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Wu FYH. Spectroscopic Studies of Metalloproteins and Metalloenzymes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.198900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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2
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Yousef AF, Brandl CJ, Mymryk JS. Requirements for E1A dependent transcription in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:32. [PMID: 19374760 PMCID: PMC2674444 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human adenovirus type 5 early region 1A (E1A) gene encodes proteins that are potent regulators of transcription. E1A does not bind DNA directly, but is recruited to target promoters by the interaction with sequence specific DNA binding proteins. In mammalian systems, E1A has been shown to contain two regions that can independently induce transcription when fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each of these regions of E1A also acts as a strong transcriptional activator. This allows yeast to be used as a model system to study mechanisms by which E1A stimulates transcription. RESULTS Using 81 mutant yeast strains, we have evaluated the effect of deleting components of the ADA, COMPASS, CSR, INO80, ISW1, NuA3, NuA4, Mediator, PAF, RSC, SAGA, SAS, SLIK, SWI/SNF and SWR1 transcriptional regulatory complexes on E1A dependent transcription. In addition, we examined the role of histone H2B ubiquitylation by Rad6/Bre1 on transcriptional activation. CONCLUSION Our analysis indicates that the two activation domains of E1A function via distinct mechanisms, identify new factors regulating E1A dependent transcription and suggest that yeast can serve as a valid model system for at least some aspects of E1A function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Yousef
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Pelka P, Ablack JNG, Torchia J, Turnell AS, Grand RJA, Mymryk JS. Transcriptional control by adenovirus E1A conserved region 3 via p300/CBP. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:1095-106. [PMID: 19129215 PMCID: PMC2651774 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) E1A 13S oncoprotein is a potent regulator of gene expression and is used extensively as a model for transcriptional activation. It possesses two independent transcriptional activation domains located in the N-terminus/conserved region (CR) 1 and CR3. The protein acetyltransferase p300 was previously identified by its association with the N-terminus/CR1 portion of E1A and this association is required for oncogenic transformation by E1A. We report here that transcriptional activation by 13S E1A is inhibited by co-expression of sub-stoichiometric amounts of the smaller 12S E1A isoform, which lacks CR3. Transcriptional inhibition by E1A 12S maps to the N-terminus and correlates with the ability to bind p300/CBP, suggesting that E1A 12S is sequestering this limiting factor from 13S E1A. This is supported by the observation that the repressive effect of E1A 12S is reversed by expression of exogenous p300 or CBP, but not by a CBP mutant lacking actyltransferase activity. Furthermore, we show that transcriptional activation by 13S E1A is greatly reduced by siRNA knockdown of p300 and that CR3 binds p300 independently of the well-characterized N-terminal/CR1-binding site. Importantly, CR3 is also required to recruit p300 to the adenovirus E4 promoter during infection. These results identify a new functionally significant interaction between E1A CR3 and the p300/CBP acetyltransferases, expanding our understanding of the mechanism by which this potent transcriptional activator functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pelka
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London Regional Cancer Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Avvakumov N, Kajon AE, Hoeben RC, Mymryk JS. Comprehensive sequence analysis of the E1A proteins of human and simian adenoviruses. Virology 2004; 329:477-92. [PMID: 15518825 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive study of human adenovirus type 5 E1A, surprisingly little is known about the E1A proteins of other adenoviruses. We report here a comprehensive analysis of the sequences of 34 E1A proteins. These represent all six primate adenovirus subgroups and include all human representatives of subgroups A, C, E, and F, eight from subgroup B, nine from subgroup D, and seven simian adenovirus E1A sequences. We observed that many, but not all, functional domains identified in human adenovirus type 5 E1A are recognizably present in the other E1A proteins. Importantly, we identified highly conserved sequences without known activities or binding partners, suggesting that previously unrecognized determinants of E1A function remain to be uncovered. Overall, our analysis forms a solid foundation for future study of the activities and features of the E1A proteins of different serotypes and identifies new avenues for investigating E1A function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Avvakumov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, London Regional Cancer Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
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5
