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Mahajan AT, Shivani, Datusalia AK, Coluccini C, Coghi P, Chaudhary S. Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine as a Prominent Framework for Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (Trk) Inhibitors-Synthetic Strategies and SAR Insights. Molecules 2024; 29:3560. [PMID: 39124968 PMCID: PMC11314189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks) are transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases named TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC and encoded by the NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes, respectively. These kinases have attracted significant attention and represent a promising therapeutic target for solid tumor treatment due to their vital role in cellular signaling pathways. First-generation TRK inhibitors, i.e., Larotrectinib sulfate and Entrectinib, received clinical approval in 2018 and 2019, respectively. However, the use of these inhibitors was significantly limited because of the development of resistance due to mutations. Fortunately, the second-generation Trk inhibitor Repotrectinib (TPX-0005) was approved by the FDA in November 2023, while Selitrectinib (Loxo-195) has provided an effective solution to this issue. Another macrocycle-based analog, along with many other TRK inhibitors, is currently in clinical trials. Two of the three marketed drugs for NTRK fusion cancers feature a pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine nucleus, prompting medicinal chemists to develop numerous novel pyrazolopyrimidine-based molecules to enhance clinical applications. This article focuses on a comprehensive review of chronological synthetic developments and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as Trk inhibitors. This article will also provide comprehensive knowledge and future directions to the researchers working in the field of medicinal chemistry by facilitating the structural modification of pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives to synthesize more effective novel chemotherapeutics as TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol T. Mahajan
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC Lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India; (A.T.M.); (S.)
| | - Shivani
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC Lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India; (A.T.M.); (S.)
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurotherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India;
| | - Carmine Coluccini
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Paolo Coghi
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery from Natural Resources & Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC Lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor–Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India; (A.T.M.); (S.)
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Lippai Z, Péterfia B, Papp G, Dezső K, Bedics G, Pápai Z, Lamers MH, Kuin RC, Szuhai K, Sápi Z. A recurrent NTRK1 tyrosine kinase domain mutation pair is characteristic in a subset of dedifferentiated liposarcomas. Eur J Cancer 2024; 202:114005. [PMID: 38531265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a common form of liposarcoma with challenging treatment modalities. Pan-TRK immunopositivity can be often observed without NTRK gene fusion in soft tissue sarcomas with myogenic differentiation. Expression and the role of NTRK in DDLPS are under-studied. We sought to identify activating mutations of the NTRK genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS 131 DDLPS patients were selected for pan-TRK immunohistochemistry and positive cases were analyzed by Sanger sequencing for NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3 genes. Functional assays were performed using a lentiviral transduction system to study the effect of NTRK variants in fibroblast, immortalized fibroblast, and dedifferentiated liposarcoma cell lines. RESULTS Out of the 131 DDLPS cases, 75 immunohistochemical staining positive cases, 46 were successfully Sanger sequenced. A recurrent somatic mutation pair in cis position (NGS) of the NTRK1 c.1810C>T (p.H604Y) and c.1838G>T (p.G613V) was identified in six cases (13%) that have never been reported in DDLPS. NTRK fusions were excluded in all six cases by FISH and NGS. The phospho-AKT immunopositivity among the six mutated cases suggested downstream activation of the NTRK signaling pathway. Functional assays showed no transforming effects, but resistance to first- and second-line TRK inhibitors of the p.G613V and p.H604Y variant. CONCLUSIONS We detected (de novo/somatic) missense mutation variants in cis position of the NTRK1 gene in a subset of DDLPS indicating modifying mutations that may contribute to tumorigenesis in a subset of DDLPS. These variants beget resistance to TRK inhibitors indicating an interesting biomarker for other studies with TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Lippai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Hungary
| | - Bálint Péterfia
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary
| | - Gergő Papp
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Hungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bedics
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Pápai
- Department of Oncology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defense Forces, Hungary
| | - Meindert H Lamers
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rosan Cm Kuin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Károly Szuhai
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Zoltán Sápi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Hungary.
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Holguin-Cruz JA, Bui JM, Jha A, Na D, Gsponer J. Widespread alteration of protein autoinhibition in human cancers. Cell Syst 2024; 15:246-263.e7. [PMID: 38366601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Autoinhibition is a prevalent allosteric regulatory mechanism in signaling proteins. Reduced autoinhibition underlies the tumorigenic effect of some known cancer drivers, but whether autoinhibition is altered generally in cancer remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that cancer-associated missense mutations, in-frame insertions/deletions, and fusion breakpoints are enriched within inhibitory allosteric switches (IASs) across all cancer types. Selection for IASs that are recurrently mutated in cancers identifies established and unknown cancer drivers. Recurrent missense mutations in IASs of these drivers are associated with distinct, cancer-specific changes in molecular signaling. For the specific case of PPP3CA, the catalytic subunit of calcineurin, we provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of altered autoinhibition by cancer mutations using biomolecular simulations, and demonstrate that such mutations are associated with transcriptome changes consistent with increased calcineurin signaling. Our integrative study shows that autoinhibition-modulating genetic alterations are positively selected for by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Holguin-Cruz
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Bui
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ashwani Jha
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Xiang S, Lu X. Selective type II TRK inhibitors overcome xDFG mutation mediated acquired resistance to the second-generation inhibitors selitrectinib and repotrectinib. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:517-532. [PMID: 38322338 PMCID: PMC10840435 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic receptor kinase (NTRK) fusions are actionable oncogenic drivers of multiple pediatric and adult solid tumors, and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) has been considered as an attractive therapeutic target for "pan-cancer" harboring these fusions. Currently, two generations TRK inhibitors have been developed. The representative second-generation inhibitors selitrectinib and repotrectinib were designed to overcome clinic acquired resistance of the first-generation inhibitors larotrectinib or entrectinib resulted from solvent-front and gatekeeper on-target mutations. However, xDFG (TRKAG667C/A/S, homologous TRKCG696C/A/S) and some double mutations still confer resistance to selitrectinib and repotrectinib, and overcoming these resistances represents a major unmet clinical need. In this review, we summarize the acquired resistance mechanism of the first- and second-generation TRK inhibitors, and firstly put forward the emerging selective type II TRK inhibitors to overcome xDFG mutations mediated resistance. Additionally, we concluded our perspectives on new challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xiang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Fan Y, Zhang B, Du X, Wang B, Yan Q, Guo L, Yao W. Regulating Tumorigenicity and Cancer Metastasis through TRKA Signaling. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:271-287. [PMID: 37670705 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230904150957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) A, TRKA, is a specific binding receptor of nerve growth factor (NGF), which plays an essential role in the occurrence and progression of human cancers. TRKA overexpression has been proven to be a powerful carcinogenic driver and has been verified in many tumors. The TRKA receptor kinase domain is over-activated in an NGF-dependent manner, accompanied by activation of downstream signal pathways, such as RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, JAK2-STAT3 pathway, PLC γ pathway, and Hippo pathway, which participate in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), perineural invasion (PNI), drug resistance, and cancer pain. In addition, chimeric oncogenes produced by the fusion of NTRK1 and other genes are also the direct cause of tumorigenesis and cancer development. The newly developed TRK inhibitors can improve symptoms and tumor regression in cancer patients with overexpression of TRKA or NTRK1 fusion gene. With the emergence of drug resistance, next generation of TRK inhibitors can still maintain strong clinical efficacy in the case of TRK kinase domain mutations, and these inhibitors are in clinical trials. This review summarizes the characteristics and research progress of TRKA, focusing on the regulatory role of the TRKA signal pathway in different tumors. In addition, we have summarized the clinical significance of TRKA and the TRK inhibitors. This review may provide a new reference for the study of the mechanism of TRKA in different tumors, and also provide a new perspective for the in-depth understanding of the role of TRKA as a biomarker and therapeutic target in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Fan
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Du
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bangmin Wang
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangyu Guo
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weitao Yao
- Henan Cancer Hospital, Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Al-Qadhi MA, Allam HA, Fahim SH, Yahya TAA, Ragab FAF. Design and synthesis of certain 7-Aryl-2-Methyl-3-Substituted Pyrazolo{1,5-a}Pyrimidines as multikinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115918. [PMID: 37922829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Four new series 7a-e, 8a-e, 9a-e, and 10a-e of 7-aryl-3-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were synthesized and tested for their RTK and STK inhibitory activity. Compound 7d demonstrated potent enzymatic inhibitory activity against TrkA and ALK2 with IC50 0.087and 0.105 μM, respectively, and potent antiproliferative activity against KM12 and EKVX cell lines with IC50 0.82 and 4.13 μM, respectively. Compound 10e showed good enzyme inhibitory activity against TrkA, ALK2, c-KIT, EGFR, PIM1, CK2α, CHK1, and CDK2 in submicromolar values. Additionally 10e revealed antiproliferative activity against MCF7, HCT116 and EKVX with IC50 3.36, 1.40 and 3.49 μM, respectively; with good safety profile. Moreover, 10e showed cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase and G1 phase in MCF7 and HCT116 cells with good apoptotic effect. Molecular docking studies were fulfilled for compound 10e and illustrated good interaction with the hot spots of the active site of the tested enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Al-Qadhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a University, P.O. Box, 18084, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Heba Abdelrasheed Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Samar H Fahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box, 11562, Egypt
| | - Tawfeek A A Yahya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a University, P.O. Box, 18084, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Fatma A F Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box, 11562, Egypt
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Vargas J, Pantouris G. Analysis of CD74 Occurrence in Oncogenic Fusion Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15981. [PMID: 37958963 PMCID: PMC10650716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CD74 is a type II cell surface receptor found to be highly expressed in several hematological and solid cancers, due to its ability to activate pathways associated with tumor cell survival and proliferation. Over the past 16 years, CD74 has emerged as a commonly detected fusion partner in multiple oncogenic fusion proteins. Studies have found CD74 fusion proteins in a range of cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. To date, there are five known CD74 fusion proteins, CD74-ROS1, CD74-NTRK1, CD74-NRG1, CD74-NRG2α, and CD74-PDGFRB, with a total of 16 different variants, each with unique genetic signatures. Importantly, the occurrence of CD74 in the formation of fusion proteins has not been well explored despite the fact that ROS1 and NRG1 families utilize CD74 as the primary partner for the formation of oncogenic fusions. Fusion proteins known to be oncogenic drivers, including those of CD74, are typically detected and targeted after standard chemotherapeutic plans fail and the disease relapses. The analysis reported herein provides insights into the early intervention of CD74 fusions and highlights the need for improved routine assessment methods so that targeted therapies can be applied while they are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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El-Nassan HB, Al-Qadhi MA. Recent advances in the discovery of tropomyosin receptor kinases TRKs inhibitors: A mini review. