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Evellin F, Perpète P, Collin S. YeastADHIDisruption: A Way to Promote Carbonyl Compounds Reduction in Alcohol-Free Beer Production. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-57-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Evellin
- Laboratoire de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 2 bte 7 B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe Perpète
- Laboratoire de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 2 bte 7 B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sonia Collin
- Laboratoire de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 2 bte 7 B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Lindahl PA, Moore MJ. Labile Low-Molecular-Mass Metal Complexes in Mitochondria: Trials and Tribulations of a Burgeoning Field. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4140-53. [PMID: 27433847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and molybdenum play important roles in mitochondrial biochemistry, serving to help catalyze reactions in numerous metalloenzymes. These metals are also found in labile "pools" within mitochondria. Although the composition and cellular function of these pools are largely unknown, they are thought to be comprised of nonproteinaceous low-molecular-mass (LMM) metal complexes. Many problems must be solved before these pools can be fully defined, especially problems stemming from the lability of such complexes. This lability arises from inherently weak coordinate bonds between ligands and metals. This is an advantage for catalysis and trafficking, but it makes characterization difficult. The most popular strategy for investigating such pools is to detect them using chelator probes with fluorescent properties that change upon metal coordination. Characterization is limited because of the inevitable destruction of the complexes during their detection. Moreover, probes likely react with more than one type of metal complex, confusing analyses. An alternative approach is to use liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). With help from a previous lab member, the authors recently developed an LC-ICP-MS approach to analyze LMM extracts from yeast and mammalian mitochondria. They detected several metal complexes, including Fe580, Fe1100, Fe1500, Cu5000, Zn1200, Zn1500, Mn1100, Mn2000, Co1200, Co1500, and Mo780 (numbers refer to approximate masses in daltons). Many of these may be used to metalate apo-metalloproteins as they fold inside the organelle. The LC-based approach also has challenges, e.g., in distinguishing artifactual metal complexes from endogenous ones, due to the fact that cells must be disrupted to form extracts before they are passed through chromatography columns prior to analysis. Ultimately, both approaches will be needed to characterize these intriguing complexes and to elucidate their roles in mitochondrial biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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3
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Schifferdecker AJ, Siurkus J, Andersen MR, Joerck-Ramberg D, Ling Z, Zhou N, Blevins JE, Sibirny AA, Piškur J, Ishchuk OP. Alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH3 activates glucose alcoholic fermentation in genetically engineered Dekkera bruxellensis yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3219-31. [PMID: 26743658 PMCID: PMC4786601 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dekkera bruxellensis is a non-conventional Crabtree-positive yeast with a good ethanol production capability. Compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, its tolerance to acidic pH and its utilization of alternative carbon sources make it a promising organism for producing biofuel. In this study, we developed an auxotrophic transformation system and an expression vector, which enabled the manipulation of D. bruxellensis, thereby improving its fermentative performance. Its gene ADH3, coding for alcohol dehydrogenase, was cloned and overexpressed under the control of the strong and constitutive promoter TEF1. Our recombinant D. bruxellensis strain displayed 1.4 and 1.7 times faster specific glucose consumption rate during aerobic and anaerobic glucose fermentations, respectively; it yielded 1.2 times and 1.5 times more ethanol than did the parental strain under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The overexpression of ADH3 in D. bruxellensis also reduced the inhibition of fermentation by anaerobiosis, the “Custer effect”. Thus, the fermentative capacity of D. bruxellensis could be further improved by metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juozas Siurkus
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorte Joerck-Ramberg
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhihao Ling
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Nerve Zhou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - James E Blevins
- Consulting statistician, Pinnmöllevägen 48, SE-24755, Dalby, Sweden
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine.,Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowizca 4, Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Olena P Ishchuk
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden.
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4
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Characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase 3 of the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:697-709. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Summers WAT, Wilkins JA, Dwivedi RC, Ezzati P, Court DA. Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the absence of mitochondrial porin in Neurospora crassa. Mitochondrion 2011; 12:220-9. [PMID: 21946565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porin, the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) in the mitochondrial outer membrane, contributes to metabolism and apoptosis. VDAC function was investigated in Neurospora, an obligate aerobe with a single porin. Porinless strains are viable, with cold-sensitive growth, cytochrome deficiencies and overexpression of alternative oxidase. iTRAQ labeling of mitochondria from a porinless strain and its progenitor revealed a small group of proteins with altered expression levels in the mutant organelles. Porinless Neurospora appears to compensate not by inducing alternative pores, but by altering electron flow and nucleotide metabolism. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms contribute to the response, reflecting the extent of porin influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A T Summers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 301 Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2.