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Brockmann D, Esche H. The multifunctional role of E1A in the transcriptional regulation of CREB/CBP-dependent target genes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 272:97-129. [PMID: 12747548 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05597-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Oncoproteins encoded by the early region 1A (E1A) of adenoviruses (Ads) have been shown to be powerful tools to study gene regulatory mechanisms. As E1A proteins lack a sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, they modulate viral and cellular gene expression by interacting directly with a diverse array of cellular factors, among them sequence-specific transcription factors, proteins of the general transcription machinery, co-activators and chromatin-modifying enzymes. By making use of these factors, E1A affects major cellular events such as cell cycle control, differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenic transformation. In this review we will focus on the interaction of E1A with cellular components involved in the cAMP/PKA signal transduction pathway and we will discuss the consequences of these interactions in respect to the activation of CREB/CBP-dependent target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brockmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology (Cancer Research), University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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6
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Song CZ, Tierney CJ, Loewenstein PM, Pusztai R, Symington JS, Tang QQ, Toth K, Nishikawa A, Bayley ST, Green M. Transcriptional repression by human adenovirus E1A N terminus/conserved domain 1 polypeptides in vivo and in vitro in the absence of protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:23263-7. [PMID: 7559479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.40.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus E1A 243R protein (243 residues) transcriptionally represses a set of cellular genes that regulate cellular growth and differentiation. We describe two lines of evidence that E1A repression does not require cellular protein synthesis but instead involves direct interaction with a cellular protein(s). First, E1A 243R protein represses an E1A-repressible promoter in the presence of inhibitors of protein synthesis, as shown by cell microinjection-in situ hybridization. Second, E1A 243R protein strongly represses transcription in vitro from promoters of the E1A-repressible genes, human collagenase, and rat insulin type II. Repression in vitro is promoter-specific, and an E1A polypeptide containing only the N-terminal 80 residues is sufficient for strong repression both in vivo and in vitro. By use of a series of E1A 1-80 deletion proteins, the E1A repression function was found to require two E1A sequence elements, one within the nonconserved E1A N terminus, and the second within a portion of conserved region 1 (40-80). These domains have been reported to possess binding sites for several cellular transcription regulators, including p300, Dr1, YY1, and the TBP subunit of TFIID. The in vitro transcription-repression system described here provides a powerful tool for the further analysis of molecular mechanism and the possible role of these cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Song
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
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7
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Transformation and Tumorigenesis Mediated by the Adenovirus E1A and E1B Oncogenes. INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENESIS 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1100-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Antoni BA, Stein SB, Rabson AB. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 1994; 43:53-145. [PMID: 8191958 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B A Antoni
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854
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9
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Subramanian T, Tarodi B, Govindarajan R, Boyd JM, Yoshida K, Chinnadurai G. Mutational analysis of the transforming and apoptosis suppression activities of the adenovirus E1B 175R protein. Gene 1993; 124:173-81. [PMID: 8444341 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90391-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of the adenovirus-2 E1B 19-kDa (175R) T antigen in E1a-cooperative transformation was determined by cotransfection of plasmids expressing E1A or E1B 175R T antigens into primary rat kidney (BRK) cells. Transformed cells were selected by virtue of their resistance to the antibiotic Geneticin (G418) conferred by neo gene co-expression from plasmids coding for 175R. 175R cooperated efficiently with genomic E1a and specifically with the 289R protein coded by the 13S mRNA in the transformation of primary BRK cells. Mutational analysis of the 175R protein revealed that the N terminus and the C-terminal 30 amino acids are not essential for E1a-cooperative transformation. Several conserved sequences located in the middle of the 175R protein are essential for transformation. The effect of various mutants to suppress apoptosis (programmed cell death) induced by an anti-cancer agent, cisplatin, was examined in cells producing the E1A and E1B 175R proteins. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometric analysis and indicates that the 175R protein efficiently prevents cisplatin-induced apoptosis. This suggests that the 175R function involved in transformation segregates with its ability to suppress cisplatin-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Subramanian
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Virology, MO 63110