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115618. [PMID: 37413881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The tropomyosin receptor tyrosine kinases (TRKs) control the cell proliferation mainly in the nervous system and are encoded by NTRK genes. Fusion and mutation of NTRK genes were detected in various types of cancers. Many small molecules TRK inhibitors have been discovered during the last two decades and some of them have entered clinical trials. Moreover, two of these inhibitors; larotrectinib and entrectinib; were approved by FDA for the treatment of TRK-fusion positive solid tumors. However, mutation of TRK enzymes resulted in resistance to both drugs. Therefore, next generation TRK inhibitors were discovered to overcome the acquired drug resistance. Additionally, the off-target and on-target adverse effects on the brain initiated the need for selective TRK subtype inhibitors. Indeed, some molecules were recently reported as selective TRKA or TRKC inhibitors with minimal CNS side effects. The current review highlighted the efforts done during the last three years in the design and discovery of novel TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala B El-Nassan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Mustafa A Al-Qadhi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Naito Y, Mishima S, Akagi K, Hayashi N, Hirasawa A, Hishiki T, Igarashi A, Ikeda M, Kadowaki S, Kajiyama H, Kato M, Kenmotsu H, Kodera Y, Komine K, Koyama T, Maeda O, Miyachi M, Nishihara H, Nishiyama H, Ohga S, Okamoto W, Oki E, Ono S, Sanada M, Sekine I, Takano T, Tao K, Terashima K, Tsuchihara K, Yatabe Y, Yoshino T, Baba E. Japanese Society of Medical Oncology/Japan Society of Clinical Oncology/Japanese Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology-led clinical recommendations on the diagnosis and use of tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors in adult and pediatric patients with neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase fusion-positive advanced solid tumors. Int J Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s10147-023-02345-7. [PMID: 37212982 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have reported the efficacy of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors against neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) fusion gene-positive advanced solid tumors. The accumulated evidence of tumor-agnostic agent has made since TRK inhibitors were approved and used in clinical practice. Therefore, we have revised the 'Japan Society of Clinical Oncology (JSCO)/Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO)-led clinical recommendations on the diagnosis and use of tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors in adult and pediatric patients with neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase fusion-positive advanced solid tumors, cooperated by the Japanese Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (JSPHO)'. METHODS Clinical questions regarding medical care were formulated for patients with NTRK fusion-positive advanced solid tumors. Relevant publications were searched by PubMed and Cochrane Database. Critical publications and conference reports were added manually. Systematic reviews were performed for each clinical question for the purpose of developing clinical recommendations. The committee members identified by JSCO, JSMO, and JSPHO voted to determine the level of each recommendation considering the strength of evidence, expected risks and benefits to patients, and other related factors. Thereafter, a peer review by experts nominated from JSCO, JSMO, and JSPHO, and the public comments among all societies' members was done. RESULTS The current guideline describes 3 clinical questions and 14 recommendations for whom, when, and how NTRK fusion should be tested, and what is recommended for patients with NTRK fusion-positive advanced solid tumors. CONCLUSION The committee proposed 14 recommendations for performing NTRK testing properly to select patients who are likely to benefit from TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Naito
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Saori Mishima
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Naomi Hayashi
- The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ataru Igarashi
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eiji Oki
- Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Sanada
- National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Kayoko Tao
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Terashima
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Eishi Baba
- Department of Oncology and Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Mansour B, Vanecek T, Kastnerova L, Nosek D, Kazakov DV, Donati M. Spitz Tumor With SQSTM1::NTRK2 Fusion: A Clinicopathological Study of 5 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:306-310. [PMID: 36939120 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spitz tumors are melanocytic neoplasms characterized by specific, mutually exclusive driver molecular events, namely genomic rearrangements involving the threonine kinase BRAF and the tyrosine kinase receptors ALK , NTRK1 , NTRK2 , NTRK3 , MET , RET , ROS1 , and MAP3K8 or less commonly, mutations in HRAS or MAP2K1 . We hereby report 5 Spitz tumors with a SQSTM1::NTRK2 fusion. All patients were woman with the ages at diagnosis ranging from 30 to 50 years. Locations included the lower extremity (n = 3), forearm, and back (one each). All the neoplasms were superficial melanocytic proliferation with a flat to dome-shaped silhouette, in which junctional spindled and polygonal dendritic melanocytes were mainly arranged as horizontal nests associated with conspicuous lentiginous involvement of the follicular epithelium. Only one case showed heavily pigmented, vertically oriented melanocytic nests resembling Reed nevus. A superficial intradermal component observed in 2 cases appeared as small nests with a back-to-back configuration. In all lesions, next-generation sequencing analysis identified a SQSTM1::NTRK2 fusion. A single case studied with fluorescence in situ hybridization for copy number changes in melanoma-related genes proved negative. No further molecular alterations were detected, including TERT-p hotspot mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boulos Mansour
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Tomas Vanecek
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Liubov Kastnerova
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Nosek
- Department of Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and
| | - Dmitry V Kazakov
- IDP Institut für Dermatohistopathologie, Pathologie Institut Enge, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Donati
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
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Trouvilliez S, Lagadec C, Toillon RA. TrkA Co-Receptors: The Janus Face of TrkA? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071943. [PMID: 37046604 PMCID: PMC10093326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Larotrectinib and Entrectinib are specific pan-Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018 for cancers with an NTRK fusion. Despite initial enthusiasm for these compounds, the French agency (HAS) recently reported their lack of efficacy. In addition, primary and secondary resistance to these TKIs has been observed in the absence of other mutations in cancers with an NTRK fusion. Furthermore, when TrkA is overexpressed, it promotes ligand-independent activation, bypassing the TKI. All of these clinical and experimental observations show that genetics does not explain all therapeutic failures. It is therefore necessary to explore new hypotheses to explain these failures. This review summarizes the current status of therapeutic strategies with TrkA inhibitors, focusing on the mechanisms potentially involved in these failures and more specifically on the role of TrkA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trouvilliez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institute, Bvd. du Professeur Jules Leclercq, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Chann Lagadec
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institute, Bvd. du Professeur Jules Leclercq, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Robert-Alain Toillon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institute, Bvd. du Professeur Jules Leclercq, F-59000 Lille, France
- GdR2082 APPICOM-«Approche Intégrative Pour Une Compréhension Multi-Échelles de la Fonction des Protéines Membranaires», 75016 Paris, France
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12
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Tian L, Tang M, Shen J, Chen Y, Ding S. Research Progress on Small Molecules Inhibitors Targeting TRK Kinases. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1175-1192. [PMID: 35927900 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220801145639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trk gene fusions are an important driver in the development of cancers, including secretory breast cancer and infantile congenital sarcoma. Since the first-generation of small molecule Trk inhibitors (Larotrectinib and Entrectinib) came to market, research on small molecule TRK inhibitors, especially second-generation inhibitors that break through the resistance problem, has developed rapidly. Therefore, this article focuses on the research progress of first-generation drugs and second-generation drugs that break through drug resistance. METHODS We used the database to search for relevant and cutting-edge documents, and then filtered and selected them based on the content. The appropriate articles were analyzed and classified, and finally, the article was written according to the topics. RESULTS The phenomenon of Trk protein fusion and its relation to tumors are described, followed by an explanation of the composition and signaling pathways of Trk kinases. The representative Trk inhibitors and the development of novel Trk inhibitors are classified according to whether they overcome drug resistance problems. CONCLUSION This paper provides a theoretical reference for the development of novel inhibitors by introducing and summarizing the representative and novel Trk inhibitors that break through the drug resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Liu
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,API Engineering Tech-nology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,Small Molecular Targeted Drug R&D Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tian
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
| | - Mingrui Tang
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Shen
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,API Engineering Tech-nology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,Small Molecular Targeted Drug R&D Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,API Engineering Tech-nology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,Small Molecular Targeted Drug R&D Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
| | - Shi Ding
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,API Engineering Tech-nology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China.,Small Molecular Tar-geted Drug R&D Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P. R. China
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13
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Jiang Q, Li M, Li H, Chen L. Entrectinib, a new multi-target inhibitor for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112974. [PMID: 35447552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical practice shows that when single-target drugs treat multi-factor diseases such as tumors, cardiovascular system and endocrine system diseases, it is often difficult to achieve good therapeutic effects, and even serious adverse reactions may occur. Multi-target drugs can simultaneously regulate multiple links of disease, improve efficacy, reduce adverse reactions, and improve drug resistance. They are ideal drugs for treating complex diseases, and therefore have become the main direction of drug development. At present, some multi-target drugs have been successfully used in many major diseases. Entrectinib is an oral small molecule inhibitor that targets TRK, ROS1, and ALK. It is used to treat locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors with NTRK1/2/3, ROS1 and ALK gene fusion mutations. It can pass through the blood-brain barrier and is the only TRK inhibitor clinically proven to be effective against primary and metastatic brain diseases. In 2019, entrectinib was approved by the FDA to treat adult patients with ROS1-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Case reports showed that continuous administration of entrectinib was effective and tolerable. In this review, we give a brief introduction to TKK, ROS1 and ALK, and on this basis, we give a detailed and comprehensive introduction to the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, tolerability and drug interactions of entrectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Mingxue Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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14
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Wu T, Qin Q, Lv R, Liu N, Yin W, Hao C, Sun Y, Zhang C, Sun Y, Zhao D, Cheng M. Discovery of quinazoline derivatives CZw-124 as a pan-TRK inhibitor with potent anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114451. [PMID: 35617855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the discovery process and antitumor activity of the TRK inhibitor CZw-124 (8o), which is a quinazoline derivative. Starting from a PAK4 inhibitor, we used various drug design strategies, including pharmacophore feature supplementation, F-scanning, and blocking metabolic sites, and finally found a TRK inhibitor CZw-124 that is effective in vitro and in vivo. Docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations revealed a possible mode of binding of CZw-124 to TRKA. Biological activity evaluation showed that CZw-124 belongs to a class of pan-TRK inhibitors with moderate kinase selectivity. It inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of Km-12 cells in vitro by interfering with the phosphorylation of TRKA. Pharmacodynamic evaluation in vivo showed that CZw-124 had a tumor inhibition rate comparable to that of larotrectinib after oral administration of 40 mg/kg/d (tumor growth inhibiton = 71%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Qiaohua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Ruicheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Chenzhou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
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15
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NTRK Gene Fusion Detection in Atypical Spitz Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212332. [PMID: 34830218 PMCID: PMC8619835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical Spitz tumors (AST) deviate from stereotypical Spitz nevi for one or more atypical features and are now regarded as an intermediate category of melanocytic tumors with uncertain malignant potential. Activating NTRK1/NTRK3 fusions elicit oncogenic events in Spitz lesions and are targetable with kinase inhibitors. However, their prevalence among ASTs and the optimal approach for their detection is yet to be determined. A series of 180 ASTs were screened with pan-TRK immunohistochemistry and the presence of NTRK fusions was confirmed using FISH, two different RNA-based NGS panels for solid tumors, and a specific real time RT-PCR panel. Overall, 26 ASTs showed pan-TRK immunostaining. NTRK1 fusions were detected in 15 of these cases showing cytoplasmic immunoreaction, whereas NTRK3 was detected in one case showing nuclear immunoreaction. Molecular tests resulted all positive in only two ASTs (included the NTRK3 translocated), RNA-based NGS and real time RT-PCR were both positive in three cases, and FISH and real time RT-PCR in another two cases. In seven ASTs NTRK1 fusions were detected only by FISH and in two cases only by real time RT-PCR. The frequency of NTRK fusions in ASTs is 9%, with a clear prevalence of NTRK1 compared to NTRK3 alterations. Pan-TRK immunohistochemistry is an excellent screening test. Confirmation of NTRK fusions may require the use of different molecular techniques.
