstream processes that modulate, among others, dendritic spine morphogenesis and thereby play a role in fear conditioning. The three main Rho GTPases—RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, together with their modulators, are known to be involved in many psychiatric disorders that affect the amygdala′s fear conditioning mechanism. Rich2, a RhoGAP mainly for Rac1 and Cdc42, has been studied extensively in such regard. Here, we will discuss these effectors, along with Rich2, as a molecular switch for fears, especially in the amygdala. Understanding the role of Rho GTPases in fear controlling could be beneficial for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting conditions with abnormal fear/anxiety-like behaviors.
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12
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Chuan J, He S, Xie T, Wang G, Yang Z. A modified method for preparation of fluorescent MantGDP bound CDC42. Anal Biochem 2020; 610:113846. [PMID: 32726583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPase cycled between the GDP-bound inactive state and GTP-bound active state, catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Guanine nucleotide exchange assay was a direct way to investigate the specificity, activity, and kinetics of GEFs. The N-methylanthraniloyl derivative of GDP (mantGDP), which was bound to small GTPase, served as a substitution for labeled small GTPase involved in bioluminescent, colorimetric, or radioactive methods due to its safety and sensitivity. In this study, we present an economical and efficient approach to prepare qualified mantGDP-bound CDC42, a member of the Rho GTPase family. In our protocol, with a Kd value of 0.048 μM, alkaline phosphatase hydrolysis of CDC42 increased mantGDP binding affinity to CDC42, allowing mant-nucleotide associating onto CDC42 more easily. Only 1.5-fold molar excess of mantGDP was required to prepare mantGDP-bound CDC42 without nonhydrolyzable GTP analog and high performance liquid chromatography. The mantGDP-bound CDC42 was verified to be efficient for measuring the guanine nucleotide exchange activity of VAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Chuan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Shiyu He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ganggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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13
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Sun J, Macabenta F, Akos Z, Stathopoulos A. Collective Migrations of Drosophila Embryonic Trunk and Caudal Mesoderm-Derived Muscle Precursor Cells. Genetics 2020; 215:297-322. [PMID: 32487692 PMCID: PMC7268997 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm migration in the Drosophila embryo is a highly conserved, complex process that is required for the formation of specialized tissues and organs, including the somatic and visceral musculature. In this FlyBook chapter, we will compare and contrast the specification and migration of cells originating from the trunk and caudal mesoderm. Both cell types engage in collective migrations that enable cells to achieve new positions within developing embryos and form distinct tissues. To start, we will discuss specification and early morphogenetic movements of the presumptive mesoderm, then focus on the coordinate movements of the two subtypes trunk mesoderm and caudal visceral mesoderm, ending with a comparison of these processes including general insights gained through study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Frank Macabenta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Zsuzsa Akos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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14
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Gorisse L, Li Z, Wagner CD, Worthylake DK, Zappacosta F, Hedman AC, Annan RS, Sacks DB. Ubiquitination of the scaffold protein IQGAP1 diminishes its interaction with and activation of the Rho GTPase CDC42. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4822-4835. [PMID: 32094223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is a scaffold protein that interacts with numerous binding partners and thereby regulates fundamental biological processes. The functions of IQGAP1 are modulated by several mechanisms, including protein binding, self-association, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation. Proteome-wide screens have indicated that IQGAP1 is ubiquitinated, but the possible effects of this post-translational modification on its function are unknown. Here we characterized and evaluated the function of IQGAP1 ubiquitination. Using MS-based analysis in HEK293 cells, we identified six lysine residues (Lys-556, -1155, -1230, -1465, -1475, and -1528) as ubiquitination sites in IQGAP1. To elucidate the biological consequences of IQGAP1 ubiquitination, we converted each of these lysines to arginine and found that replacing two of these residues, Lys-1155 and Lys-1230, in the GAP-related domain of IQGAP1 (termed IQGAP1 GRD-2K) reduces its ubiquitination. Moreover, IQGAP1 GRD-2K bound a significantly greater proportion of the two Rho GTPases cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) and Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1) than did WT IQGAP1. Consistent with this observation, reconstitution of IQGAP1-null cells with IQGAP1 GRD-2K significantly increased the amount of active CDC42 and enhanced cell migration significantly more than WT IQGAP1. Our results reveal that ubiquitination of the CDC42 regulator IQGAP1 alters its ability to bind to and activate this GTPase, leading to physiological effects. Collectively, these findings expand our view of the role of ubiquitination in cell signaling and provide additional insight into CDC42 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Gorisse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Craig D Wagner
- Discovery Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - David K Worthylake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | | | - Andrew C Hedman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Roland S Annan
- Discovery Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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15
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Huang Y, Zhao J, Mao G, Lee GS, Zhang J, Bi L, Gu L, Chang Z, Valentino J, Li GM. Identification of novel genetic variants predisposing to familial oral squamous cell carcinomas. Cell Discov 2019; 5:57. [PMID: 31798960 PMCID: PMC6877579 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-019-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but the pathogenesis underlying familial OSCCs is unknown. Here, we analyzed whole-genome sequences of a family with autosomal dominant expression of oral tongue cancer and identified proto-oncogenes VAV2 and IQGAP1 as the primary factors responsible for oral cancer in the family. These two genes are also frequently mutated in sporadic OSCCs and HNSCCs. Functional analysis revealed that the detrimental variants target tumorigenesis-associated pathways, thus confirming that these novel genetic variants help to establish a predisposition to familial OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Huang
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jizhi Zhao
- 4Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Guogen Mao
- 2Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Grace Sanghee Lee
- 2Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- 5Insititute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Lijun Bi
- 5Insititute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Liya Gu
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Zhijie Chang
- 6Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Joseph Valentino
- 3Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Guo-Min Li
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.,2Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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16
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Li Y, Wu M, Zhang Z, Xia J, Wang Z, Chen X, Xiao X, Lu F, Dong Z. Application of External Force Regulates the Migration and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells by Altering Tissue Stiffness. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1614-1622. [PMID: 30909828 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large soft-tissue defects are challenging to reconstruct surgically. Expansion of soft tissue using an external volume expansion (EVE) device is a noninvasive method to improve such reconstruction; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we created fat flaps in Sprague-Dawley rats, applied an external force of 3 or 6 kPa using an EVE device, and investigated the migration and differentiation of adipose-derived stem/progenitor cells (ASCs). In addition, we performed finite element analysis to explore the stiffness of adipose tissue. An external force of 3 kPa promoted the migration and adipogenic differentiation of ASCs. By comparison, an external force of 6 kPa had a larger effect on migration of ASCs, but a smaller effect on adipogenic differentiation of ASCs. External force affected adipose tissue stiffness. In conclusion, external force generated by an EVE device increases the stiffness of adipose tissue, which influences the migration and differentiation of ASCs. The size of the external force can be altered according to the tissue stiffness required at particular time points to promote long-term adipose tissue regeneration. Impact Statement Stem cell therapy in clinic mostly requires the addition of exogenous stem cells, therefore the safety and controllability is always defective. In this study, the external force of external volume expansion regulates adipose-derived stem/progenitor cells (ASCs) migration and differentiation through tissue stiffness. Using tissue engineering without exogenous ASCs can promote long-term adipose tissue regeneration. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for clinical tissue engineering applications and improvements in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zijue Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyun Xiao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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17
