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Mendonça Gorgulho C, Murthy P, Liotta L, Espina V, Lotze MT. Different measures of HMGB1 location in cancer immunology. Methods Enzymol 2019; 629:195-217. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang H, Qu H, Deng H. Plasma HMGB-1 Levels in Subjects with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136564. [PMID: 26317615 PMCID: PMC4552731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Object To detect the levels of plasma High-Mobility Group Box-1(HMGB1) in Chinese subject with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to investigate the correlations between plasma HMGB1 concentration and parameters of body fat, insulin resistance (IR) metabolism and inflammation. Methods This study recruited 79 normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects and 76 newly diagnosed T2DM patients. NGT and T2DM groups were divided into normal weight (NW) and obese (OB)subgroups respectively. Anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were measured. Plasma concentrations of HMGB1, IL-6, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hours post challenge plasma glucose (2hPG), serum lipid, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and fasting insulin (FINS) were examined. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was performed to assess IR status. Results Plasma HMGB1 levels were higher in T2DM group than that in NGT group. The concentrations of serum HMGB1 were also higher in subjects with OB than those in subjects with NW both in NGT and T2DM groups. Plasma levels of HMGB1 were positively correlated with waist hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, FPG, FINS, HOMA-IR, TG, IL-6 and negatively correlated with HOMA-βand high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) independent of age, gender and BMI. Plasma levels of HMGB1 were significantly correlated with diabetes in fully adjusted models. Conclusion Plasma HMGB1 levels were increased in Chinese subjects with pure T2DM, which might be caused by IR. Serum HMGB1 participated in the pathological process of obesity and T2DM via its proinflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- M.D. Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- M.D. Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huacong Deng
- M.D. Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Ciubotaru M, Surleac M, Musat MG, Rusu AM, Ionita E, Albu PCC. DNA bending in the synaptic complex in V(D)J recombination: turning an ancestral transpososome upside down. Discoveries (Craiova) 2014; 2:e13. [PMID: 32309545 PMCID: PMC6941560 DOI: 10.15190/d.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In all jawed vertebrates RAG (recombination activating gene) recombinase orchestrates V(D)J recombination in B and T lymphocyte precursors, assembling the V, D and J germline gene segments into continuous functional entities which encode the variable regions of their immune receptors. V(D)J recombination is the process by which most of the diversity of our specific immune receptors is acquired and is thought to have originated by domestication of a transposon in the genome of a vertebrate. RAG acts similarly to the cut and paste transposases, by first binding two recombination signal DNA sequences (RSSs), which flank the two coding genes to be adjoined, in a process called synaptic or paired complex (PC) formation. At these RSS-coding borders, RAG first nicks one DNA strand, then creates hairpins, thus cleaving the duplex DNA at both RSSs. Although RAG reaction mechanism resembles that of insect mobile element transposases and RAG itself can inefficiently perform intramolecular and intermolecular integration into the target DNA, inside the nuclei of the developing lymphocytes transposition is extremely rare and is kept under proper surveillance. Our review may help understand how RAG synaptic complex organization prevents deleterious transposition. The phosphoryl transfer reaction mechanism of RNAseH-like fold DDE motif enzymes, including RAG, is discussed accentuating the peculiarities described for various transposases from the light of their available high resolution structures (Tn5, Mu, Mos1 and Hermes). Contrasting the structural 3D organization of DNA in these transpososomes with that of the RSSs-DNA in RAG PC allows us to propose several clues for how evolutionarily RAG may have become “specialized” in recombination versus transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ciubotaru
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., TAC S620, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Atomistilor Str., 077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Marius Surleac
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela G Musat
- National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Atomistilor Str., 077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Andreea M Rusu
- National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Atomistilor Str., 077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Elena Ionita
- National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Atomistilor Str., 077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Paul C C Albu
- National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Atomistilor Str., 077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