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16
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Kojadinovic A, Laderian B, Mundi PS. Targeting TRK: A fast-tracked application of precision oncology and future directions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 165:103451. [PMID: 34389458 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The NTRK genes encode the tropomyosin-related receptor tyrosine kinases TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. TRK receptors regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of many neuronal and non-neuronal glial cells during embryogenesis, thus playing a critical role in synaptic plasticity and the development of nociceptive pathways. Recurrent genomic alterations in NTRK genes, typically fusions involving the 3' region encoding the kinase domain juxtaposed to 5' sequences from numerous partner genes, occur at a low frequency in a wide diversity of adult and pediatric cancers. The contributions of the resulting constitutively activated kinase to oncogenesis and cancer progression are being elucidated. Larotrectinib and entrectinib are potent first-generation TRK inhibitors with IC50 values in the nanomolar range across cancer cell lines harboring NTRK fusions. Larotrectinib is highly selective for TRK receptors, whereas entrectinib also potently inhibits ROS1 and ALK. Clinical trials of both drugs demonstrated significant and durable responses in patients with tumors harboring NTRK alterations, leading to first of its kind cancer agnostic FDA approvals in the United States for drugs targeting a genomic alteration. Unfortunately, acquired resistance inevitably develops. The second-generation TRK inhibitors selitrectinib and repotrectinib are designed to overcome known mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsenije Kojadinovic
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, United States
| | | | - Prabhjot S Mundi
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, United States; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, United States.
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17
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Moccia M, Yang D, Lakkaniga NR, Frett B, McConnell N, Zhang L, Brescia A, Federico G, Zhang L, Salerno P, Santoro M, Li HY, Carlomagno F. Targeted activity of the small molecule kinase inhibitor Pz-1 towards RET and TRK kinases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16103. [PMID: 34373541 PMCID: PMC8352932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently described Pz-1, a benzimidazole-based type-2 RET and VEGFR2 inhibitor. Based on a kinome scan, here we show that Pz-1 is also a potent (IC50 < 1 nM) TRKA/B/C inhibitor. Pz-1 potently inhibited proliferation of human cancer cells carrying either RET- or TRKA oncoproteins (IC50 ~ 1 nM), with a negligible effect against RET- and TRKA-negative cells. By testing mutations, known to mediate resistance to other compounds, RET G810R/S, but not L730I/V, E732K, V738A and Y806N, showed some degree of resistance to Pz-1. In the case of TRKA, G595R and F589L, but not G667C, showed some degree of resistance. In xenograft models, orally administered Pz-1 almost completely inhibited RET- and TRKA-mutant tumours at 1-3 mg/kg/day but showed a reduced effect on RET/TRKA-negative cancer models. The activity, albeit reduced, on RET/TRKA-negative tumours may be justified by VEGFR2 inhibition. Tumours induced by NIH3T3 cells transfected by RET G810R and TRKA G595R featured resistance to Pz-1, demonstrating that RET or TRKA inhibition is critical for its anti-tumourigenic effect. In conclusion, Pz-1 represents a new powerful kinase inhibitor with distinct activity towards cancers induced by oncogenic RET and TRKA variants, including some mutants displaying resistance to other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Moccia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Donglin Yang
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Synactix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Nicholas McConnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Lingtian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Annalisa Brescia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Federico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Salerno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Synactix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.
| | - Francesca Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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18
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Design and synthesis of novel orally selective and type II pan-TRK inhibitors to overcome mutations by property-driven optimization. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113673. [PMID: 34303872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rare oncogenic NTRK gene fusions result in uncontrolled TRK signaling leading to various adult and pediatric solid tumors. Based on the architecture of our multi-targeted clinical candidate BPR1K871 (10), we designed and synthesized a series of quinazoline compounds as selective and orally bioavailable type II TRK inhibitors. Property-driven and lead optimization strategies informed by structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of 39, which showed higher (about 15-fold) selectivity for TRKA over AURA and AURB, as well as potent cellular activity (IC50 = 56.4 nM) against the KM12 human colorectal cancer cell line. 39 also displayed good AUC and oral bioavailability (F = 27%), excellent in vivo efficacy (TGI = 64%) in a KM12 xenograft model, and broad-spectrum anti-TRK mutant potency (IC50 = 3.74-151.4 nM), especially in the double-mutant TRKA enzymatic assays. 39 is therefore proposed for further development as a next-generation, selective, and orally-administered type II TRK inhibitor.
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19
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Jiang T, Wang G, Liu Y, Feng L, Wang M, Liu J, Chen Y, Ouyang L. Development of small-molecule tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors for NTRK fusion cancers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:355-372. [PMID: 33643817 PMCID: PMC7893124 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A, B and C (TRKA, TRKB and TRKC), which are well-known members of the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, are encoded by the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1, 2 and 3 (NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3) genes, respectively. TRKs can regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and even apoptosis through the RAS/MAPKs, PI3K/AKT and PLCγ pathways. Gene fusions involving NTRK act as oncogenic drivers of a broad diversity of adult and pediatric tumors, and TRKs have become promising antitumor targets. Therefore, achieving a comprehensive understanding of TRKs and relevant TRK inhibitors should be urgently pursued for the further development of novel TRK inhibitors for potential clinical applications. This review focuses on summarizing the biological functions of TRKs and NTRK fusion proteins, the development of small-molecule TRK inhibitors with different chemotypes and their activity and selectivity, and the potential therapeutic applications of these inhibitors for future cancer drug discovery efforts.