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Vohnoutka RB, Gulvady AC, Goreczny G, Alpha K, Handelman SK, Sexton JZ, Turner CE. The focal adhesion scaffold protein Hic-5 regulates vimentin organization in fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3037-3056. [PMID: 31644368 PMCID: PMC6880880 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion (FA)-stimulated reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton regulates cellular size, shape, and mechanical properties. However, FA cross-talk with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton is poorly understood. Genetic ablation of the FA-associated scaffold protein Hic-5 in mouse cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promoted a dramatic collapse of the vimentin network, which was rescued following EGFP-Hic-5 expression. Vimentin collapse correlated with a loss of detergent-soluble vimentin filament precursors and decreased vimentin S72/S82 phosphorylation. Additionally, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis indicated impaired vimentin dynamics. Microtubule (MT)-associated EB1 tracking and Western blotting of MT posttranslational modifications indicated no change in MT dynamics that could explain the vimentin collapse. However, pharmacological inhibition of the RhoGTPase Cdc42 in Hic-5 knockout CAFs rescued the vimentin collapse, while pan-formin inhibition with SMIFH2 promoted vimentin collapse in Hic-5 heterozygous CAFs. Our results reveal novel regulation of vimentin organization/dynamics by the FA scaffold protein Hic-5 via modulation of RhoGTPases and downstream formin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishel B Vohnoutka
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Anushree C Gulvady
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Gregory Goreczny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Kyle Alpha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Samuel K Handelman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jonathan Z Sexton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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18
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High-Throughput, Time-Resolved Mechanical Phenotyping of Prostate Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5742. [PMID: 30952895 PMCID: PMC6450875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, prostate cancer sits only behind lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed form of the disease in men. Even the best diagnostic standards lack precision, presenting issues with false positives and unneeded surgical intervention for patients. This lack of clear cut early diagnostic tools is a significant problem. We present a microfluidic platform, the Time-Resolved Hydrodynamic Stretcher (TR-HS), which allows the investigation of the dynamic mechanical response of thousands of cells per second to a non-destructive stress. The TR-HS integrates high-speed imaging and computer vision to automatically detect and track single cells suspended in a fluid and enables cell classification based on their mechanical properties. We demonstrate the discrimination of healthy and cancerous prostate cell lines based on the whole-cell, time-resolved mechanical response to a hydrodynamic load. Additionally, we implement a finite element method (FEM) model to characterise the forces responsible for the cell deformation in our device. Finally, we report the classification of the two different cell groups based on their time-resolved roundness using a decision tree classifier. This approach introduces a modality for high-throughput assessments of cellular suspensions and may represent a viable application for the development of innovative diagnostic devices.
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19
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Abdrabou A, Wang Z. Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Distribution of Rac1: An Update. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120263. [PMID: 30544910 PMCID: PMC6316090 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rho family. The Rho family of small GTPases is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. The Rho family of GTPases mediate a plethora of cellular effects, including regulation of cytoarchitecture, cell size, cell adhesion, cell polarity, cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis/survival, and membrane trafficking. The cycling of Rac1 between the GTP (guanosine triphosphate)- and GDP (guanosine diphosphate)-bound states is essential for effective signal flow to elicit downstream biological functions. The cycle between inactive and active forms is controlled by three classes of regulatory proteins: Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). Other modifications include RNA splicing and microRNAs; various post-translational modifications have also been shown to regulate the activity and function of Rac1. The reported post-translational modifications include lipidation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and adenylylation, which have all been shown to play important roles in the regulation of Rac1 and other Rho GTPases. Moreover, the Rac1 activity and function are regulated by its subcellular distribution and translocation. This review focused on the most recent progress in Rac1 research, especially in the area of post-translational modification and subcellular distribution and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Abdrabou
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
Controlling protein activity with chemogenetics and optogenetics has proven to be powerful for testing hypotheses regarding protein function in rapid biological processes. Controlling proteins by splitting them and then rescuing their activity through inducible reassembly offers great potential to control diverse protein activities. Building split proteins has been difficult due to spontaneous assembly, difficulty in identifying appropriate split sites, and inefficient induction of effective reassembly. Here we present an automated approach to design effective split proteins regulated by a ligand or by light (SPELL). We develop a scoring function together with an engineered domain to enable reassembly of protein halves with high efficiency and with reduced spontaneous assembly. We demonstrate SPELL by applying it to proteins of various shapes and sizes in living cells. The SPELL server (spell.dokhlab.org) offers an automated prediction of split sites. Designing split protein approaches is time consuming and often results in high background activity due to spontaneous assembly. Here the authors present an automated approach which uses a split energy scoring function to identify optimal protein split sites and reduces spontaneous assembly.
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21
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MARCKS regulates neuritogenesis and interacts with a CDC42 signaling network. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13278. [PMID: 30185885 PMCID: PMC6125478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the process of neuronal differentiation, newly born neurons change from simple, spherical cells to complex, sprawling cells with many highly branched processes. One of the first stages in this process is neurite initiation, wherein cytoskeletal modifications facilitate membrane protrusion and extension from the cell body. Hundreds of actin modulators and microtubule-binding proteins are known to be involved in this process, but relatively little is known about how upstream regulators bring these complex networks together at discrete locations to produce neurites. Here, we show that Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) participates in this process. Marcks−/− cortical neurons extend fewer neurites and have less complex neurite arborization patterns. We use an in vitro proteomics screen to identify MARCKS interactors in developing neurites and characterize an interaction between MARCKS and a CDC42-centered network. While the presence of MARCKS does not affect whole brain levels of activated or total CDC42, we propose that MARCKS is uniquely positioned to regulate CDC42 localization and interactions within specialized cellular compartments, such as nascent neurites.