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10
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11
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Feinberg MB, Trono D. Intracellular immunization: trans-dominant mutants of HIV gene products as tools for the study and interruption of viral replication. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1013-22. [PMID: 1503816 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M B Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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12
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Schaack J, Logan J, Vakalopoulou E, Shenk T. Adenovirus E1A protein activates transcription of the E1A gene subsequent to transcription complex formation. J Virol 1991; 65:1687-94. [PMID: 1825853 PMCID: PMC239972 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.1687-1694.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of transcriptional activation of the adenovirus E1A and E3 genes by E1A protein during infection was examined by using transcription-competition assays. Infection of HeLa cells with one virus led to inhibition of mRNA accumulation from a superinfecting virus. Synthesis of the E1A 289R protein by the first virus to infect reduced inhibition of transcription of the superinfecting virus, indicating that the E1A 289R protein was limiting for E1A-activated transcription. Infection with an E1A- virus, followed 6 h later by superinfection with a wild-type virus, led to preferential transcriptional activation of the E1A gene of the first virus, suggesting that a host transcription component(s) stably associated with the E1A promoter in the absence of E1A protein and that this complex was the substrate for transcriptional activation by E1A protein. The limiting host transcription component(s) bound to the E1A promoter to form a complex with a half-life greater than 24 h in the absence of E1A 289R protein, as demonstrated in a challenge assay with a large excess of superinfecting virus. In the presence of the E1A 289R protein, the E1A gene of the superinfecting virus was gradually activated with a reduction in E1A mRNA accumulation from the first virus. The kinetics of the activation suggest that this was due to an indirect effect rather than to destabilization of stable transcription complexes by the 289R protein.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Early Proteins
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Binding, Competitive
- Chromatin/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral
- HeLa Cells/microbiology
- Humans
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Superinfection/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schaack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Braithwaite A, Nelson C, Skulimowski A, McGovern J, Pigott D, Jenkins J. Transactivation of the p53 oncogene by E1a gene products. Virology 1990; 177:595-605. [PMID: 2142558 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90525-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection of quiescent rat kidney cells with human adenovirus is shown to transcriptionally stimulate (transactivate) the p53 oncogene. The increased transcription results in an accumulation of p53-specific mRNA in parallel with an increase in p53 protein levels, although there is a considerable delay between transcriptional activation and the detection of stable p53 mRNA and protein. The induction of p53 is detectable with two monoclonal antibodies recognizing different epitopes. The induction of p53 by adenovirus is delayed compared to induction by serum, and it occurs after the onset of adenovirus-induced cellular DNA replication. Thus, adenovirus-induced DNA replication bypasses a G0/G1 control point. Experiments with hydroxyurea show that p53 activation does not require continued cell cycling and thus is likely to be a direct consequence of viral gene expression. Finally, the induction of p53 is shown to be dependent on expression of the 289-residue product encoded by the viral E1a gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braithwaite
- Division of Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
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14
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Loewenstein PM, Green M. In vitro trans-activation by chemically synthesized adenovirus region 3 peptides. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)88213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Spibey N, McClory RS, Cavanagh HM. Identification and nucleotide sequence of the early region 1 from canine adenovirus types 1 and 2. Virus Res 1989; 14:241-55. [PMID: 2623943 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(89)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genome of canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) has been cloned and restriction maps compiled. These maps are compared with those of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2). The left ends of both genomes were further characterised by DNA sequence analysis. Several features of the DNA sequence and predicted polypeptide sequence are similar to those of the human adenoviruses. The level of homology observed across the E1 regions appears to be of the same order as the overall DNA similarity between CAV-1 and CAV-2 (75%). Transfection experiments using the presumptive E1a containing region of CAV-2 suggests that it encodes a transactivating function typical of the human adenovirus E1a genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spibey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Scotland, U.K