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Key Words
- AFAP1, actin filament-associated protein 1
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ARHGEF2, Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2
- BCAN, brevican
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BTBD1, BTB (POZ) domain containing 1
- CDK-2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2
- CR, complete response
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CTCs, sequencing of circulating tumor cells
- DFG, Asp-Phe-Gly
- DOR, durable objective responses
- ETV6, ETS translocation variant 6
- EWG, electron-withdrawing group
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- GBM, glioblastoma multiforme
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- ICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
- IG-C2, Ig-like C2 type I
- LMNA, lamin A/C
- MASC, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma
- MPRIP, myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein
- NACC2, NACC family member 2
- NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network
- NFASC, neurofascin
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NGS, next-generation sequencing of tumor tissue
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- NT3, neurotrophin-3
- NTRK fusion cancer
- NTRK, neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase
- Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase fusions
- OAK, osteoarthritis of the knee
- ORR, overall response rate
- PAN3, poly(A) nuclease 3
- PPL, periplakin
- PROTAC proteolysis targeting chimera, QKI
- RABGTPase activating protein 1-like, RFWD2
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SBC, secretory breast carcinoma
- SCYL3, SCY1 like pseudokinase 3
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- Small-molecule inhibitor
- TFG, TRK-fused gene
- TP53, tumor protein P53
- TPM3, tropomyosin 3
- TPR, translocated promoter region
- TRIM24, tripartite motif containing 24
- TRK, tropomyosin receptor kinase
- Tropomyosin receptor kinase
- VCL, vinculin
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- quaking I protein, RABGAP1L
- ring finger and WD repeat domain 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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20
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Forschner A, Forchhammer S, Bonzheim I. NTRK‐
Genfusionen beim Melanom: Diagnostik, Prävalenz und mögliche Therapierelevanz. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1387-1393. [PMID: 33373127 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14160_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusionen der neurotrophen Tyrosin-Rezeptor-Kinase (NTRK) sind bekannte Treiber der Onkogenese und treten, wenn auch sehr selten, ebenfalls beim Melanom auf. Eine besonders hohe Inzidenz von NTRK-Genfusionen wird beim infantilen Fibrosarkom (> 90 %) oder der sekretorischen Form des Mammakarzinoms (> 90 %) berichtet. Erst kürzlich wurde Larotrectinib, ein Tropomyosin-Rezeptor-Kinase (TRK)-Inhibitor, zugelassen, und wir fragten uns, ob TRK-Inhibitoren auch für Melanompatienten relevant sein könnten. Aus diesem Grund haben wir die Literatur gesichtet und sind zu relevanten Ergebnissen gekommen. Beim spitzoiden Melanom sind NTRK-Fusionen mit einer Prävalenz von 21-29 % relativ häufig, verglichen mit < 1 % beim kutanen oder mukosalen und 2,5 % beim akralen Melanom. Es scheint so zu sein, dass sich Fusionsproteine und andere onkogene Treiber wie BRAF oder NRAS gegenseitig ausschließen. Ein weiterer Anhaltspunkt für eine erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit, NTRK-positive Tumoren zu detektieren, könnte eine geringe Tumormutationslast sein. Da für Patienten mit NTRK-Fusionen bereits TRK-Inhibitoren zur Verfügung stehen, wird die Herausforderung darin bestehen, das Screening auf NTRK-Genfusionen in die klinische Praxis umzusetzen. Ein möglicher Ansatz könnte darin bestehen, BRAF-, NRAS- und KIT-Wildtyp-Melanom-Patienten mittels Next-Generation Sequencing zu screenen, sobald sie eine systemische Therapie benötigen oder aber spätestens dann, wenn sie kein Therapieansprechen auf Checkpoint-Inhibitoren zeigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Mikroskopische und molekulare Dermatologie, Universitäts-Hautklinik Tübingen
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
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21
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Forschner A, Forchhammer S, Bonzheim I. NTRK gene fusions in melanoma: detection, prevalence and potential therapeutic implications. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1387-1392. [PMID: 32656925 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusions involving neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) are known drivers of oncogenesis and also occur in melanoma, although very rarely. A particularly high incidence of NTRK gene fusions is reported in infantile fibrosarcoma (> 90 %) or the secretory type of breast cancer (> 90 %). Recently, larotrectinib (a tropomyosin receptor kinase [TRK] inhibitor) was approved, and we wondered whether TRK inhibitors might also be helpful for melanoma patients. We therefore screened the literature and obtained relevant results. NTRK fusions are relatively common in spitzoid melanoma, with a prevalence of 21-29 % compared to < 1 % in cutaneous or mucosal melanoma and 2.5 % in acral melanoma. It appears that fusion proteins are mutually exclusive for most common oncogenic drivers such as BRAF or NRAS. A further indicator of an increased probability of detecting NTRK-positive tumors could be a low mutation load. Since TRK inhibitors are already available for patients with NTRK fusions, the challenge will be to implement screening for NTRK gene fusions in clinical practice. A possible approach could be to screen BRAF, NRAS and KIT wild-type melanoma patients with next-generation sequencing as soon as they need systemic treatment or at the latest when they have no tumor control on checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Forschner
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatooncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Department of Dermatology, Histopathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- Institute of Pathology and neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Joshi SK, Qian K, Bisson WH, Watanabe-Smith K, Huang A, Bottomly D, Traer E, Tyner JW, McWeeney SK, Davare MA, Druker BJ, Tognon CE. Discovery and characterization of targetable NTRK point mutations in hematologic neoplasms. Blood 2020; 135:2159-2170. [PMID: 32315394 PMCID: PMC7290093 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of what is known about the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) genes in cancer was revealed through identification and characterization of activating Trk fusions across many tumor types. A resurgence of interest in these receptors has emerged owing to the realization that they are promising therapeutic targets. The remarkable efficacy of pan-Trk inhibitors larotrectinib and entrectinib in clinical trials led to their accelerated, tissue-agnostic US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for adult and pediatric patients with Trk-driven solid tumors. Despite our enhanced understanding of Trk biology in solid tumors, the importance of Trk signaling in hematological malignancies is underexplored and warrants further investigation. Herein, we describe mutations in NTRK2 and NTRK3 identified via deep sequencing of 185 patients with hematological malignancies. Ten patients contained a point mutation in NTRK2 or NTRK3; among these, we identified 9 unique point mutations. Of these 9 mutations, 4 were oncogenic (NTRK2A203T, NTRK2R458G, NTRK3E176D, and NTRK3L449F), determined via cytokine-independent cellular assays. Our data demonstrate that these mutations have transformative potential to promote downstream survival signaling and leukemogenesis. Specifically, the 3 mutations located within extracellular (ie, NTRK2A203T and NTRK3E176D) and transmembrane (ie, NTRK3L449F) domains increased receptor dimerization and cell-surface abundance. The fourth mutation, NTRK2R458G, residing in the juxtamembrane domain, activates TrkB via noncanonical mechanisms that may involve altered interactions between the mutant receptor and lipids in the surrounding environment. Importantly, these 4 activating mutations can be clinically targeted using entrectinib. Our findings contribute to ongoing efforts to define the mutational landscape driving hematological malignancies and underscore the utility of FDA-approved Trk inhibitors for patients with aggressive Trk-driven leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Joshi
- Knight Cancer Institute
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - William H Bisson
- Knight Cancer Institute
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; and
| | | | | | | | - Elie Traer
- Knight Cancer Institute
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Knight Cancer Institute
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Monika A Davare
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology
- Papé Pediatric Research Institute
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Cristina E Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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23
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Japan society of clinical oncology/Japanese society of medical oncology-led clinical recommendations on the diagnosis and use of tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors in adult and pediatric patients with neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase fusion-positive advanced solid tumors, cooperated by the Japanese society of pediatric hematology/oncology. Int J Clin Oncol 2020; 25:403-417. [PMID: 31974683 PMCID: PMC7046581 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The development of novel antitumor agents and accompanying biomarkers has improved survival across several tumor types. Previously, we published provisional clinical opinion for the diagnosis and use of immunotherapy in patients with deficient DNA mismatch repair tumors. Recently, efficacy of tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors against neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) fusion gene-positive advanced solid tumors have been established as the second tumor-agnostic treatment, making it necessary to develop the guideline prioritized for these patients. Methods Clinical questions regarding medical care were formulated for patients with NTRK-positive advanced solid tumors. Relevant publications were searched by PubMed and Cochrane Database. Critical publications and conference reports were added manually. Systematic reviews were performed for each clinical question for the purpose of developing clinical recommendations. The committee members identified by Japan Society of Clinical Oncology (JSCO) and Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO) voted to determine the level of each recommendation considering the strength of evidence, expected risks and benefits to patients, and other related factors. Thereafter, a peer review by experts nominated from JSCO, JSMO, and Japanese Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, and the public comments among all Societies’ members was done. Results The current guideline describes 3 clinical questions and 15 recommendations for whom, when, and how NTRK fusion should be tested, and what is recommended for patients with NTRK fusion-positive advanced solid tumors. Conclusion In the NTRK guideline, the committee proposed 15 recommendations for performing NTRK testing properly to select patients who are likely to benefit from tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10147-019-01610-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Gambella A, Senetta R, Collemi G, Vallero SG, Monticelli M, Cofano F, Zeppa P, Garbossa D, Pellerino A, Rudà R, Soffietti R, Fagioli F, Papotti M, Cassoni P, Bertero L. NTRK Fusions in Central Nervous System Tumors: A Rare, but Worthy Target. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030753. [PMID: 31979374 PMCID: PMC7037946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) genes (NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3) code for three transmembrane high-affinity tyrosine-kinase receptors for nerve growth factors (TRK-A, TRK-B, and TRK-C) which are mainly involved in nervous system development. Loss of function alterations in these genes can lead to nervous system development problems; conversely, activating alterations harbor oncogenic potential, promoting cell proliferation/survival and tumorigenesis. Chromosomal rearrangements are the most clinically relevant alterations of pathological NTRK activation, leading to constitutionally active chimeric receptors. NTRK fusions have been detected with extremely variable frequencies in many pediatric and adult cancer types, including central nervous system (CNS) tumors. These alterations can be detected by different laboratory assays (e.g., immunohistochemistry, FISH, sequencing), but each of these approaches has specific advantages and limitations which must be taken into account for an appropriate use in diagnostics or research. Moreover, therapeutic targeting of this molecular marker recently showed extreme efficacy. Considering the overall lack of effective treatments for brain neoplasms, it is expected that detection of NTRK fusions will soon become a mainstay in the diagnostic assessment of CNS tumors, and thus in-depth knowledge regarding this topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gambella
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Rebecca Senetta
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Giammarco Collemi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Gabriele Vallero
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Matteo Monticelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Fabio Cofano
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Pietro Zeppa
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (P.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Alessia Pellerino
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-633-5466
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25
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Joshi SK, Davare MA, Druker BJ, Tognon CE. Revisiting NTRKs as an emerging oncogene in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 2019; 33:2563-2574. [PMID: 31551508 PMCID: PMC7410820 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NTRK fusions are dominant oncogenic drivers found in rare solid tumors. These fusions have also been identified in more common cancers, such as lung and colorectal carcinomas, albeit at low frequencies. Patients harboring these fusions demonstrate significant clinical response to inhibitors such as entrectinib and larotrectinib. Although current trials have focused entirely on solid tumors, there is evidence supporting the use of these drugs for patients with leukemia. To assess the broader applicability for Trk inhibitors in hematological malignancies, this review describes the current state of knowledge about alterations in the NTRK family in these disorders. We present these findings in relation to the discovery and therapeutic targeting of BCR–ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia. The advent of deep sequencing technologies has shown that NTRK fusions and somatic mutations are present in a variety of hematologic malignancies. Efficacy of Trk inhibitors has been demonstrated in NTRK-fusion positive human leukemia cell lines and patient-derived xenograft studies, highlighting the potential clinical utility of these inhibitors for a subset of leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Joshi
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Monika A Davare
- Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Cristina E Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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26
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Abstract
NTRK gene fusions involving either NTRK1, NTRK2 or NTRK3 (encoding the neurotrophin receptors TRKA, TRKB and TRKC, respectively) are oncogenic drivers of various adult and paediatric tumour types. These fusions can be detected in the clinic using a variety of methods, including tumour DNA and RNA sequencing and plasma cell-free DNA profiling. The treatment of patients with NTRK fusion-positive cancers with a first-generation TRK inhibitor, such as larotrectinib or entrectinib, is associated with high response rates (>75%), regardless of tumour histology. First-generation TRK inhibitors are well tolerated by most patients, with toxicity profiles characterized by occasional off-tumour, on-target adverse events (attributable to TRK inhibition in non-malignant tissues). Despite durable disease control in many patients, advanced-stage NTRK fusion-positive cancers eventually become refractory to TRK inhibition; resistance can be mediated by the acquisition of NTRK kinase domain mutations. Fortunately, certain resistance mutations can be overcome by second-generation TRK inhibitors, including LOXO-195 and TPX-0005 that are being explored in clinical trials. In this Review, we discuss the biology of NTRK fusions, strategies to target these drivers in the treatment-naive and acquired-resistance disease settings, and the unique safety profile of TRK inhibitors.