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22
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RAC1 GTP-ase signals Wnt-beta-catenin pathway mediated integrin-directed metastasis-associated tumor cell phenotypes in triple negative breast cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3072-3103. [PMID: 27902969 PMCID: PMC5356866 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of integrin-directed metastasis-associated (ID-MA) phenotypes by Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cells is caused by an upregulation of the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway (WP). We reported that WP is one of the salient genetic features of TNBC. RAC-GTPases, small G-proteins which transduce signals from cell surface proteins including integrins, have been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis by their role in essential cellular functions like motility. The collective percentage of alteration(s) in RAC1 in ER+ve BC was lower as compared to ER-ve BC (35% vs 57%) (brca/tcga/pub2015). High expression of RAC1 was associated with poor outcome for RFS with HR=1.48 [CI: 1.15-1.9] p=0.0019 in the Hungarian ER-veBC cohort. Here we examined how WP signals are transduced via RAC1 in the context of ID-MA phenotypes in TNBC. Using pharmacological agents (sulindac sulfide), genetic tools (beta-catenin siRNA), WP modulators (Wnt-C59, XAV939), RAC1 inhibitors (NSC23766, W56) and WP stimulations (LWnt3ACM, Wnt3A recombinant) in a panel of 6-7 TNBC cell lines, we studied fibronectin-directed (1) migration, (2) matrigel invasion, (3) RAC1 and Cdc42 activation, (4) actin dynamics (confocal microscopy) and (5) podia-parameters. An attenuation of WP, which (a) decreased cellular levels of beta-catenin, as well as its nuclear active-form, (b) decreased fibronectin-induced migration, (c) decreased invasion, (d) altered actin dynamics and (e) decreased podia-parameters was successful in blocking fibronectin-mediated RAC1/Cdc42 activity. Both Wnt-antagonists and RAC1 inhibitors blocked fibronectin-induced RAC1 activation and inhibited the fibronectin-induced ID-MA phenotypes following specific WP stimulation by LWnt3ACM as well as Wnt3A recombinant protein. To test a direct involvement of RAC1-activation in WP-mediated ID-MA phenotypes, we stimulated brain-metastasis specific MDA-MB231BR cells with LWnt3ACM. LWnt3ACM-stimulated fibronectin-directed migration was blocked by RAC1 inhibition in MDA-MB231BR cells. In the light of our previous report that WP upregulation causes ID-MA phenotypes in TNBC tumor cells, here we provide the first mechanism based evidence to demonstrate that WP upregulation signals ID-MA tumor cell phenotypes in a RAC1-GTPase dependent manner involving exchange-factors like TIAM1 and VAV2. Our study demonstrates for the first time that beta-catenin-RAC1 cascade signals integrin-directed metastasis-associated tumor cell phenotypes in TNBC.
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23
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Thompson WR, Yen SS, Uzer G, Xie Z, Sen B, Styner M, Burridge K, Rubin J. LARG GEF and ARHGAP18 orchestrate RhoA activity to control mesenchymal stem cell lineage. Bone 2018; 107:172-180. [PMID: 29208526 PMCID: PMC5743610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The quantity and quality of bone depends on osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), where adipogenic commitment depletes the available pool for osteogenesis. Cell architecture influences lineage decisions, where interfering with cytoskeletal structure promotes adipogenesis. Mechanical strain suppresses MSC adipogenesis partially through RhoA driven enhancement of cytoskeletal structure. To understand the basis of force-driven RhoA activation, we considered critical GEFs (activators) and GAPs (inactivators) on bone marrow MSC lineage fate. Knockdown of LARG accelerated adipogenesis and repressed basal RhoA activity. Importantly, mechanical activation of RhoA was almost entirely inhibited following LARG depletion, and the ability of strain to inhibit adipogenesis was impaired. Knockdown of ARHGAP18 increased basal RhoA activity and actin stress fiber formation, but did not enhance mechanical strain activation of RhoA. ARHGAP18 null MSCs exhibited suppressed adipogenesis assessed by Oil-Red-O staining and Western blot of adipogenic markers. Furthermore, ARHGAP18 knockdown enhanced osteogenic commitment, confirmed by alkaline phosphatase staining and qPCR of Sp7, Alpl, and Bglap genes. This suggests that ARHGAP18 conveys tonic inhibition of MSC cytoskeletal assembly, returning RhoA to an "off state" and affecting cell lineage in the static state. In contrast, LARG is recruited during dynamic mechanical strain, and is necessary for mechanical suppression of adipogenesis. In summary, mechanical activation of RhoA in mesenchymal progenitors is dependent on LARG, while ARHGAP18 limits RhoA delineated cytoskeletal structure in static cultures. Thus, on and off GTP exchangers work through RhoA to influence MSC fate and responses to static and dynamic physical factors in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Sherwin S Yen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, United States.
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Keith Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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24
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Rastogi D, Nico J, Johnston AD, Tobias TAM, Jorge Y, Macian F, Greally JM. CDC42-related genes are upregulated in helper T cells from obese asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:539-548.e7. [PMID: 28479334 PMCID: PMC5671374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric obesity-related asthma is more severe and less responsive to medications than asthma in normal-weight children. Obese asthmatic children have nonatopic TH1-polarized systemic inflammation that correlates with pulmonary function deficits, but the pathways underlying TH1-polarized inflammation are not well understood. OBJECTIVE We compared the CD4+ T-cell transcriptome in obese children with asthma with that in normal-weight children with asthma to identify key differentially expressed genes associated with TH1-polarized inflammation. METHODS CD4+ T-cell transcriptome-wide differential gene expression was compared between 21 obese and 21 normal-weight children by using directional RNA sequencing. High-confidence differentially expressed genes were verified in the first cohort and validated in a second cohort of 20 children (10 obese and 10 normal-weight children) by using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Transcriptome-wide differential gene expression among obese asthmatic children was enriched for genes, including VAV2, DOCK5, PAK3, PLD1, CDC42EP4, and CDC42PBB, which are associated with CDC42, a small guanosine triphosphate protein linked to T-cell activation. Upregulation of MLK3 and PLD1, genes downstream of CDC42 in the mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways and the inverse correlation of CDC42EP4 and DOCK5 transcript counts with FEV1/FVC ratio together support a role of CDC42 in the TH1 polarization and pulmonary function deficits found in patients with obesity-related asthma. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies the CDC42 pathway as a novel target that is upregulated in TH cells of obese asthmatic children, suggesting its role in nonatopic TH1-polarized systemic inflammation and pulmonary function deficits found in patients with pediatric obesity-related asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rastogi
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
| | - John Nico
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Andrew D Johnston
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Yurydia Jorge
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - John M Greally
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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25
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NFkB hyperactivation causes invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with EGFR overexpression and p120-catenin down-regulation. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29541406 PMCID: PMC5834278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Four out of five patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) will die within five years. This is primarily a result of the aggressive invasive potential of the disease. Our research is focused on the interplay between tumor suppressors and oncogenes in the invasive process. Specifically, EGFR and p120-catenin (p120ctn) are commonly dysregulated genes that are indicative of poor prognosis in ESCC. In a previous study we demonstrated that in our 3D organotypic culture model, only when EGFR overexpression is combined with p120ctn inactivation do the cells transform and invade – as opposed to either event alone. The purpose of this present study was to identify the components of the molecular pathways downstream of p120ctn and EGFR that lead to invasion. Using both human esophageal keratinocytes and human ESCC cells, we have identified NFkB as a central regulator of the invasive process downstream of p120ctn down-regulation and EGFR overexpression. Interestingly, we found that NFkB is hyperactivated in cells with EGFR overexpression and p120ctn inactivation than with either EGFR or p120ctn alone. Inhibition of this NFkB hyperactivation results in complete loss of invasion, suggesting that NFkB signaling is necessary for invasion in this aggressive cell type. Furthermore, we have identified RhoA and Rho-kinase as upstream regulators of NFkB in this process. We believe the cooperation of p120ctn down-regulation and EGFR overexpression is not only important in the aggressive mechanisms of ESCC but could be broadly applicable to many other cancer types in which p120ctn and EGFR are involved.