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6
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Lin Y, He P, Wang Q, Lu D, Li Z, Wu C, Jiang N. The alcohol dehydrogenase system in the xylose-fermenting yeast Candida maltosa. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11752. [PMID: 20668703 PMCID: PMC2909261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system plays a critical role in sugar metabolism involving in not only ethanol formation and consumption but also the general "cofactor balance" mechanism. Candida maltosa is able to ferment glucose as well as xylose to produce a significant amount of ethanol. Here we report the ADH system in C. maltosa composed of three microbial group I ADH genes (CmADH1, CmADH2A and CmADH2B), mainly focusing on its metabolic regulation and physiological function. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Genetic analysis indicated that CmADH2A and CmADH2B tandemly located on the chromosome could be derived from tandem gene duplication. In vitro characterization of enzymatic properties revealed that all the three CmADHs had broad substrate specificities. Homo- and heterotetramers of CmADH1 and CmADH2A were demonstrated by zymogram analysis, and their expression profiles and physiological functions were different with respect to carbon sources and growth phases. Fermentation studies of ADH2A-deficient mutant showed that CmADH2A was directly related to NAD regeneration during xylose metabolism since CmADH2A deficiency resulted in a significant accumulation of glycerol. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results revealed that CmADH1 was responsible for ethanol formation during glucose metabolism, whereas CmADH2A was glucose-repressed and functioned to convert the accumulated ethanol to acetaldehyde. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of function separation and glucose repression of ADH genes in xylose-fermenting yeasts. On the other hand, CmADH1 and CmADH2A were both involved in ethanol formation with NAD regeneration to maintain NADH/NAD ratio in favor of producing xylitol from xylose. In contrast, CmADH2B was expressed at a much lower level than the other two CmADH genes, and its function is to be further confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Lin
- Centre of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng He
- Centre of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (NJ); (QW)
| | - Dajun Lu
- Centre of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Centre of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Centre of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Centre of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NJ); (QW)
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7
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Bird AJ, Gordon M, Eide DJ, Winge DR. Repression of ADH1 and ADH3 during zinc deficiency by Zap1-induced intergenic RNA transcripts. EMBO J 2006; 25:5726-34. [PMID: 17139254 PMCID: PMC1698899 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional activator Zap1 induces target gene expression in response to zinc deficiency. We demonstrate that during zinc starvation, Zap1 is required for the repression of ADH1 expression. ADH1 encodes the major zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase that is utilized during fermentation. During zinc starvation, Zap1 binds upstream of the activator Rap1 and induces an intergenic RNA transcript, ZRR1. ZRR1 expression leads to the transient displacement of Rap1 from the ADH1 promoter resulting in ADH1 repression. Using a microarray-based approach, we screened for additional genes repressed by Zap1 intergenic transcripts. We found that ADH3, the major mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase, is regulated in a manner similar to ADH1. Thus, during zinc deficiency, Zap1 mediates the repression of two of the most abundant zinc-requiring enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Bird
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mat Gordon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David J Eide
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dennis R Winge
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 50 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. Tel.: +1 801 585 5103; Fax: +1 801 585 5469; E-mail:
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8
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Sakurai M, Tohda H, Kumagai H, Giga-Hama Y. A distinct type of alcohol dehydrogenase, adh4+, complements ethanol fermentation in an adh1-deficient strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Yeast Res 2004; 4:649-54. [PMID: 15040954 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2003.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 12/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, only one alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adh1(+), has been identified. To elucidate the influence of adh1(+) on ethanol fermentation, we constructed the adh1 null strain (delta adh1). The delta adh1 cells still produced ethanol and grew fermentatively as the wild-type cells. Both DNA microarray and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that this ethanol production is caused by the enhanced expression of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH4-like gene product (SPAC5H10.06C named adh4(+)). Since the strain lacking both adh1 and adh4 genes (delta adh1 delta adh4) showed non-fermentative retarded growth, only these two ADHs produce ethanol for fermentative growth. This is the first observation that a S. cerevisiae ADH4-like alcohol dehydrogenase functions in yeast ethanol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Sakurai
- ASPEX Division, Asahi Glass Co. Ltd., 1150 Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 221-8755, Japan
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9