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27
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Hsiao SJ, Zehir A, Sireci AN, Aisner DL. Detection of Tumor NTRK Gene Fusions to Identify Patients Who May Benefit from Tyrosine Kinase (TRK) Inhibitor Therapy. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:553-571. [PMID: 31075511 PMCID: PMC7456740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements involving the NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes (NTRK genes), which encode the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (TRKA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor/neurotrophin-3 (BDNF/NT-3) growth factor receptor (TRKB), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) growth factor receptor (TRKC) tyrosine kinases (TRK proteins), act as oncogenic drivers in a broad range of pediatric and adult tumor types. NTRK gene fusions have been shown to be actionable genomic events that are predictive of response to TRK kinase inhibitors, making their routine detection an evolving clinical priority. In certain exceedingly rare tumor types, NTRK gene fusions may be seen in the overwhelming majority of cases, whereas in a range of common cancers, reported incidences are in the range of 0.1% to 2%. Herein, we review the structure of the three NTRK genes and the nature and incidence of NTRK gene fusions in different solid tumor types, and we summarize the clinical data showing the importance of identifying tumors harboring such genomic events. We also outline the laboratory techniques that can be used to diagnose NTRK gene fusions in clinical samples. Finally, we propose a diagnostic algorithm for solid tumors to facilitate the identification of patients with TRK fusion cancer. This algorithm accounts for the widely varying frequencies by tumor histology and the underlying prevalence of TRK expression in the absence of NTRK gene fusions and is based on a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing, and immunohistochemistry assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony N Sireci
- Department of Medical Affairs, Loxo Oncology, Inc., Stamford, Connecticut
| | - Dara L Aisner
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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28
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Nechiporuk T, Kurtz SE, Nikolova O, Liu T, Jones CL, D'Alessandro A, Culp-Hill R, d'Almeida A, Joshi SK, Rosenberg M, Tognon CE, Danilov AV, Druker BJ, Chang BH, McWeeney SK, Tyner JW. The TP53 Apoptotic Network Is a Primary Mediator of Resistance to BCL2 Inhibition in AML Cells. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:910-925. [PMID: 31048320 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To study mechanisms underlying resistance to the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we used a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify gene knockouts resulting in drug resistance. We validated TP53, BAX, and PMAIP1 as genes whose inactivation results in venetoclax resistance in AML cell lines. Resistance to venetoclax resulted from an inability to execute apoptosis driven by BAX loss, decreased expression of BCL2, and/or reliance on alternative BCL2 family members such as BCL2L1. The resistance was accompanied by changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular metabolism. Evaluation of TP53 knockout cells for sensitivities to a panel of small-molecule inhibitors revealed a gain of sensitivity to TRK inhibitors. We relate these observations to patient drug responses and gene expression in the Beat AML dataset. Our results implicate TP53, the apoptotic network, and mitochondrial functionality as drivers of venetoclax response in AML and suggest strategies to overcome resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: AML is challenging to treat due to its heterogeneity, and single-agent therapies have universally failed, prompting a need for innovative drug combinations. We used a genetic approach to identify genes whose inactivation contributes to drug resistance as a means of forming preferred drug combinations to improve AML treatment.See related commentary by Savona and Rathmell, p. 831.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilla Nechiporuk
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Stephen E Kurtz
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Olga Nikolova
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tingting Liu
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Courtney L Jones
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amanda d'Almeida
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Mara Rosenberg
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cristina E Tognon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexey V Danilov
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Bill H Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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29
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Chetty R. Neurotrophic tropomyosin or tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) genes. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:187-190. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophic tropomyosin or tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) genes (1-3) are proto-oncogenes that when activated are encountered in a wide array of tumours. The recent advent of very specific and selective inhibitors of their gene fusions makes the NRTK gene fusions actionable. NRTK gene fusions are very characteristic of specific tumours: salivary mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, breast secretory carcinoma, infantile fibrosarcoma and congenital mesoblastic nephroma. Over 90% of these tumours bear NTRK gene fusions. While next-generation sequencing is the current platform of choice for the detection of NTRK fusions, immunohistochemistry also shows great promise. Immunohistochemical localisation of the fusion protein to the nucleus, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane and cell membrane is indicative of specific gene fusions involving the NTRK genes.
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30
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Yan W, Lakkaniga NR, Carlomagno F, Santoro M, McDonald NQ, Lv F, Gunaganti N, Frett B, Li HY. Insights into Current Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (TRK) Inhibitors: Development and Clinical Application. J Med Chem 2018; 62:1731-1760. [PMID: 30188734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of kinase-directed precision medicine has been heavily pursued since the discovery and development of imatinib. Annually, it is estimated that around ∼20 000 new cases of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) cancers are diagnosed, with the majority of cases exhibiting a TRK genomic rearrangement. In this Perspective, we discuss current development and clinical applications for TRK precision medicine by providing the following: (1) the biological background and significance of the TRK kinase family, (2) a compilation of known TRK inhibitors and analysis of their cocrystal structures, (3) an overview of TRK clinical trials, and (4) future perspectives for drug discovery and development of TRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Francesca Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche , Università Federico II , Via S Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy.,Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR , Via S Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche , Università Federico II , Via S Pansini 5 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signaling and Structural Biology Laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London NW1 1AT , U.K.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences , Birkbeck College , Malet Street , London WC1E 7HX , U.K
| | - Fengping Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Naresh Gunaganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
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31
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Taylor J, Pavlick D, Yoshimi A, Marcelus C, Chung SS, Hechtman JF, Benayed R, Cocco E, Durham BH, Bitner L, Inoue D, Chung YR, Mullaney K, Watts JM, Diamond EL, Albacker LA, Mughal TI, Ebata K, Tuch BB, Ku N, Scaltriti M, Roshal M, Arcila M, Ali S, Hyman DM, Park JH, Abdel-Wahab O. Oncogenic TRK fusions are amenable to inhibition in hematologic malignancies. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3819-3825. [PMID: 29920189 PMCID: PMC6118587 DOI: 10.1172/jci120787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements involving the neurotrophic receptor kinase genes (NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3; hereafter referred to as TRK) produce oncogenic fusions in a wide variety of cancers in adults and children. Although TRK fusions occur in fewer than 1% of all solid tumors, inhibition of TRK results in profound therapeutic responses, resulting in Breakthrough Therapy FDA approval of the TRK inhibitor larotrectinib for adult and pediatric patients with solid tumors, regardless of histology. In contrast to solid tumors, the frequency of TRK fusions and the clinical effects of targeting TRK in hematologic malignancies are unknown. Here, through an evaluation for TRK fusions across more than 7,000 patients with hematologic malignancies, we identified TRK fusions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), histiocytosis, multiple myeloma, and dendritic cell neoplasms. Although TRK fusions occurred in only 0.1% of patients (8 of 7,311 patients), they conferred responsiveness to TRK inhibition in vitro and in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft and a corresponding AML patient with ETV6-NTRK2 fusion. These data identify that despite their individual rarity, collectively, TRK fusions are present in a wide variety of hematologic malignancies and predict clinically significant therapeutic responses to TRK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dean Pavlick
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen S. Chung
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jaclyn F. Hechtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kerry Mullaney
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin M. Watts
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eli L. Diamond
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Tariq I. Mughal
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Tufts University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Ebata
- Loxo Oncology Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian B. Tuch
- Loxo Oncology Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nora Ku
- Loxo Oncology Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Mikhail Roshal
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Siraj Ali
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M. Hyman
- Developmental Therapeutics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jae H. Park
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Farina AR, Cappabianca L, Ruggeri P, Gneo L, Pellegrini C, Fargnoli MC, Mackay AR. The oncogenic neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin-related kinase variant, TrkAIII. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:119. [PMID: 29914559 PMCID: PMC6006588 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes derived from the neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin-related kinase TrkA act as drivers in sub-populations of a wide-range of human cancers. This, combined with a recent report that both adult and childhood cancers driven by novel oncogenic TrkA chimeric-fusions exhibit profound, long-lived therapeutic responses to the Trk inhibitor Larotrectinib, highlights the need to improve clinical detection of TrkA oncogene-driven cancers in order to maximise this novel therapeutic potential. Cancers potentially driven by TrkA oncogenes include a proportion of paediatric neuroblastomas (NBs) that express the alternative TrkA splice variant TrkAIII, which exhibits exon 6, 7 and 9 skipping and oncogenic-activity that depends upon deletion of the extracellular D4 Ig-like domain. In contrast to fully spliced TrkA, which exhibits tumour suppressor activity in NB and associates with good prognosis, TrkAIII associates with advanced stage metastatic disease, post therapeutic relapse and worse prognosis, induces malignant transformation of NIH-3T3 cells and exhibits oncogenic activity in NB models. TrkAIII induction in NB cells is stress-regulated by conditions that mimic hypoxia or perturbate the ER with potential to change TrkA tumour-suppressing signals into oncogenic TrkAIII signals within the stressful tumour microenvironment. In contrast to cell surface TrkA, TrkAIII re-localises to intracellular pre-Golgi membranes, centrosomes and mitochondria, within which it exhibits spontaneous ligand-independent activation, triggering a variety of mechanisms that promote tumorigenicity and malignant behaviour, which impact the majority of cancer hallmarks. In this review, we present updates on TrkAIII detection and association with human malignancies, the multiple ways TrkAIII exerts oncogenic activity and potential therapeutic approaches for TrkAIII expressing cancers, with particular reference to NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lucia Cappabianca
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Ruggeri
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luciana Gneo
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina Pellegrini
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria-Concetta Fargnoli
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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33