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26
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Koraïchi F, Gence R, Bouchenot C, Grosjean S, Lajoie-Mazenc I, Favre G, Cabantous S. High-content tripartite split-GFP cell-based assays to screen for modulators of small GTPase activation. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.210419. [PMID: 29192060 PMCID: PMC5818064 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human Ras superfamily of small GTPases controls essential cellular processes such as gene expression and cell proliferation. As their deregulation is widely associated with human cancer, small GTPases and their regulatory proteins have become increasingly attractive for the development of novel therapeutics. Classical methods to monitor GTPase activation include pulldown assays that limit the analysis of GTP-bound form of proteins from cell lysates. Alternatively, live-cell FRET biosensors may be used to study GTPase activation dynamics in response to stimuli, but these sensors often require further optimization for high-throughput applications. Here, we describe a cell-based approach that is suitable to monitor the modulation of small GTPase activity in a high-content analysis. The assay relies on a genetically encoded tripartite split-GFP (triSFP) system that we integrated in an optimized cellular model to monitor modulation of RhoA and RhoB GTPases. Our results indicate the robust response of the reporter, allowing the interrogation of inhibition and stimulation of Rho activity, and highlight potential applications of this method to discover novel modulators and regulators of small GTPases and related protein-binding domains. Summary: The development of a fluorescent reporter of GTPase activation based on tripartite split-GFP that enables the evaluation of GEF activity and the effect of modulators of GTPase activation in a high-content analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Koraïchi
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Gence
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Bouchenot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Grosjean
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Lajoie-Mazenc
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037 Toulouse, France .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Cabantous
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037 Toulouse, France .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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27
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Drives Cell Motility via Rho-GTPase-Induced Filopodium Formation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00940-17. [PMID: 29093086 PMCID: PMC5752956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00940-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility and migration is a complex, multistep, and multicomponent process intrinsic to progression and metastasis. Motility is dependent on the activities of integrin receptors and Rho family GTPases, resulting in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and formation of various motile actin-based protrusions. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer with a high likelihood of recurrence and metastasis. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is associated with the majority of MCC cases, and MCPyV-induced tumorigenesis largely depends on the expression of the small tumor antigen (ST). Since the discovery of MCPyV, a number of mechanisms have been suggested to account for replication and tumorigenesis, but to date, little is known about potential links between MCPyV T antigen expression and the metastatic nature of MCC. Previously, we described the action of MCPyV ST on the microtubule network and how it impacts cell motility and migration. Here, we demonstrate that MCPyV ST affects the actin cytoskeleton to promote the formation of filopodia through a mechanism involving the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4C). We also show that MCPyV ST-induced cell motility is dependent upon the activities of the Rho family GTPases Cdc42 and RhoA. In addition, our results indicate that the MCPyV ST-PP4C interaction results in the dephosphorylation of β1 integrin, likely driving the cell motility pathway. These findings describe a novel mechanism by which a tumor virus induces cell motility, which may ultimately lead to cancer metastasis, and provides opportunities and strategies for targeted interventions for disseminated MCC. IMPORTANCE Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the most recently discovered human tumor virus. It causes the majority of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive skin cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms implicating MCPyV-encoded proteins in cancer development are yet to be fully elucidated. This study builds upon our previous observations, which demonstrated that the MCPyV ST antigen enhances cell motility, providing a potential link between MCPyV protein expression and the highly metastatic nature of MCC. Here, we show that MCPyV ST remodels the actin cytoskeleton, promoting the formation of filopodia, which is essential for MCPyV ST-induced cell motility, and we also implicate the activity of specific Rho family GTPases, Cdc42 and RhoA, in these processes. Moreover, we describe a novel mechanism for the activation of Rho-GTPases and the cell motility pathway due to the interaction between MCPyV ST and the cellular phosphatase catalytic subunit PP4C, which leads to the specific dephosphorylation of β1 integrin. These findings may therefore provide novel strategies for therapeutic intervention for disseminated MCC.
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28
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Conley SM, Abais-Battad JM, Yuan X, Zhang Q, Boini KM, Li PL. Contribution of guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse podocytes during hyperhomocysteinemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:236-244. [PMID: 28193546 PMCID: PMC5423457 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been demonstrated to mediate the activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in podocytes in response to elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcys). However, it remains unknown how NLRP3 inflammasome activation is triggered by NOX. The present study tested whether the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 mediates Rac1-mediated NOX activation in response to elevated Hcys leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in podocytes and consequent glomerular injury. In a mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys), we found that mice with hHcys (on the FF diet) or oncoVav2 (a constitutively active form of Vav2) transfection in the kidney exhibited increased colocalization of NLRP3 with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) or caspase-1 and elevated IL-1β levels in glomeruli, indicating the formation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This glomerular NLRP3 inflammasome activation was accompanied by podocyte dysfunction and glomerular injury, even sclerosis. Local transfection of Vav2 shRNA plasmids significantly attenuated hHcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, podocyte injury, and glomerular sclerosis. In cultured podocytes, Hcys treatment and oncoVav2 transfection were also found to increase NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation, which were all inhibited by Vav2 shRNA. Furthermore, Vav2 shRNA prevented Hcys-induced podocyte damage as shown by restoring Hcys-impaired VEGF secretion and podocin production. This inhibitory action of Vav2 shRNA on Hcys-induced podocyte injury was associated with reduction of Rac1 activity and ROS production. These results suggest that elevated Hcys levels activate Vav2 and thereby increase NOX activity leading to ROS production, which triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation, podocyte dysfunction and glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabena M Conley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Justine M Abais-Battad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Krishna M Boini
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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29
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Tang DD, Gerlach BD. The roles and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments and microtubules in smooth muscle cell migration. Respir Res 2017; 18:54. [PMID: 28390425 PMCID: PMC5385055 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell migration has been implicated in the development of respiratory and cardiovascular systems; and airway/vascular remodeling. Cell migration is a polarized cellular process involving a protrusive cell front and a retracting trailing rear. There are three cytoskeletal systems in mammalian cells: the actin cytoskeleton, the intermediate filament network, and microtubules; all of which regulate all or part of the migrated process. The dynamic actin cytoskeleton spatially and temporally regulates protrusion, adhesions, contraction, and retraction from the cell front to the rear. c-Abl tyrosine kinase plays a critical role in regulating actin dynamics and migration of airway smooth muscle cells and nonmuscle cells. Recent studies suggest that intermediate filaments undergo reorganization during migration, which coordinates focal adhesion dynamics, cell contraction, and nucleus rigidity. In particular, vimentin intermediate filaments undergo phosphorylation and reorientation in smooth muscle cells, which may regulate cell contraction and focal adhesion assembly/disassembly. Motile cells are characterized by a front-rear polarization of the microtubule framework, which regulates all essential processes leading to cell migration through its role in cell mechanics, intracellular trafficking, and signaling. This review recapitulates our current knowledge how the three cytoskeletal systems spatially and temporally modulate the migratory properties of cells. We also summarize the potential role of migration-associated biomolecules in lung and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale D Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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30