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Gougeon ML, Melki MT, Saïdi H. HMGB1, an alarmin promoting HIV dissemination and latency in dendritic cells. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:96-106. [PMID: 22033335 PMCID: PMC3252828 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate immune responses by transporting antigens and migrating to lymphoid tissues to initiate T-cell responses. DCs are located in the mucosal surfaces that are involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and they are probably among the earliest targets of HIV-1 infection. DCs have an important role in viral transmission and dissemination, and HIV-1 has evolved different strategies to evade DC antiviral activity. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding nuclear protein that can act as an alarmin, a danger signal to alert the innate immune system for the initiation of host defense. It is the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, and it can be secreted by innate cells, including DCs and natural killer (NK) cells. The fate of DCs is dependent on a cognate interaction with NK cells, which involves HMGB1 expressed at NK-DC synapse. HMGB1 is essential for DC maturation, migration to lymphoid tissues and functional type-1 polarization of naïve T cells. This review highlights the latest advances in our understanding of the impact of HIV on the interactions between HMGB1 and DCs, focusing on the mechanisms of HMGB1-dependent viral dissemination and persistence in DCs, and discussing the consequences on antiviral innate immunity, immune activation and HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Base flipping in V(D)J recombination: insights into the mechanism of hairpin formation, the 12/23 rule, and the coordination of double-strand breaks. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5889-99. [PMID: 19720743 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00187-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tn5 transposase cleaves the transposon end using a hairpin intermediate on the transposon end. This involves a flipped base that is stacked against a tryptophan residue in the protein. However, many other members of the cut-and-paste transposase family, including the RAG1 protein, produce a hairpin on the flanking DNA. We have investigated the reversed polarity of the reaction for RAG recombination. Although the RAG proteins appear to employ a base-flipping mechanism using aromatic residues, the putatively flipped base is not at the expected location and does not appear to stack against any of the said aromatic residues. We propose an alternative model in which a flipped base is accommodated in a nonspecific pocket or cleft within the recombinase. This is consistent with the location of the flipped base at position -1 in the coding flank, which can be occupied by purine or pyrimidine bases that would be difficult to stabilize using a single, highly specific, interaction. Finally, during this work we noticed that the putative base-flipping events on either side of the 12/23 recombination signal sequence paired complex are coupled to the nicking steps and serve to coordinate the double-strand breaks on either side of the complex.
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Swanson PC, Kumar S, Raval P. Early steps of V(D)J rearrangement: insights from biochemical studies of RAG-RSS complexes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 650:1-15. [PMID: 19731797 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0296-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
V(D)J recombination is initiated by the synapsis and cleavage of a complementary (12/23) pair of recombination signal sequences (RSSs) by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins. Our understanding of these processes has been greatly aided by the development of in vitro biochemical assays of RAG binding and cleavage activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that synaptic complex assembly occurs in a step-wise manner and that the RAG proteins catalyze RSS cleavage by mechanisms similar to those used by bacterial transposases. In this chapter we will review the molecular mechanisms of RAG synaptic complex assembly and 12/23-regulated RSS cleavage, focusing on recent advances that shed new light on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Swanson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
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Fink MP. Bench-to-bedside review: High-mobility group box 1 and critical illness. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 11:229. [PMID: 17903310 PMCID: PMC2556731 DOI: 10.1186/cc6088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that also exhibits proinflammatory cytokine-like activity. HMGB1 is passively released by necrotic cells and also is actively secreted by immunostimulated macrophages, dendritic cells, and enterocytes. Although circulating HMGB1 levels are increased relative to healthy controls in patients with infections and severe sepsis, plasma or serum HMGB1 concentrations do not discriminate reliably between infected and uninfected critically ill patients. Nevertheless, administration of drugs that block HMGB1 secretion or of anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibodies has been shown to ameliorate organ dysfunction and/or improve survival in numerous animal models of critical illness. Because HMGB1 tends to be released relatively late in the inflammatory response (at least in animal models of endotoxemia or sepsis), this protein is an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with various forms of critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P Fink