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Singh R, Karri D, Shen H, Shao J, Dasgupta S, Huang S, Edwards DP, Ittmann MM, O'Malley BW, Yi P. TRAF4-mediated ubiquitination of NGF receptor TrkA regulates prostate cancer metastasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3129-3143. [PMID: 29715200 DOI: 10.1172/jci96060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important drivers of cancers. In addition to genomic alterations, aberrant activation of WT RTKs plays an important role in driving cancer progression. However, the mechanisms underlying how RTKs drive prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we show that non-proteolytic ubiquitination of RTK regulates its kinase activity and contributes to RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. TRAF4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer. We demonstrated here that it is a key player in regulating RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. We further identified TrkA, a neurotrophin RTK, as a TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination substrate that promotes cancer cell invasion and found that inhibition of TrkA activity abolished TRAF4-dependent cell invasion. TRAF4 promoted K27- and K29-linked ubiquitination at the TrkA kinase domain and increased its kinase activity. Mutation of TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination sites abolished TrkA tyrosine autophosphorylation and its interaction with downstream proteins. TRAF4 knockdown also suppressed nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulated TrkA downstream p38 MAPK activation and invasion-associated gene expression. Furthermore, elevated TRAF4 levels significantly correlated with increased NGF-stimulated invasion-associated gene expression in prostate cancer patients, indicating that this signaling axis is significantly activated during oncogenesis. Our results revealed a posttranslational modification mechanism contributing to aberrant non-mutated RTK activation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dileep Karri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiangyong Shao
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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34
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Mauri G, Valtorta E, Cerea G, Amatu A, Schirru M, Marrapese G, Fiorillo V, Recchimuzzo P, Cavenago IS, Bonazzina EF, Motta V, Lauricella C, Veronese S, Tosi F, Maiolani M, Rospo G, Truini M, Bonoldi E, Christiansen J, Potts SJ, Siena S, Sartore-Bianchi A. TRKA expression and NTRK1 gene copy number across solid tumours. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:926-931. [PMID: 29802225 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neurotrophic Tropomyosin Kinase Receptor 1 (NTRK1) gene encodes for the protein Tropomyosin-related kinase A (TRKA). Deregulated activity of TRKA has been shown to have oncogenic potential. We present here the results of an immunohistochemical (IHC) observational cohort study of TRKA expression together with gene copy number (GCN) assessment in various solid tumours. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded consecutive samples of different tumour types were tested for TRKA expression. Samples showing TRKA IHC staining in at least 10% of cells were analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation to assess NTRK1 gene rearrangements and/or individual GCN gain. All patients underwent this molecular assessment within the phase I ALKA-001 clinical trial. RESULTS 1043 samples were tested and annotation for histology was available in 1023. Most of the samples were colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) (n=550, 52.7%) and lung adenocarcinoma (n=312, 29.9%). 24 samples (2.3%) were biliary tract carcinoma (BTC). Overall, 17 (1.6%) samples were characterised by TRKA IHC expression (four weak, eight moderate, five strong): 9/17 lung adenocarcinoma, 3/17 CRC, 3/17 BTC, 1/17 thyroid cancer and 1/17 cancer of unknown primary. Of these, 1/17 with strong TRKA IHC staining displayed NTRK1 gene rearrangement and 15/17 NTRK1 GCN gain by FISH. No correlation was found between intensity of TRKA IHC staining and number of copies of NTRK1. CONCLUSIONS TRKA expression can be found in 1.6% of solid tumours and can be paralleled by NTRK1 gene rearrangements or mostly GCN gain. The prognostic and translational therapeutic impact of the latter remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Mauri
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ematologia e Onco-Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Valtorta
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerea
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Amatu
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Schirru
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marrapese
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorillo
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Recchimuzzo
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Stella Cavenago
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Motta
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Calogero Lauricella
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Veronese
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Tosi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ematologia e Onco-Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Maiolani
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ematologia e Onco-Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Truini
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bonoldi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ematologia e Onco-Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartore-Bianchi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ematologia e Onco-Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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35
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Nerve growth factor modulates the tumor cells migration in ovarian cancer through the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81026-81048. [PMID: 27835587 PMCID: PMC5348374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF)/nerve growth factor receptors (NGFRs) axis and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway have shown to play crucial roles in tumor initiation, progression and prognosis. But little did we know the relationship between them in modulation of tumor progress. In this report, we found that NGF/NGFRs and β-catenin were coexpression in ovarian cancer cell lines, and NGF can decrease the expression level of β-catenin and affect its activities, which may be related to the NGF-induced down-regulation of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9-like (BCL9L, BCL9-2). Furthermore, NGF can also increase or decrease the downstream target gene expression levels of WNT/β-catenin depending on the cell types. Especially, we created a novel in vitro cell growth model based on a microfluidic device to intuitively observe the effects of NGF/NGFRs on the motility behaviors of ovarian cancer cells. The results showed that the migration area and maximum distance into three dimensional (3D) matrigel were decreased in CAOV3 and OVCAR3 cells, but increased in SKOV3 cells following the stimulation with NGF. In addition, we found that the cell colony area was down-regulated in CAOV3 cells, however, it was augmented in OVCAR3 cells after treatment with NGF. The inhibitors of NGF/NGFRs, such as Ro 08-2750, K252a and LM11A-31,can all block NGF-stimulated changes of gene expression or migratory behavior on ovarian cancer cells. The different results among ovarian cancer cells illustrated the heterogeneity and complexity of ovarian cancer. Collectively, our results suggested for the first time that NGF is functionally linked to β-catenin in the migration of human ovarian cancer cells, which may be a novel therapeutic perspective to prevent the spread of ovarian carcinomas by studying the interaction between NGF/NGFRs and canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling.
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36
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Yang M, Pan Z, Huang K, Büsche G, Feuerhake F, Chaturvedi A, Nie D, Heuser M, Thol F, von Neuhoff N, Ganser A, Li Z. Activation of TRKA receptor elicits mastocytosis in mice and is involved in the development of resistance to KIT-targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73871-73883. [PMID: 29088753 PMCID: PMC5650308 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophins (NTs) play a key role in neuronal survival and maintenance. The TRK (tropomyosin-related kinase) tyrosine kinase receptors (TRKA, TRKB, TRKC) are high affinity receptors for NTs. There is increasing data demonstrating an important role of the TRK family in cancer initiation and progression. NTs have been known for many years to promote chemotaxis, maturation, and survival of mast cells. However, the role of NT signaling in the pathogenesis of mastocytosis is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that activation of TRKA by its ligand nerve growth factor (NGF) is potent to trigger a disease in mice with striking similarities to human systemic mastocytosis (SM). Moreover, activation of TRKA by NGF strongly rescues KIT inhibition-induced cell death of mast cell lines and primary mast cells from patients with SM, and this rescue effect can be efficiently blocked by entrectinib (a new pan TRK specific inhibitor). HMC-1 mast cell leukemia cells that are resistant to KIT inhibition induced by TRKA activation show reactivation of MAPK/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and strong upregulation of early growth response 3 (EGR3), suggesting an important role of MAPK-EGR3 axis in the development of resistance to KIT inhibition. Targeting both TRK and KIT significantly prolongs survival of mice xenotransplanted with HMC-1 cells compared with targeting KIT alone. Thus, these data strongly suggest that TRKA signaling can improve neoplastic mast cell fitness. This might explain at least in part why treatment with KIT inhibitors alone so far has been disappointing in most published clinical trials for mastocytosis. Our data suggest that targeting both KIT and TRKs might improve efficacy of molecular therapy in SM with KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zengkai Pan
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kezhi Huang
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guntram Büsche
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danian Nie
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felicitas Thol
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils von Neuhoff
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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37
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Bailey JJ, Schirrmacher R, Farrell K, Bernard-Gauthier V. Tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors: an updated patent review for 2010-2016 - Part II. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:831-849. [PMID: 28270021 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1297797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TrkA/B/C receptor activation supports growth, survival, and differentiation of discrete neuronal populations during development, adult life, and ageing but also plays numerous roles in human disease onset and progression. Trk-specific inhibitors have therapeutic applications in cancer and pain and thus constitute a growing area of interest in oncology and neurology. There has been substantial growth in the number of structural classes of Trk inhibitors and the number of industrial entrants to the Trk inhibitor field over the past six years. Areas covered: In Part II of this two-part review, the discussion of recent patent literature covering Trk family inhibitors is continued from Part I and clinical research with Trk inhibitors is considered. Expert opinion: Trk has been molecularly targeted for over a decade resulting in the progressive evolution of structurally diversified Trk inhibitors arising from scaffold hopping and HTS efforts. Correspondingly, there have been a growing number of clinical investigations utilizing Trk inhibitors in recent years, with a particular focus on the treatment of NTRK-fusion positive cancers and chronic pain. The observed potential of Trk inhibitors to cause adverse CNS side effects however suggests the need for a more rigorous consideration of BBB permeation capabilities during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Bailey
- a Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- a Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Kristen Farrell
- a Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- a Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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38
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Norman BH, McDermott JS. Targeting the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Pathway in Drug Discovery. Potential Applications to New Therapies for Chronic Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 60:66-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H. Norman
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies and ‡Neurophysiology, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Lilly
Corporate Center, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jeff S. McDermott
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies and ‡Neurophysiology, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Lilly
Corporate Center, Indiana 46285, United States
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39
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Choe H, Son YH, Byun BJ, Choi SU, Lee K. Identification of Pyrrole[3,4-c]pyrazoles as Potent Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase A (TrkA) Inhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjeong Choe
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Department of Chemistry; KAIST; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - You Hwa Son
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
| | - Byung Jin Byun
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
| | - Kwangho Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology; Korea University of Science & Technology; Daejeon 34113 Korea
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40
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The new and recurrent FLT3 juxtamembrane deletion mutation shows a dominant negative effect on the wild-type FLT3 receptor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28032. [PMID: 27346558 PMCID: PMC4921855 DOI: 10.1038/srep28032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is one of the most frequently mutated genes. Recently, a new and recurrent juxtamembrane deletion mutation (p.Q569Vfs*2) resulting in a truncated receptor was identified. The mutated receptor is expressed on the cell surface and still binds its ligand but loses the ability to activate ERK signaling. FLT3 p.Q569fs-expressing Ba/F3 cells show no proliferation after ligand stimulation. Furthermore, coexpressed with the FLT3 wild-type (WT) receptor, the truncated receptor suppresses stimulation and activation of the WT receptor. Thus, FLT3 p.Q569Vfs*2, to our knowledge, is the first FLT3 mutation with a dominant negative effect on the WT receptor.