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Rosenberg BJ, Gil-Henn H, Mader CC, Halo T, Yin T, Condeelis J, Machida K, Wu YI, Koleske AJ. Phosphorylated cortactin recruits Vav2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor to activate Rac3 and promote invadopodial function in invasive breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1347-1360. [PMID: 28356423 PMCID: PMC5426849 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of cortactin downstream of the EGF receptor–Src-Arg kinase cascade triggers maturation of invadopodia, actin-rich protrusions that breast cancer cells use to invade the extracellular matrix. Phosphocortactin recruits Vav2 to invadopodia to activate Rac3 and support actin polymerization, matrix degradation, and invasion. Breast carcinoma cells use specialized, actin-rich protrusions called invadopodia to degrade and invade through the extracellular matrix. Phosphorylation of the actin nucleation–promoting factor and actin-stabilizing protein cortactin downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor–Src-Arg kinase cascade is known to be a critical trigger for invadopodium maturation and subsequent cell invasion in breast cancer cells. The functions of cortactin phosphorylation in this process, however, are not completely understood. We identify the Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 in a comprehensive screen for human SH2 domains that bind selectively to phosphorylated cortactin. We demonstrate that the Vav2 SH2 domain binds selectively to phosphotyrosine-containing peptides corresponding to cortactin tyrosines Y421 and Y466 but not to Y482. Mutation of the Vav2 SH2 domain disrupts its recruitment to invadopodia, and an SH2-domain mutant form of Vav2 cannot support efficient matrix degradation in invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We show that Vav2 function is required for promoting invadopodium maturation and consequent actin polymerization, matrix degradation, and invasive migratory behavior. Using biochemical assays and a novel Rac3 biosensor, we show that Vav2 promotes Rac3 activation at invadopodia. Rac3 knockdown reduces matrix degradation by invadopodia, whereas a constitutively active Rac3 can rescue the deficits in invadopodium function in Vav2-knockdown cells. Together these data indicate that phosphorylated cortactin recruits Vav2 to activate Rac3 and promote invadopodial maturation in invasive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311520, Israel
| | | | - Tiffany Halo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Taofei Yin
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Kazuya Machida
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Yi I Wu
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 .,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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31
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Buvall L, Wallentin H, Sieber J, Andreeva S, Choi HY, Mundel P, Greka A. Synaptopodin Is a Coincidence Detector of Tyrosine versus Serine/Threonine Phosphorylation for the Modulation of Rho Protein Crosstalk in Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:837-851. [PMID: 27628902 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine and serine/threonine signal-transduction pathways influence many aspects of cell behavior, including the spatial and temporal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. However, little is known about how input from diverse tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases is integrated to control Rho protein crosstalk and actin remodeling, which are critically important in podocyte health and disease. Here we unveil the proteolytically-regulated, actin organizing protein synaptopodin as a coincidence detector of tyrosine versus serine/threonine phosphorylation. We show that serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases duel for synaptopodin stability versus degradation. EGFR/Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of synaptopodin in podocytes promotes binding to the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin. This leads to the loss of 14-3-3 binding, resulting in synaptopodin degradation, Vav2 activation, enhanced Rac1 signaling, and ultimate loss of stress fibers. Our studies reveal how synaptopodin, a single proteolytically-controlled protein, integrates antagonistic tyrosine versus serine/threonine phosphorylation events for the dynamic control of the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Buvall
- Departments of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, and
| | - Hanna Wallentin
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sieber
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Svetlana Andreeva
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hoon Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Peter Mundel
- and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Greka
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; .,Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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32
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Croucher DR, Iconomou M, Hastings JF, Kennedy SP, Han JZR, Shearer RF, McKenna J, Wan A, Lau J, Aparicio S, Saunders DN. Bimolecular complementation affinity purification (BiCAP) reveals dimer-specific protein interactions for ERBB2 dimers. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra69. [PMID: 27405979 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic assembly of multiprotein complexes is a central mechanism of many cell signaling pathways. This process is key to maintaining the spatiotemporal specificity required for an accurate, yet adaptive, response to rapidly changing cellular conditions. We describe a technique for the specific isolation and downstream proteomic characterization of any two interacting proteins, to the exclusion of their individual moieties and competing binding partners. We termed the approach bimolecular complementation affinity purification (BiCAP) because it combines the use of conformation-specific nanobodies with a protein-fragment complementation assay with affinity purification. Using BiCAP, we characterized the specific interactome of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family member ERBB2 when in the form of a homodimer or when in the form of a heterodimer with either EGFR or ERBB3. We identified dimer-specific interaction patterns for key adaptor proteins and identified a number of previously unknown interacting partners. Functional analysis for one of these newly identified partners revealed a noncanonical mechanism of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation that is specific to the ERBB2:ERBB3 heterodimer and acts through the adaptor protein FAM59A in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia. St. Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D4, Ireland.
| | - Mary Iconomou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sean P Kennedy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia. Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Z R Han
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Robert F Shearer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jessie McKenna
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Adrian Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Darren N Saunders
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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33
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are crucial signaling molecules that regulate a plethora of biological functions. Traditional biochemical, cell biological, and genetic approaches have founded the basis of Rho GTPase biology. The development of biosensors then allowed measuring Rho GTPase activity with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. This revealed that Rho GTPase activity fluctuates on time and length scales of tens of seconds and micrometers, respectively. In this review, we describe Rho GTPase activity patterns observed in different cell systems. We then discuss the growing body of evidence that upstream regulators such as guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins shape these patterns by precisely controlling the spatio-temporal flux of Rho GTPase activity. Finally, we comment on additional mechanisms that might feed into the regulation of these signaling patterns and on novel technologies required to dissect this spatio-temporal complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Dubois F, Keller M, Calvayrac O, Soncin F, Hoa L, Hergovich A, Parrini MC, Mazières J, Vaisse-Lesteven M, Camonis J, Levallet G, Zalcman G. RASSF1A Suppresses the Invasion and Metastatic Potential of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting YAP Activation through the GEF-H1/RhoB Pathway. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1627-40. [PMID: 26759237 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A by promoter hypermethylation represents a key event underlying the initiation and progression of lung cancer. RASSF1A inactivation is also associated with poor prognosis and may promote metastatic spread. In this study, we investigated how RASSF1A inactivation conferred invasive phenotypes to human bronchial cells. RNAi-mediated silencing of RASSF1A induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fomenting a motile and invasive cellular phenotype in vitro and increased metastatic prowess in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that RASSF1A blocked tumor growth by stimulating cofilin/PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1, thereby stimulating its ability to activate the antimetastatic small GTPase RhoB. Furthermore, RASSF1A reduced nuclear accumulation of the Hippo pathway transcriptional cofactor Yes-associated protein (YAP), which was reinforced by RhoB activation. Collectively, our results indicated that RASSF1 acts to restrict EMT and invasion by indirectly controlling YAP nuclear shuttling and activation through a RhoB-regulated cytoskeletal remodeling process, with potential implications to delay the progression of RASSF1-hypermethylated lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéméh Dubois
- Normandie Universite, UMR1086 INSERM, Caen, France. Normandie Universite, UPRES-EA-2608, Caen, France
| | - Maureen Keller
- Normandie Universite, UMR1086 INSERM, Caen, France. Normandie Universite, UPRES-EA-2608, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Lily Hoa
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gérard Zalcman
- Normandie Universite, UMR1086 INSERM, Caen, France. Pneumologie et Oncologie thoracique, Hôpital Bichat, France.