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16
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Ball AO, Beard CW, Redick SD, Spindler KR. Genome organization of mouse adenovirus type 1 early region 1: a novel transcription map. Virology 1989; 170:523-36. [PMID: 2543128 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) genomic DNA from 8.9 to 13.7 map units was sequenced and the early region 1 (E1) transcription map was determined by S1 nuclease, primer extension, and Northern analyses, and cDNA sequencing. The E1 transcription map of MAV-1 had marked dissimilarities from the conserved transcription maps of primate adenovirus E1s. One major E1A and two E1B mRNAs were identified in overlapping transcription units. The single E1A mRNA was composed of three exons; the last exon was coincident with the last exon of the E1B mRNAs. While human adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) utilizes alternate splice donors for the first E1A mRNA exon, MAV-1 does not. Thus, no protein is predicted that would correspond to the Ad2 243 amino acid protein, although MAV-1 can encode a protein similar to the Ad2 289 amino acid protein (A. O. Ball, M. E. Williams, and K. R. Spindler, 1988, J. Virol. 62, 3947-3957). Two spliced E1B mRNAs differed from each other in an intron near the 5' end of the smaller E1B mRNA. This smaller mRNA could encode only the 55K E1B protein, while the larger mRNA could encode both the 21K and 55K E1B proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Ball
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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17
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Jelsma TN, Howe JA, Evelegh CM, Cunniff NF, Skiadopoulos MH, Floroff MR, Denman JE, Bayley ST. Use of deletion and point mutants spanning the coding region of the adenovirus 5 E1A gene to define a domain that is essential for transcriptional activation. Virology 1988; 163:494-502. [PMID: 2965449 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To help in identifying functional domains within Ad5 E1A proteins, we have constructed a series of mutants that create deletions throughout these products. We have also produced several mis-sense point mutations in the unique 13 S mRNA region. These mutated E1A regions have been tested in plasmid form for their ability to activate transcription of an E3-promoted CAT gene. From the results, a major domain for transactivation has been identified. This begins between residues 138 and 147, ends between residues 188 and 204, and encompasses the unique 13 S region. This domain is sensitive to mis-sense mutations. Transactivation was unaffected by small deletions in the N-terminal half of E1A proteins between residues 4 and 138, but was destroyed when this whole region was deleted. The C-terminal 71 residues may affect transactivation, but the results with the mutant in which this region was deleted were variable. The results obtained with these mutants are discussed in relation to the transactivation obtained by J. W. Lillie et al. [(1987). Cell 50, 1091-1100] with a synthetic peptide similar to the domain described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Jelsma
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Purification and biological characterization of an adenovirus type 2 E1A protein expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Byrd PJ, Grand RJ, Breiding D, Williams JF, Gallimore PH. Host range mutants of adenovirus type 12 E1 defective for lytic infection, transformation, and oncogenicity. Virology 1988; 163:155-65. [PMID: 2964753 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 12 (H12) E1A region encodes two early proteins of 266 amino acid residues (266R) and 235R whilst the H12 E1B promoter directs the synthesis of two major proteins of 163R and 482R. To determine the functions of E1A and E1B in lytic infection and oncogenic transformation we have isolated and characterized a series of H12 E1 mutants. Mutant H12 hr 700 contains a point mutation in exon 1 that alters a single amino acid common to both the 266 and 235R proteins. This mutant synthesized reduced levels of E1 and structural proteins at delayed times in HEK cells, transformed BRK cells, and induced tumors in newborn rats at reduced efficiency compared to wild-type virus. The mutation in H12 in 600 truncates the 266R protein in its unique sequences but this mutant synthesized the 235R, E1B, and structural proteins at delayed times in HEK cells. H12 in 600 was nontransforming but induced rare tumors in newborn rats. A third E1A mutant H12 in 601 synthesized no E1A proteins, reduced levels of E1B and structural proteins at delayed times in lytic infections, and was not a transforming or oncogenic virus. Three E1B mutants were studied in detail. Both H12 hr 703 and H12 in 602 encode N-terminal truncated 482R proteins whereas H12 del 620 encodes an in-frame internally deleted 482R protein. All three synthesized reduced amounts of E1A proteins and the E1B 163R protein, identifying a regulatory function for the 482R protein. None of the E1B mutants could transform and only H12 del 620 could induce rare tumors in newborn rats. These results show that H12 oncogenesis requires the coordinated expression of the E1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Byrd
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Medical School, United Kingdom
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