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Passoth V, Schäfer B, Liebel B, Weierstall T, Klinner U. Molecular cloning of alcohol dehydrogenase genes of the yeast Pichia stipitis and identification of the fermentative ADH. Yeast 1998; 14:1311-25. [PMID: 9802210 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(1998100)14:14<1311::aid-yea315>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Pichia stipitis ADH genes (PsADH1 and PsADH2) were isolated by complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Adh(-)-mutant. The genes enabled the transformants to grow in the presence of antimycin A on glucose, to use ethanol as sole carbon source and made them sensitive to allylalcohol. The sequences of the genes showed similarities of 70-77% to sequences of ADH genes of Candida albicans, Kluyveromyces lactis, K. marxianus, and S. cerevisiae and about 60% homology to those of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Aspergillus flavus. Southern hybridization experiments suggested that P. stipitis has only these two ADH genes. Both genes are located on the largest chromosome of P. stipitis. PsADH2 encodes for the ADH activity that is responsible for ethanol formation at oxygen limitation. The gene is regulated at the transcriptional level. Moreover, also in cells grown on ethanol, only PsADH2 transcript was found. PsADH1 transcript was detected under aerobic conditions on fermentable carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Passoth
- Institut für Biologie IV (Mikrobiologie), RWTH Aachen, Germany
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10
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Larsson C, Påhlman IL, Ansell R, Rigoulet M, Adler L, Gustafsson L. The importance of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle during aerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1998; 14:347-57. [PMID: 9559543 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19980315)14:4<347::aid-yea226>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a cytoplasmic redox balance is a necessity for sustained cellular metabolism. Glycerol formation is the only way by which Saccharomyces cerevisiae can maintain this balance under anaerobic conditions. Aerobically, on the other hand, several different redox adjustment mechanisms exist, one of these being the glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) shuttle. We have studied the importance of this shuttle under aerobic conditions by comparing growth properties and glycerol formation of a wild-type strain with that of gut2 delta mutants, lacking the FAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, assuming that the consequent blocking of G3P oxidation is forcing the cells to produce glycerol from G3P. To impose different demands on the redox adjustment capability we used various carbon sources having different degrees of reduction. The results showed that the shuttle was used extensively with reduced substrate such as ethanol, whereas the more oxidized substrates lactate and pyruvate, did not provoke any activity of the shuttle. However, the absence of a functional G3P shuttle did not affect the growth rate or growth yield of the cells, not even during growth on ethanol. Presumably, there must be alternative systems for maintaining a cytoplasmic redox balance, e.g. the so-called external NADH dehydrogenase, located on the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. By comparing the performance of the external NADH dehydrogenase and the G3P shuttle in isolated mitochondria, it was found that the former resulted in high respiratory rates but a comparably low P/O ratio of 1.2, whereas the shuttle gave low rates but a high P/O ratio of 1.7. Our results also demonstrated that of the two isoforms of NAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, only the enzyme encoded by GPD1 appeared important for the shuttle, since the enhanced glycerol production that occurs in a gut2 delta strain proved dependent on GPD1 but not on GPD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Larsson
- Department of General and Marine Microbiology, Lundberg Laboratory, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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11
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Hahn-Hägerdal B, Jeppsson H, Skoog K, Prior B. Biochemistry and physiology of xylose fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Thornton K, Wang Y, Weiner H, Gorenstein D. Import, processing, and two-dimensional NMR structure of a linker-deleted signal peptide of rat liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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The presequence of rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase requires the presence of an alpha-helix at its N-terminal region which is stabilized by the helix at its C termini. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Hines V, Schatz G. Precursor binding to yeast mitochondria. A general role for the outer membrane protein Mas70p. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
The interactions of Ca2+ with mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were explored. Mitochondria were loaded with the metallochromic dye Fluo-3 to measure the concentration of free calcium in the matrix. Addition of EGTA or Ca2+ led to fluctuations in mitochondrial free calcium between 120 and 400 nM. Ca2+ variations were slower at 4 degrees C than at 25 degrees C or in the presence of phosphate instead of acetate. The net uptake of 45Ca2+ was higher with phosphate than with acetate. The optimum pH for Ca2+ uptake was 6.8. Ruthenium red did not affect the uptake of Ca2+. Addition of antimycin-A or uncouplers led to a small and transient release of Ca2+. Addition of EGTA or the monovalent cations Na+ or K+ resulted in higher release of Ca2+. Site I but not site II dependent O2 consumption was partially inhibited by EGTA. The effect of Ca2+ on NADH oxidation is similar to results reported with enzymes from mammalian sources which use NADH, such as the pyruvate, isocitrate and oxoglutarate dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uribe
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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16