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35
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Uzer G, Thompson WR, Sen B, Xie Z, Yen SS, Miller S, Bas G, Styner M, Rubin CT, Judex S, Burridge K, Rubin J. Cell Mechanosensitivity to Extremely Low-Magnitude Signals Is Enabled by a LINCed Nucleus. Stem Cells 2016; 33:2063-76. [PMID: 25787126 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A cell's ability to recognize and adapt to the physical environment is central to its survival and function, but how mechanical cues are perceived and transduced into intracellular signals remains unclear. In mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), high-magnitude substrate strain (HMS, ≥2%) effectively suppresses adipogenesis via induction of focal adhesion (FA) kinase (FAK)/mTORC2/Akt signaling generated at FAs. Physiologic systems also rely on a persistent barrage of low-level signals to regulate behavior. Exposing MSC to extremely low-magnitude mechanical signals (LMS) suppresses adipocyte formation despite the virtual absence of substrate strain (<0.001%), suggesting that LMS-induced dynamic accelerations can generate force within the cell. Here, we show that MSC response to LMS is enabled through mechanical coupling between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, in turn activating FAK and Akt signaling followed by FAK-dependent induction of RhoA. While LMS and HMS synergistically regulated FAK activity at the FAs, LMS-induced actin remodeling was concentrated at the perinuclear domain. Preventing nuclear-actin cytoskeleton mechanocoupling by disrupting linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes inhibited these LMS-induced signals as well as prevented LMS repression of adipogenic differentiation, highlighting that LINC connections are critical for sensing LMS. In contrast, FAK activation by HMS was unaffected by LINC decoupling, consistent with signal initiation at the FA mechanosome. These results indicate that the MSC responds to its dynamic physical environment not only with "outside-in" signaling initiated by substrate strain, but vibratory signals enacted through the LINC complex enable matrix independent "inside-inside" signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Uzer
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William R Thompson
- School of Physical Therapy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sherwin S Yen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guniz Bas
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Keith Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Liu S, Wu X, Zong M, Tempel W, Loppnau P, Liu Y. Structural basis for a novel interaction between TXNIP and Vav2. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:857-65. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; College of Life Science; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Xue Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; College of Life Science; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Minru Zong
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Wolfram Tempel
- Structural Genomics Consortium; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Peter Loppnau
- Structural Genomics Consortium; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Yanli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; College of Life Science; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
- Structural Genomics Consortium; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
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37
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Baschieri F, Uetz-von Allmen E, Legler DF, Farhan H. Loss of GM130 in breast cancer cells and its effects on cell migration, invasion and polarity. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1139-47. [PMID: 25892554 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially distinct pools of the small GTPase Cdc42 were observed, but the major focus of research so far has been to investigate its signaling at the plasma membrane. We recently showed that the Golgi pool of Cdc42 is relevant for cell polarity and that it is regulated by GM130, a Golgi matrix protein. Loss of GM130 abrogated cell polarity and consistent with the notion that polarity is frequently impaired in cancer, we found that GM130 is downregulated in colorectal cancer. Whether the loss of GM130 solely affects polarity, or whether it affects other processes relevant for tumorigenesis remains unclear. In a panel of breast cancer cells lines, we investigated the consequences of GM130 depletion on traits of relevance for tumor progression, such as survival, proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion. We show that cellular assays that depend on polarity, such as chemotaxis and wound scratch assays, are only of limited use to investigate the role of polarity modulators in cancer. Depletion of GM130 increases cellular velocity and increases the invasiveness of breast cancer cells, therefore supporting the view that alterations of polarity contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baschieri
- a Biotechnology Institute Thurgau; University of Konstanz ; Kreuzlingen , Switzerland
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38
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Zhu M, Zou J, Li T, O'Brien SA, Zhang Y, Ogden S, Zhang W. Differential Roles of Phospholipase D Proteins in FcεRI-Mediated Signaling and Mast Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4492-502. [PMID: 26392467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) proteins are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate an important signaling lipid, phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid is a putative second messenger implicated in the regulation of vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal reorganization. Previous studies using inhibitors and overexpression of PLD proteins indicate that PLD1 and PLD2 play positive roles in FcεRI-mediated signaling and mast cell function. We used mice deficient in PLD1, PLD2, or both to study the function of these enzymes in mast cells. In contrast to published studies, we found that PLD1 deficiency impaired FcεRI-mediated mast cell degranulation; however, PLD2 deficiency enhanced it. Biochemical analysis showed that PLD deficiency affected activation of the PI3K pathway and RhoA. Furthermore, our data indicated that, although PLD1 deficiency impaired F-actin disassembly, PLD2 deficiency enhanced microtubule formation. Together, our results suggested that PLD1 and PLD2, two proteins that catalyze the same enzymatic reaction, regulate different steps in mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jianwei Zou
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Tieshi Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sarah A O'Brien
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sarah Ogden
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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39
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Regulation of sarcoma cell migration, invasion and invadopodia formation by AFAP1L1 through a phosphotyrosine-dependent pathway. Oncogene 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The Vav family is a group of tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated signal transduction molecules hierarchically located downstream of protein tyrosine kinases. The main function of these proteins is to work as guanosine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for members of the Rho GTPase family. In addition, they can exhibit a variety of catalysis-independent roles in specific signaling contexts. Vav proteins play essential signaling roles for both the development and/or effector functions of a large variety of cell lineages, including those belonging to the immune, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. They also contribute to pathological states such as cancer, immune-related dysfunctions, and atherosclerosis. Here, I will provide an integrated view about the evolution, regulation, and effector properties of these signaling molecules. In addition, I will discuss the pros and cons for their potential consideration as therapeutic targets.