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Yang R, Shaufl AL, Killeen ME, Fink MP. Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates liver injury secondary to severe acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 2008; 153:302-9. [PMID: 19027919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is capable of significantly decreasing serum alanine aminotransferase and reducing hepatic necrosis in a murine model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP); however, the working mechanism is still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of EP solution ameliorating SAP-induced liver injury and provide a new therapeutic agent to treat liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in C57Bl/6 male mice by feeding the animals a choline-deficient diet supplemented with 0.5% ethionine for 24 h; then the animals were challenged with 7 hourly 50 mug/kg cerulein i.p. injections and a single i.p. injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (4 mg/kg). Two hours after the injection of lipopolysaccharide, 40 mg/kg EP, the same volume of Ringers lactate solution (RLS), or saline solution were i.p. injected to animals of EP, RLS, and control groups every 6 h for a total 48-h period. RESULTS When mice were treated with EP, hepatic mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly lower than that in pancreatitis mice treated with RLS. Compared to RLS treatment, treatment with EP significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cell infiltration and markedly inhibited hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B DNA binding; EP therapy dramatically inhibited high motility group B1 release from inflamed hepatic tissue and significantly decreased the concentration of hepatic tissue malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress parameter. EP treatment also significantly improved body circulating blood volume. CONCLUSION EP is a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent to ameliorate hepatic local inflammatory response and resultantly decreases liver injury secondary to SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkuan Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Fink MP. Neuropeptide modulators of high mobility group box 1 secretion as potential therapeutic agents for severe sepsis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1171-3. [PMID: 18403588 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nishihara T, Nagawa F, Imai T, Sakano H. RAG-heptamer interaction in the synaptic complex is a crucial biochemical checkpoint for the 12/23 recombination rule. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:4877-85. [PMID: 18089566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709890200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In V(D)J recombination, the RAG1 and RAG2 protein complex cleaves the recombination signal sequences (RSSs), generating a hairpin structure at the coding end. The cleavage occurs only between two RSSs with different spacer lengths of 12 and 23 bp. Here we report that in the synaptic complex, recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins interact with the 7-mer and unstack the adjacent base in the coding region. We generated a RAG1 mutant that exhibits reduced RAG-7-mer interaction, unstacking of the coding base, and hairpin formation. Mutation of the 23-RSS at the first position of the 7-mer, which has been reported to impair the cleavage of the partner 12-RSS, demonstrated phenotypes similar to those of the RAG1 mutant; the RAG interaction and base unstacking in the partner 12-RSS are reduced. We propose that the RAG-7-mer interaction is a critical step for coding DNA distortion and hairpin formation in the context of the 12/23 rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nishihara
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Ciubotaru M, Kriatchko AN, Swanson PC, Bright FV, Schatz DG. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of recombination signal sequence configuration in the RAG1/2 synaptic complex. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4745-58. [PMID: 17470556 PMCID: PMC1951485 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00177-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical step in V(D)J recombination is the synapsis of complementary (12/23) recombination signal sequences (RSSs) by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins to generate the paired complex (PC). Using a facilitated ligation assay and substrates that vary the helical phasing of the RSSs, we provide evidence that one particular geometric configuration of the RSSs is favored in the PC. To investigate this configuration further, we used fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) to detect the synapsis of fluorescently labeled RSS oligonucleotides. FRET requires an appropriate 12/23 RSS pair, a divalent metal ion, and high-mobility-group protein HMGB1 or HMGB2. Energy transfer between the RSSs was detected with all 12/23 RSS end positions of the fluorescent probes but was not detected when probes were placed on the two ends of the same RSS. Energy transfer was confirmed to originate from the PC by using an in-gel FRET assay. The results argue against a unique planar configuration of the RSSs in the PC and are most easily accommodated by models in which synapsed 12- and 23-RSSs are bent and cross one another, with implications for the organization of the RAG proteins and the DNA substrates at the time of cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ciubotaru