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Steffan JS, Minard KI, McAlister-Henn L. Expression and function of heterologous forms of malate dehydrogenase in yeast. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 293:93-102. [PMID: 1731644 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90370-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme malate dehydrogenase is highly conserved in various organisms. To test the extent of functional conservation, the rat mitochondrial enzyme and the enzyme from Escherichia coli were expressed in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing a disruption of the chromosomal MDH1 gene encoding yeast mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. The authentic precursor form of the rat enzyme, expressed using a yeast promoter and a multicopy plasmid, was found to be efficiently targeted to yeast mitochondria and processed to a mature active form in vivo. Mitochondrial levels of the polypeptide and malate dehydrogenase activity were found to be similar to those for MDH1 in wild-type yeast cells. Efficient expression of the E. coli mdh gene was obtained with multicopy plasmids carrying gene fusions encoding either a mature form of the procaryotic enzyme or a precursor form with the amino terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence from yeast MDH1. Very low levels of mitochondrial import and processing of the precursor form were obtained in vivo and activity could be demonstrated for only the expressed precursor fusion protein. Results of in vitro import experiments suggest that the percursor form of the E. coli protein associates with yeast mitochondria but is not efficiently internalized. Respiratory rates measured for isolated yeast mitochondria containing the mammalian or procaryotic enzyme were, respectively, 83 and 62% of normal, suggesting efficient delivery of NADH to the respiratory chain. However, expression of the heterologous enzymes did not result in full complementation of growth phenotypes associated with disruption of the yeast MDH1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Steffan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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17
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Tamm LK. Membrane insertion and lateral mobility of synthetic amphiphilic signal peptides in lipid model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1071:123-48. [PMID: 1854792 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(91)90021-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic signal sequences with the potential to form alpha-helices with a polar, charged face and an apolar face are common in proteins which are imported into mitochondria, in the PTS permeases of bacteria, and in bacterial rhodopsins. Synthetic peptides of such sequences partition into the surface region of lipid membranes where they can adopt different secondary structures. A finely controlled balance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions determines the 'affinity' of amphiphilic signal peptides for lipid membranes, as well as the structure, orientation and depth of penetration of these peptides in lipid bilayer membranes. The ability of an individual peptide to associate with lipid bilayer membranes in several different modes is, most likely, a general feature of amphiphilic signal peptides and is reflected in several common physical properties of their amino acid sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Tamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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18
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Saliola M, Gonnella R, Mazzoni C, Falcone C. Two genes encoding putative mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenases are present in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast 1991; 7:391-400. [PMID: 1872030 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320070409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Four structural genes encoding isozymes of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis have been identified by hybridization to ADH2 DNA probes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this paper we report on the isolation of KlADH4 and the complete sequencing of KlADH3 and KlADH4, two genes which show high homology to KlADH1, the ADH gene previously isolated in K. lactis, and to the ADH genes of S. cerevisiae. When compared with KlADH1, both KlADH3 and KlADH4 encode amino-terminal extensions which show the characteristics of the mitochondrial targeting sequences. These extensions are poorly conserved both at the nucleotide and the amino acid level. Surprisingly, the KlADH4 extension shows a higher identity at the amino acid level to the one encoded by ADH3 of S. cerevisiae than to the KlADH3 presequence. KlADH3 and KlADH4, in contrast to the ADH3 gene of S. cerevisiae, show a strong bias in the choice of codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saliola
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Rome, La Sapienza Città Universitaria, Italy
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19
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Horwich AL, Cheng M, West A, Pollock RA. Mitochondrial protein import. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1991; 170:1-42. [PMID: 1760928 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-76389-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic picture of the mitochondrial protein import pathway is emerging, with conformational alteration a critical feature both preceding and following membrane translocation. The mediators of these steps of conformational alteration, as well as steps of recognition, translocation, and proteolytic cleavage, appear to be proteins. Using powerful tools of genetics and biochemistry, in years to come it should be possible to determine the precise molecular function of these proteins in mediating these novel reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Horwich
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8005
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20