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Key Words
- Ac, acidic
- Ahr, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CH, calponin homology
- CSH3, most C-terminal SH3 domain of Vav proteins
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DH, Dbl-homology domain
- Dbl-homology
- GDP/GTP exchange factors
- GEF, guanosine nucleotide exchange factor
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IP3, inositoltriphosphate
- NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- NSH3, most N-terminal SH3 domain of Vav proteins
- PH, plekstrin-homology domain
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PKD, protein kinase D
- PLC-g, phospholipase C-g
- PRR, proline-rich region
- PTK, protein tyrosine kinase
- Phox, phagocyte oxidase
- Rho GTPases
- SH2, Src homology 2
- SH3, Src homology 3
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- Vav
- ZF, zinc finger region
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- cancer
- cardiovascular biology
- disease
- immunology
- nervous system
- signaling
- therapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé R Bustelo
- a Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer ; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Salamanca ; Campus Unamuno; Salamanca , Spain
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41
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Havel LS, Kline ER, Salgueiro AM, Marcus AI. Vimentin regulates lung cancer cell adhesion through a VAV2-Rac1 pathway to control focal adhesion kinase activity. Oncogene 2015; 34:1979-90. [PMID: 24858039 PMCID: PMC4245398 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein whose expression correlates with increased metastatic disease, reduced patient survival and poor prognosis across multiple tumor types. Despite these well-characterized correlations, the molecular role of vimentin in cancer cell motility remains undefined. To approach this, we used an unbiased phosphoproteomics screen in lung cancer cell lines to discover cell motility proteins that show significant changes in phosphorylation upon vimentin depletion. We identified the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), VAV2, as having the greatest loss of phosphorylation owing to vimentin depletion. Since VAV2 serves as a GEF for the small Rho GTPase Rac1, a key player in cell motility and adhesion, we explored the vimentin-VAV2 pathway as a potential novel regulator of lung cancer cell motility. We show that VAV2 localizes to vimentin-positive focal adhesions (FAs) in lung cancer cells and complexes with vimentin and FA kinase (FAK). Vimentin loss impairs both pY142-VAV2 and downstream pY397-FAK activity showing that vimentin is critical for maintaining VAV2 and FAK activity. Importantly, vimentin depletion reduces the activity of the VAV2 target, Rac1, and a constitutively active Rac1 rescues defects in FAK and cell adhesion when vimentin or VAV2 is compromised. Based upon this data, we propose a model whereby vimentin promotes FAK stabilization through VAV2-mediated Rac1 activation. This model may explain why vimentin expressing metastatic lung cancer cells are more motile and invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Havel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E R Kline
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A M Salgueiro
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A I Marcus
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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42
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Sundaram S. Rac1 is a novel interactor of Drosophila guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEFmeso. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 404:259-62. [PMID: 25753922 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) are proteins that regulate the activity of GTPases by catalysing the exchange of GDP for GTP. In this work, we studied the interaction of various Rho family GTPases CDC42, Rac1 and RhoA with GEFmeso, a GEF expressed in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). The interaction of GEFmeso with Rho family GTPases was studied by means of guanine nucleotide exchange assays. Our results suggest that GEFmeso interacts with Rac1 in addition to its interaction with CDC42 and Ral, which was reported earlier. We propose that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEFmeso is involved in a developmental process that requires the synergistic action of CDC42 and Rac1 during Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susinder Sundaram
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India,
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43
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Wu D, Jiao M, Zu S, Sollecito CC, Jimenez-Cowell K, Mold AJ, Kennedy RM, Wei Q. Intramolecular interactions between the Dbl homology (DH) domain and the carboxyl-terminal region of myosin II-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor (MyoGEF) act as an autoinhibitory mechanism for the regulation of MyoGEF functions. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34033-48. [PMID: 25336641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that nonmuscle myosin II-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor (MyoGEF) plays an important role in the regulation of cell migration and cytokinesis. Like many other guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), MyoGEF contains a Dbl homology (DH) domain and a pleckstrin homology domain. In this study, we provide evidence demonstrating that intramolecular interactions between the DH domain (residues 162-351) and the carboxyl-terminal region (501-790) of MyoGEF can inhibit MyoGEF functions. In vitro and in vivo pulldown assays showed that the carboxyl-terminal region (residues 501-790) of MyoGEF could interact with the DH domain but not with the pleckstrin homology domain. Expression of a MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal fragment (residues 501-790) decreased RhoA activation and suppressed actin filament formation in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Additionally, Matrigel invasion assays showed that exogenous expression of the MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal region decreased the invasion activity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that phosphorylation of the MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal region by aurora B kinase interfered with the intramolecular interactions of MyoGEF. Furthermore, expression of the MyoGEF carboxyl-terminal region interfered with RhoA localization during cytokinesis and led to an increase in multinucleation. Together, our findings suggest that binding of the carboxyl-terminal region of MyoGEF to its DH domain acts as an autoinhibitory mechanism for the regulation of MyoGEF activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Meng Jiao
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Shicheng Zu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | | | - Kevin Jimenez-Cowell
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Alexander J Mold
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Ryan M Kennedy
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Qize Wei
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
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44
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Thompson WR, Guilluy C, Xie Z, Sen B, Brobst KE, Yen SS, Uzer G, Styner M, Case N, Burridge K, Rubin J. Mechanically activated Fyn utilizes mTORC2 to regulate RhoA and adipogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2528-37. [PMID: 23836527 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical strain provides an anti-adipogenic, pro-osteogenic stimulus to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) through generating intracellular signals and via cytoskeletal restructuring. Recently, mTORC2 has been shown to be a novel mechanical target critical for the anti-adipogenic signal leading to preservation of β-catenin. As mechanical activation of mTORC2 requires focal adhesions (FAs), we asked whether proximal signaling involved Src and FAK, which are early responders to integrin-FA engagement. Application of mechanical strain to marrow-derived MSCs was unable to activate mTORC2 when Src family kinases were inhibited. Fyn, but not Src, was specifically required for mechanical activation of mTORC2 and was recruited to FAs after strain. Activation of mTORC2 was further diminished following FAK inhibition, and as FAK phosphorylation (Tyr-397) required Fyn activity, provided evidence of Fyn/FAK cooperativity. Inhibition of Fyn also prevented mechanical activation of RhoA as well as mechanically induced actin stress fiber formation. We thus asked whether RhoA activation by strain was dependent on mTORC2 downstream of Fyn. Inhibition of mTORC2 or its downstream substrate, Akt, both prevented mechanical RhoA activation, indicating that Fyn/FAK affects cytoskeletal structure via mTORC2. We then sought to ascertain whether this Fyn-initiated signal pathway modulated MSC lineage decisions. siRNA knockdown of Fyn, but not Src, led to rapid attainment of adipogenic phenotype with significant increases in adipocyte protein 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, adiponectin, and perilipin. As such, Fyn expression in mdMSCs contributes to basal cytoskeletal architecture and, when associated with FAs, functions as a proximal mechanical effector for environmental signals that influence MSC lineage allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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45