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41
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Demir IE, Tieftrunk E, Schorn S, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. Nerve growth factor & TrkA as novel therapeutic targets in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:37-50. [PMID: 27264679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors TrkA & p75NTR were recognized to be overexpressed in the overwhelming majority of human solid cancers. Recent studies discovered the presence of overactive TrkA signaling due to TrkA rearrangements or TrkA fusion products in frequent cancers like colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, or acute myeloid leukemia. Thus, targeting TrkA/NGF via selective small-molecule-inhibitors or antibodies has gained enormous attention in the drug discovery sector. Clinical studies on the anti-cancer impact of NGF-blocking antibodies are likely to be accelerated after the recent removal of clinical holds on these agents by regulatory authorities. Based on these current developments, the present review provides not only a broad overview of the biological effects of NGF-TrkA-p75NTR on cancer cells and their microenvironment, but also explains why NGF and its receptors are going to evoke major interest as promising therapeutic anti-cancer targets in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elke Tieftrunk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schorn
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Wiesner T, Kutzner H, Cerroni L, Mihm MC, Busam KJ, Murali R. Genomic aberrations in spitzoid melanocytic tumours and their implications for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Pathology 2016; 48:113-31. [PMID: 27020384 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological evaluation of melanocytic tumours usually allows reliable distinction of benign melanocytic naevi from melanoma. More difficult is the histopathological classification of Spitz tumours, a heterogeneous group of tumours composed of large epithelioid or spindle-shaped melanocytes. Spitz tumours are biologically distinct from conventional melanocytic naevi and melanoma, as exemplified by their distinct patterns of genetic aberrations. Whereas common acquired naevi and melanoma often harbour BRAF mutations, NRAS mutations, or inactivation of NF1, Spitz tumours show HRAS mutations, inactivation of BAP1 (often combined with BRAF mutations), or genomic rearrangements involving the kinases ALK, ROS1, NTRK1, BRAF, RET, and MET. In Spitz naevi, which lack significant histological atypia, all of these mitogenic driver aberrations trigger rapid cell proliferation, but after an initial growth phase, various tumour suppressive mechanisms stably block further growth. In some tumours, additional genomic aberrations may abrogate various tumour suppressive mechanisms, such as cell-cycle arrest, telomere shortening, or DNA damage response. The melanocytes then start to grow in a less organised fashion and may spread to regional lymph nodes, and are termed atypical Spitz tumours. Upon acquisition of even more aberrations, which often activate additional oncogenic pathways or alter cell differentiation, the neoplastic cells become entirely malignant and may colonise and take over distant organs (spitzoid melanoma). The sequential acquisition of genomic aberrations suggests that Spitz tumours represent a continuous biological spectrum, rather than a dichotomy of benign versus malignant, and that tumours with ambiguous histological features (atypical Spitz tumours) might be best classified as low-grade melanocytic tumours. The number of genetic aberrations usually correlates with the degree of histological atypia and explains why existing ancillary genetic techniques, such as array comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) or fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), are usually capable of accurately classifying histologically benign and malignant Spitz tumours, but are not very helpful in the diagnosis of ambiguous melanocytic lesions. Nevertheless, we expect that progress in our understanding of tumour progression will refine the classification of spitzoid melanocytic tumours in the near future. By integrating clinical, pathological, and genetic criteria, distinct tumour subsets will be defined within the heterogeneous group of Spitz tumours, which will eventually lead to improvements in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiesner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Heinz Kutzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin C Mihm
- Melanoma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States; Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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Wiesner T, He J, Yelensky R, Esteve-Puig R, Botton T, Yeh I, Lipson D, Otto G, Brennan K, Murali R, Garrido M, Miller VA, Ross JS, Berger MF, Sparatta A, Palmedo G, Cerroni L, Busam KJ, Kutzner H, Cronin MT, Stephens PJ, Bastian BC. Kinase fusions are frequent in Spitz tumours and spitzoid melanomas. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3116. [PMID: 24445538 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spitzoid neoplasms are a group of melanocytic tumours with distinctive histopathological features. They include benign tumours (Spitz naevi), malignant tumours (spitzoid melanomas) and tumours with borderline histopathological features and uncertain clinical outcome (atypical Spitz tumours). Their genetic underpinnings are poorly understood, and alterations in common melanoma-associated oncogenes are typically absent. Here we show that spitzoid neoplasms harbour kinase fusions of ROS1 (17%), NTRK1 (16%), ALK (10%), BRAF (5%) and RET (3%) in a mutually exclusive pattern. The chimeric proteins are constitutively active, stimulate oncogenic signalling pathways, are tumourigenic and are found in the entire biologic spectrum of spitzoid neoplasms, including 55% of Spitz naevi, 56% of atypical Spitz tumours and 39% of spitzoid melanomas. Kinase inhibitors suppress the oncogenic signalling of the fusion proteins in vitro. In summary, kinase fusions account for the majority of oncogenic aberrations in spitzoid neoplasms and may serve as therapeutic targets for metastatic spitzoid melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiesner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E 68th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Jie He
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Roman Yelensky
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Rosaura Esteve-Puig
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, UCSF Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Room 252K, Box 3118, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, USA
| | - Thomas Botton
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, UCSF Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Room 252K, Box 3118, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, UCSF Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Room 252K, Box 3118, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, USA
| | - Doron Lipson
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Geoff Otto
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kristina Brennan
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E 68th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Maria Garrido
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, UCSF Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Room 252K, Box 3118, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, USA
| | - Vincent A Miller
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael F Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E 68th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Alyssa Sparatta
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, UCSF Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Room 252K, Box 3118, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, USA
| | - Gabriele Palmedo
- Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Siemensstraße 6/1, 88048 Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E 68th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Heinz Kutzner
- Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Siemensstraße 6/1, 88048 Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Maureen T Cronin
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Philip J Stephens
- Foundation Medicine, 1 Kendall Sq B6501, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E 68th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, UCSF Cardiovascular Research Institute, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, Room 252K, Box 3118, San Francisco, California 94158-9001, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
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Pasini L, Re A, Tebaldi T, Ricci G, Boi S, Adami V, Barbareschi M, Quattrone A. TrkA is amplified in malignant melanoma patients and induces an anti-proliferative response in cell lines. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:777. [PMID: 26496938 PMCID: PMC4619539 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor tyrosine-kinase TrkA is a well-known determinant of the melanocytic lineage, through modulation of the MAPK and AKT cascades. While TrkA gene is frequently rearranged in cancers, its involvement in malignant melanoma (MM) development is still unclear. METHODS We analyzed a dataset of primary cutaneous MM (n = 31) by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), to identify genomic amplifications associated with tumor progression. The analysis was validated by genomic quantitative PCR (qPCR) on an extended set of cases (n = 64) and the results were correlated with the clinical outcome. To investigate TrkA molecular pathways and cellular function, we generated inducible activation of the NGF-TrkA signaling in human MM cell lines. RESULTS We identified amplification of 1q23.1, where the TrkA locus resides, as a candidate hotspot implicated in the progression of MM. Across 40 amplicons detected, segmental amplification of 1q23.1 showed the strongest association with tumor thickness. By validation of the analysis, TrkA gene amplification emerged as a frequent event in primary melanomas (50 % of patients), and correlated with worse clinical outcome. However, experiments in cell lines revealed that induction of the NGF-TrkA signaling produced a phenotype of dramatic suppression of cell proliferation through inhibition of cell division and pronounced intracellular vacuolization, in a way straightly dependent on NGF activation of TrkA. These events were triggered via MAPK activity but not via AKT, and involved p21(cip1) protein increase, compatibly with a mechanism of oncogene-induced growth arrest. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings point to TrkA as a candidate oncogene in MM and support a model in which the NGF-TrkA-MAPK pathway may mediate a trade-off between neoplastic transformation and adaptive anti-proliferative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pasini
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Angela Re
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ricci
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Sebastiana Boi
- Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy.