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Mooney DT, Pilgrim DB, Young ET. Mutant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH III) presequences that affect both in vitro mitochondrial import and in vitro processing by the matrix protease. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:2801-8. [PMID: 2188098 PMCID: PMC360641 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.6.2801-2808.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Point mutations in the presequence of the mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogerase isoenzyme (ADH III) have been shown to affect either the import of the precursor protein into yeast mitochondria in vivo or its processing within the organelle. In the present work, the behavior of these mutants during in vitro import into isolated mitochondria was investigated. All point mutants tested were imported with a slower initial rate than that of the wild-type precursor. This defect was corrected when the precursors were treated with urea prior to import. Once imported, the extent of processing to the mature form of mutant precursors varied greatly and correlated well with the defects observed in vivo. This result was not affected by prior urea treatment. When matrix extracts enriched for the processing protease were used, this defect was shown to be due to failure of the protease to efficiently recognize or cleave the presequence, rather than to a lack of access to the precursor. The rate of import of two ADH III precursors bearing internal deletions in the leader sequence was similar to those of the point mutants, whereas a deletion leading to the removal of the 15 amino-terminal amino acids was poorly imported. The mature amino terminus of wild-type ADH III was determined to be Gln-25. Mutant m01 (Ser-26 to Phe), which reduced the efficiency of cleavage in vitro by 80%, was cleaved at the correct site.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Mooney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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21
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Saliola M, Shuster JR, Falcone C. The alcohol dehydrogenase system in the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast 1990; 6:193-204. [PMID: 2190430 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320060304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Southern hybridization to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH2 gene indicates four probable structural ADH genes in K. lactis. Two of these genes have been isolated from a genomic bank by hybridization to ADH2. The nucleotide sequence of one of these genes shows 80% and 50% sequence identity to the ADH genes of S. cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe respectively. One K. lactis ADH gene is preferentially expressed in glucose-grown cells and, in analogy to S. cerevisiae, was named K1ADH1. The other gene, homologous to K1ADH1 in sequence, shows an amino-terminal extension which displays all of the characteristics of a mitochondrial targeting presequence. We named this gene K1ADH3. The two genes have been localized on different chromosomes by Southern hybridization to an orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis-resolved K. lactis genome. ADH activities resolved by gel electrophoresis revealed several ADH isozymes which are differently expressed in K. lactis cells depending on the carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saliola
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Cittá Universitaria, Italy
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22
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Abstract
This review briefly surveys the literature on the nature, regulation, genetics, and molecular biology of the major energy-yielding pathways in yeasts, with emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While sugar metabolism has received the lion's share of attention from workers in this field because of its bearing on the production of ethanol and other metabolites, more attention is now being paid to ethanol metabolism and the regulation of aerobic metabolism by fermentable and nonfermentable substrates. The utility of yeast as a highly manipulable organism and the discovery that yeast metabolic pathways are subject to the same types of control as those of higher cells open up many opportunities in such diverse areas as molecular evolution and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wills
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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23
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The Mitochondrial Targeting function of Randomly Generated Peptide Sequences Correlates with Predicted Helical Amphiphilicity. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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24
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25
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Thompson LM, McAlister-Henn L. Dispensable presequence for cellular localization and function of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)80177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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26
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von Heijne G. Transcending the impenetrable: how proteins come to terms with membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 947:307-33. [PMID: 3285892 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(88)90013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the living cell, proteins are efficiently sorted to a whole range of subcellular compartments. In many cases, sorting specificity is mediated by short 'sorting signals' attached either permanently or transiently to the protein. At long last, a fairly coherent picture of the design and function of many such sorting signals is beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- G von Heijne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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Drewke C, Ciriacy M. Overexpression, purification and properties of alcohol dehydrogenase IV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 950:54-60. [PMID: 3282541 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(88)90072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have purified ADHIV, a novel alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozyme in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, after increasing the normally low amount of ADHIV protein in laboratory strains. This was done by overexpression of the structural gene (ADH4) on a 2micro-based multicopy vector. Characterization of the purified enzyme revealed a dimeric structure as well as a different substrate specificity and pH profile as compared to other alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes. On the other hand, we could demonstrate that ADHIV is activated by zinc ions, like the other yeast alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes, and not by ferrous ions, like a structurally similar alcohol dehydrogenase from the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drewke
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Düsseldorf, F.R.G
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