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Ménard L, Parker PJ, Kermorgant S. Receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met controls the cytoskeleton from different endosomes via different pathways. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3907. [PMID: 24835487 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are increasingly recognized as having the capacity to signal post-internalization. Signalling outputs and/or duration, and subsequent cellular outcome, are thought to be distinct when emanating from endosomes compared with those from the plasma membrane. Here we show, in invasive, basal-like human breast cell models, that different mechanisms are engaged by the RTK c-Met in two different endosomes to control the actin cytoskeleton via the key migratory signal output Rac1. Despite an acute activation of Rac1 from peripheral endosomes (PEs), c-Met needs to traffic to a perinuclear endosome (PNE) to sustain Rac1 signalling, trigger optimal membrane ruffling, cell migration and invasion. Unexpectedly, in the PNE but not in the PE, PI3K and the Rac-GEF Vav2 are required. Thus we describe a novel endosomal signalling mechanism whereby one signal output, Rac1, is stimulated through distinct pathways by the same RTK depending on which endosome it is localized to in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Ménard
- 1] Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK [2] Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- 1] Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK [2] Division of Cancer Studies, King's College School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stéphanie Kermorgant
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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46
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Batson J, Maccarthy-Morrogh L, Archer A, Tanton H, Nobes CD. EphA receptors regulate prostate cancer cell dissemination through Vav2-RhoA mediated cell-cell repulsion. Biol Open 2014; 3:453-62. [PMID: 24795148 PMCID: PMC4058079 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20146601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer cells display EphB receptor-mediated attraction when they contact stromal fibroblasts but EphA-driven repulsion when they contact one another. The impact of these ‘social’ interactions between cells during cancer cell invasion and the signalling mechanisms downstream of Eph receptors are unclear. Here we show that EphA receptors regulate prostate cancer cell dissemination in a 2D dispersal assay and in a 3D cancer cell spheroid assay. We show that EphA receptors signal via the exchange factor Vav2 to activate RhoA and that both Vav2 and RhoA are required for prostate cancer cell–cell repulsion. Furthermore, we find that in EphA2/EphA4, Vav2 or RhoA siRNA-treated cells, contact repulsion can be restored by partial microtubule destabilisation. We propose that EphA–Vav2–RhoA-mediated repulsion between contacting cancer cells at the tumour edge could enhance their local invasion away from the primary tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Batson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lucy Maccarthy-Morrogh
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Amy Archer
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen Tanton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Catherine D Nobes
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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47
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Espejo R, Jeng Y, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Rengifo-Cam W, Honkus K, Anastasiadis PZ, Sastry SK. PTP-PEST targets a novel tyrosine site in p120 catenin to control epithelial cell motility and Rho GTPase activity. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:497-508. [PMID: 24284071 PMCID: PMC4007762 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is implicated in regulating the adherens junction protein, p120 catenin (p120), however, the mechanisms are not well defined. Here, we show, using substrate trapping, that p120 is a direct target of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-PEST, in epithelial cells. Stable shRNA knockdown of PTP-PEST in colon carcinoma cells results in an increased cytosolic pool of p120 concomitant with its enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation and decreased association with E-cadherin. Consistent with this, PTP-PEST knockdown cells exhibit increased motility, enhanced Rac1 and decreased RhoA activity on a collagen substrate. Furthermore, p120 localization is enhanced at actin-rich protrusions and lamellipodia and has an increased association with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, VAV2, and cortactin. Exchange factor activity of VAV2 is enhanced by PTP-PEST knockdown whereas overexpression of a VAV2 C-terminal domain or DH domain mutant blocks cell motility. Analysis of point mutations identified tyrosine 335 in the N-terminal domain of p120 as the site of PTP-PEST dephosphorylation. A Y335F mutant of p120 failed to induce the 'p120 phenotype', interact with VAV2, stimulate cell motility or activate Rac1. Together, these data suggest that PTP-PEST affects epithelial cell motility by controlling the distribution and phosphorylation of p120 and its availability to control Rho GTPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Espejo
- Sealy Center for Cancer Biology and UTMB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Martin H, Mali RS, Ma P, Chatterjee A, Ramdas B, Sims E, Munugalavadla V, Ghosh J, Mattingly RR, Visconte V, Tiu RV, Vlaar CP, Dharmawardhane S, Kapur R. Pak and Rac GTPases promote oncogenic KIT-induced neoplasms. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4449-63. [PMID: 24091327 DOI: 10.1172/jci67509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An acquired somatic mutation at codon 816 in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with poor prognosis in patients with systemic mastocytosis and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Treatment of leukemic cells bearing this mutation with an allosteric inhibitor of p21-activated kinase (Pak) or its genetic inactivation results in growth repression due to enhanced apoptosis. Inhibition of the upstream effector Rac abrogates the oncogene-induced growth and activity of Pak. Although both Rac1 and Rac2 are constitutively activated via the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav1, loss of Rac1 or Rac2 alone moderately corrected the growth of KIT-bearing leukemic cells, whereas the combined loss resulted in 75% growth repression. In vivo, the inhibition of Vav or Rac or Pak delayed the onset of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and corrected the associated pathology in mice. To assess the role of Rac GEFs in oncogene-induced transformation, we used an inhibitor of Rac, EHop-016, which specifically targets Vav1 and found that EHop-016 was a potent inhibitor of human and murine leukemic cell growth. These studies identify Pak and Rac GTPases, including Vav1, as potential therapeutic targets in MPN and AML involving an oncogenic form of KIT.
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Dubash AD, Koetsier JL, Amargo EV, Najor NA, Harmon RM, Green KJ. The GEF Bcr activates RhoA/MAL signaling to promote keratinocyte differentiation via desmoglein-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:653-66. [PMID: 23940119 PMCID: PMC3747303 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The GEF Bcr promotes RhoA-dependent actin remodeling and MAL/SRF signaling in keratinocytes, which in turn promotes differentiation via regulation of desmoglein-1 expression. Although much is known about signaling factors downstream of Rho GTPases that contribute to epidermal differentiation, little is known about which upstream regulatory proteins (guanine nucleotide exchange factors [GEFs] or GTPase-activating proteins [GAPs]) are involved in coordinating Rho signaling in keratinocytes. Here we identify the GEF breakpoint cluster region (Bcr) as a major upstream regulator of RhoA activity, stress fibers, and focal adhesion formation in keratinocytes. Loss of Bcr reduced expression of multiple markers of differentiation (such as desmoglein-1 [Dsg1], keratin-1, and loricrin) and abrogated MAL/SRF signaling in differentiating keratinocytes. We further demonstrated that loss of Bcr or MAL reduced levels of Dsg1 mRNA in keratinocytes, and ectopic expression of Dsg1 rescued defects in differentiation seen upon loss of Bcr or MAL signaling. Taken together, these data identify the GEF Bcr as a regulator of RhoA/MAL signaling in keratinocytes, which in turn promotes differentiation through the desmosomal cadherin Dsg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi D Dubash
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
The Rac inhibitor EHop-016 was developed as a compound with the potential to inhibit cancer metastasis. Inhibition of the first step of metastasis, migration, is an important strategy for metastasis prevention. The small GTPase Rac acts as a pivotal binary switch that is turned "on" by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) via a myriad of cell surface receptors, to regulate cancer cell migration, survival, and proliferation. Unlike the related GTPase Ras, Racs are not usually mutated, but overexpressed or overactivated in cancer. Therefore, a rational Rac inhibitor should block the activation of Rac by its upstream effectors, GEFs, and the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 was developed using this rationale. However, this compound is ineffective at inhibiting the elevated Rac activity of metastatic breast cancer cells. Therefore, a panel of small molecule compounds were derived from NSC23766 and screened for Rac activity inhibition in metastatic cancer cells. EHop-016 was identified as a compound that blocks the interaction of Rac with the GEF Vav in metastatic human breast cancer cells with an IC50 of ~1μM. At higher concentrations (10μM), EHop-016 inhibits the related Rho GTPase Cdc42, but not Rho, and also reduces cell viability. Moreover, EHop-016 inhibits the activation of the Rac downstream effector p21-activated kinase, extension of motile actin-based structures, and cell migration. Future goals are to develop EHop-016 as a therapeutic to inhibit cancer metastasis, either individually or in combination with current anticancer compounds. The next generation of EHop-016-based Rac inhibitors is also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
| | - Eliud Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Cornelis Vlaar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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