| | - Valentina Adami
- High Throughput Screening Facility, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The use of high-throughput next-generation sequencing techniques in multiple tumor types during the last few years has identified NTRK1, 2, and 3 gene rearrangements encoding novel oncogenic fusions in 19 different tumor types to date. These recent developments have led us to revisit an old oncogene, Trk (originally identified as OncD), which encodes the TPM3-NTRK1 gene fusion and was one of the first transforming chromosomal rearrangements identified 32 years ago. However, no drug has yet been approved by the FDA for cancers harboring this oncogene. This review will discuss the biology of the TRK family of receptors, their role in human cancer, the types of oncogenic alterations, and drugs that are currently in development for this family of oncogene targets. SIGNIFICANCE Precision oncology approaches have accelerated recently due to advancements in our ability to detect oncogenic mutations in tumor samples. Oncogenic alterations, most commonly gene fusions, have now been detected for the genes encoding the TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC receptor tyrosine kinases across multiple tumor types. The scientific rationale for the targeting of the TRK oncogene family will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vaishnavi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anh T Le
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert C Doebele
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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Zhang W, Lin ZC, Zhang TX, Liu S, Liu X, Liu JJ, Niu Y. TrkC expression predicts favorable clinical outcome in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast independent of NT-3 expression. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:811-823. [PMID: 25520870 PMCID: PMC4266714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TrkC, a member of neurotrophin receptor family, functions not only as an oncogene, but also act as a tumor suppressor via a manner of dependence receptor in human malignant tumors. Little is known on the action of TrkC for the clinical prognosis and the progression of breast cancer according to the availability of its ligand NT-3. We sought to investigate the prognostic relevance of NT-3-TrkC axis in breast cancer and estimate its role during the process of breast cancer progression. METHODS 236 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 60 pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 30 normal breast tissue (NBT) between 2004 and 2005 were included in the study. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to analyze the association of NT-3-TrkC expression and breast cancer progression. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were performed to identify the relevant prognostic factors. RESULTS 50.4% IDC tumors displayed absent or low TrkC expression, while 49.6% was high TrkC expression. TrkC expression was negatively associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.029) and tumor proliferation (P = 0.015). Patients with lower TrkC expressing tumors had a higher risk of recurrence (odds ratio, 0.401; 95% confidence interval, 0.207-0.778; P = 0.007). The layered analysis indicated that patients with high TrkC expression tumors had a favor disease-free survival whether NT-3 and TrkC were co-expressed or solitarily expressed in the tumor (P = 0.000). NT-3 was demonstrated to be not a predictor of IDC patients' prognosis. But NT-3 expression was inversely correlated with the progression of breast cancer (r = -0.341, P = 0.000), since more IDC tumors showed high NT-3 expression than DCIS tumors (51.7% vs. 25.9%), while no NBT showed high NT-3 expression, as well. CONCLUSION The study indicates TrkC expression reduces tumor relapse independent of NT-3 availability in the IDC. Elevated NT-3 expression contributes to the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and National Clinical Research Center of CancerWest Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhi-Chun Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police ForcesChenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Tong-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and National Clinical Research Center of CancerWest Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and National Clinical Research Center of CancerWest Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and National Clinical Research Center of CancerWest Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jun-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and National Clinical Research Center of CancerWest Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and National Clinical Research Center of CancerWest Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
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Roll JD, Reuther GW. ALK-activating homologous mutations in LTK induce cellular transformation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31733. [PMID: 22347506 PMCID: PMC3276580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase reported to be overexpressed in human leukemia. Though much regarding the function of LTK remains unknown, it shares a high degree of similarity with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which is found mutated in human cancer. In order to determine if LTK has transforming potential, we created two LTK mutants, F568L and R669Q, that correspond to two well-characterized activating mutations of ALK (F1174L and R1275Q). LTK-F568L, but not wildtype LTK or LTK-R669Q, transformed hematopoietic cells to cytokine independence. LTK-F568L exhibited a stronger ability to induce loss of contact inhibition and anchorage-independent growth of epithelial cells compared to LTK-R669Q, while wildtype LTK was non-transforming in the same cells. Likewise, LTK-F568L induced greater neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells than R669Q, while wildtype LTK could not. Correlating with transforming activity, LTK-F568L displayed significantly enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation compared to wildtype LTK and LTK-R668Q and induced activation of various signaling proteins including Shc, ERK and the JAK/STAT pathway. Expression of wildtype LTK or LTK-R669Q generally led to weaker activation of signaling proteins than expression of LTK-F568L, or no activation at all. Thus, mutating LTK at residue F568, and to a lesser extent at R669, activates the receptor tyrosine kinase, inducing cell signaling that results in transforming properties. These studies suggest that aberrant activation of LTK may contribute to neoplastic cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Devon Roll
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Reuther
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mutations in the transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains enhance IL27R transforming activity. Biochem J 2011; 438:155-64. [PMID: 21631431 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and their receptors regulate haemopoiesis by controlling cellular growth, survival and differentiation. Thus it is not surprising that mutations of cytokine receptors contribute to the formation of haemopoietic disorders, including cancer. We recently identified transforming properties of IL27R, the ligand-binding component of the receptor for interleukin-27. Although wild-type IL27R exhibits transforming properties in haemopoietic cells, in the present study we set out to determine if the transforming activity of IL27R could be enhanced by mutation. We identified three mutations of IL27R that enhance its transforming activity. One of these mutations is a phenylalanine to cysteine mutation at residue 523 (F523C) in the transmembrane domain of the receptor. The two other mutations identified involve deletions of amino acids in the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane region of the receptor. Expression of each of these mutant IL27R proteins led to rapid cytokine-independent transformation in haemopoietic cells. Moreover, the rate of transformation induced by these mutants was significantly greater than that induced by wild-type IL27R. Expression of these IL27R mutants also induced enhanced activation of JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling compared with wild-type. An activating deletion mutation of IL27R enhanced homodimerization of the receptor by a mechanism that may involve disulfide bonding. These transforming IL27R mutants displayed equal or greater transforming activity than bona fide haemopoietic oncogenes such as BCR-ABL (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homologue) and JAK2-V617F. Since IL27R is expressed on haemopoietic stem cells, lymphoid cells and myeloid cells, including acute myeloid leukaemia blast cells, mutation of this receptor has the potential to contribute to a variety of haemopoietic neoplasms.
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Rhein M, Schwarzer A, Yang M, Kaever V, Brugman M, Meyer J, Ganser A, Baum C, Li Z. Leukemias induced by altered TRK-signaling are sensitive to mTOR inhibitors in preclinical models. Ann Hematol 2010; 90:283-92. [PMID: 20821325 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-1065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is a potent allosteric mTORC1 inhibitor with clinical applications as an anticancer agent. However, only a fraction of cancer patients responds to the drug, and no biomarkers are available to predict tumor sensitivity. Recently, we and others have obtained evidence for potential involvement of tropomyosin-related kinase (TRK) receptor protein tyrosine kinases (TRKA, TRKB, TRKC) in leukemia. In the present study, we tested the therapeutic effect of Rapamycin and its analog RAD001 on altered TRK-induced leukemia in a murine model. Daily treatment with Rapamycin (2 mg/kg) or RAD001 (1 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the survival of treated animals (n = 40) compared with the placebo group. Consistently, both mTOR and S6 proteins were strongly dephosphorylated in vitro and in vivo after treatment with Rapamycin or RAD001. However, Rapamycin did not completely inhibit mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. With exception of one mouse showing slight reactivation of Akt after treatment, no reactivation of MAPK or Akt pathways was observed in other resistant tumors. Interestingly, leukemic cells isolated from a Rapamycin-resistant mouse were still highly sensitive to Rapamycin in vitro. Our findings suggest that altered TRK signaling may be a good predictor of tumor sensitivity to mTOR inhibition and that pathways other than MAPK and Akt exist that may trigger resistance of leukemic cells to Rapamycin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rhein
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany
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50
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Albanese C, Alzani R, Amboldi N, Avanzi N, Ballinari D, Brasca MG, Festuccia C, Fiorentini F, Locatelli G, Pastori W, Patton V, Roletto F, Colotta F, Galvani A, Isacchi A, Moll J, Pesenti E, Mercurio C, Ciomei M. Dual targeting of CDK and tropomyosin receptor kinase families by the oral inhibitor PHA-848125, an agent with broad-spectrum antitumor efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2243-54. [PMID: 20682657 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) families are observed in a wide variety of tumors. In those malignancies with aberrant CDK activation, the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway is deregulated, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Constitutive activation of TRKs is instead linked to cancer cell survival and dissemination. Here, we show that the novel small-molecule PHA-848125, a potent dual inhibitor of CDKs and TRKs, possesses significant antitumor activity. The compound inhibits cell proliferation of a wide panel of tumoral cell lines with submicromolar IC(50). PHA-848125-treated cells show cell cycle arrest in G(1) and reduced DNA synthesis, accompanied by inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and modulation of other CDK-dependent markers. The compound additionally inhibits phosphorylation of TRKA and its substrates in cells, which functionally express this receptor. Following oral administration, PHA-848125 has significant antitumor activity in various human xenografts and carcinogen-induced tumors as well as in disseminated primary leukemia models, with plasma concentrations in rodents in the same range as those found active in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Mechanism of action was also confirmed in vivo as assessed in tumor biopsies from treated mice. These results show that the dual CDK-TRK inhibitor PHA-848125 has the potential for being a novel and efficacious targeted drug for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Albanese
- Cell Biology Department, BU Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences, v.le Pasteur 10, Nerviano, Milan 20014, Italy.
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