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunibiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA
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Determinants of HMGB proteins required to promote RAG1/2-recombination signal sequence complex assembly and catalysis during V(D)J recombination. Mol Cell Biol 2005. [PMID: 15899848 DOI: 10.1128/mcb25.11.4413-4425.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient assembly of RAG1/2-recombination signal sequence (RSS) DNA complexes that are competent for V(D)J cleavage requires the presence of the nonspecific DNA binding and bending protein HMGB1 or HMGB2. We find that either of the two minimal DNA binding domains of HMGB1 is effective in assembling RAG1/2-RSS complexes on naked DNA and stimulating V(D)J cleavage but that both domains are required for efficient activity when the RSS is incorporated into a nucleosome. The single-domain HMGB protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nhp6A, efficiently assembles RAG1/2 complexes on naked DNA; however, these complexes are minimally competent for V(D)J cleavage. Nhp6A forms much more stable DNA complexes than HMGB1, and a variety of mutations that destabilize Nhp6A binding to bent microcircular DNA promote increased V(D)J cleavage. One of the two DNA bending wedges on Nhp6A and the analogous phenylalanine wedge at the DNA exit site of HMGB1 domain A were found to be essential for promoting RAG1/2-RSS complex formation. Because the phenylalanine wedge is required for specific recognition of DNA kinks, we propose that HMGB proteins facilitate RAG1/2-RSS interactions by recognizing a distorted DNA structure induced by RAG1/2 binding. The resulting complex must be sufficiently dynamic to enable the series of RAG1/2-mediated chemical reactions on the DNA.
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Dai Y, Wong B, Yen YM, Oettinger MA, Kwon J, Johnson RC. Determinants of HMGB proteins required to promote RAG1/2-recombination signal sequence complex assembly and catalysis during V(D)J recombination. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4413-25. [PMID: 15899848 PMCID: PMC1140611 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.11.4413-4425.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient assembly of RAG1/2-recombination signal sequence (RSS) DNA complexes that are competent for V(D)J cleavage requires the presence of the nonspecific DNA binding and bending protein HMGB1 or HMGB2. We find that either of the two minimal DNA binding domains of HMGB1 is effective in assembling RAG1/2-RSS complexes on naked DNA and stimulating V(D)J cleavage but that both domains are required for efficient activity when the RSS is incorporated into a nucleosome. The single-domain HMGB protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nhp6A, efficiently assembles RAG1/2 complexes on naked DNA; however, these complexes are minimally competent for V(D)J cleavage. Nhp6A forms much more stable DNA complexes than HMGB1, and a variety of mutations that destabilize Nhp6A binding to bent microcircular DNA promote increased V(D)J cleavage. One of the two DNA bending wedges on Nhp6A and the analogous phenylalanine wedge at the DNA exit site of HMGB1 domain A were found to be essential for promoting RAG1/2-RSS complex formation. Because the phenylalanine wedge is required for specific recognition of DNA kinks, we propose that HMGB proteins facilitate RAG1/2-RSS interactions by recognizing a distorted DNA structure induced by RAG1/2 binding. The resulting complex must be sufficiently dynamic to enable the series of RAG1/2-mediated chemical reactions on the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Lotze MT, Tracey KJ. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:331-42. [PMID: 15803152 DOI: 10.1038/nri1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1881] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), which previously was thought to function only as a nuclear factor that enhances transcription, was recently discovered to be a crucial cytokine that mediates the response to infection, injury and inflammation. These observations have led to the emergence of a new field in immunology that is focused on understanding the mechanisms of HMGB1 release, its biological activities and its pathological effects in sepsis, arthritis, cancer and other diseases. Here, we discuss these features of HMGB1 and summarize recent advances that have led to the preclinical development of therapeutics that modulate HMGB1 release and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lotze
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 411, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA.
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