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Santoshi M, Bansia H, Hussain M, Jha AK, Nagaraja V. Identification of a 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a key enzyme involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1164-1181. [PMID: 38676355 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis, caused by dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), poses a threat to global health through the incubation of undiagnosed infections within the community. Dormant Mtb, which is phenotypically tolerant to antibiotics, accumulates triacylglycerol (TAG) utilizing fatty acids obtained from macrophage lipid droplets. TAG is vital to mycobacteria, serving as a cell envelope component and energy reservoir during latency. TAG synthesis occurs by sequential acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate, wherein the second acylation step is catalyzed by acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), resulting in the production of phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for the synthesis of TAG and various phospholipids. Here, we have characterized a putative acyltransferase of Mtb encoded by Rv3816c. We found that Rv3816c has all four characteristic motifs of AGPAT, exists as a membrane-bound enzyme, and functions as 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. The enzyme could transfer the acyl group to acylglycerol-3-phosphate (LPA) from monounsaturated fatty acyl-coenzyme A of chain length 16 or 18 to produce PA. Complementation of Escherichia coli PlsC mutant in vivo by Rv3816c confirmed that it functions as AGPAT. Its active site mutants, H43A and D48A, were incapable of transferring the acyl group to LPA in vitro and were not able to rescue the growth defect of E. coli PlsC mutant in vivo. Identifying Rv3816c as AGPAT and comparing its properties with other AGPAT homologs is not only a step toward understanding the TAG biosynthesis in mycobacteria but has the potential to explore it as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Santoshi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harsh Bansia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Abodh Kumar Jha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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2
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Luo Y, Chen Z, Lian S, Ji X, Zhu C, Zhu G, Xia P. The Love and Hate Relationship between T5SS and Other Secretion Systems in Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:281. [PMID: 38203452 PMCID: PMC10778856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have existed on Earth for billions of years, exhibiting ubiquity and involvement in various biological activities. To ensure survival, bacteria usually release and secrete effector proteins to acquire nutrients and compete with other microorganisms for living space during long-term evolution. Consequently, bacteria have developed a range of secretion systems, which are complex macromolecular transport machines responsible for transporting proteins across the bacterial cell membranes. Among them, one particular secretion system that stands out from the rest is the type V secretion system (T5SS), known as the "autotransporter". Bacterial activities mediated by T5SS include adherence to host cells or the extracellular matrix, invasion of host cells, immune evasion and serum resistance, contact-dependent growth inhibition, cytotoxicity, intracellular flow, protease activity, autoaggregation, and biofilm formation. In a bacterial body, it is not enough to rely on T5SS alone; in most cases, T5SS cooperates with other secretion systems to carry out bacterial life activities, but regardless of how good the relationship is, there is friction between the secretion systems. T5SS and T1SS/T2SS/T3SS/T6SS all play a synergistic role in the pathogenic processes of bacteria, such as nutrient acquisition, pathogenicity enhancement, and immune modulation, but T5SS indirectly inhibits the function of T4SS. This could be considered a love-hate relationship between secretion systems. This paper uses the systematic literature review methodology to review 117 journal articles published within the period from 1995 to 2024, which are all available from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and aim to elucidate the link between T5SS and other secretion systems, providing clues for future prevention and control of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Siqi Lian
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xingduo Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chunhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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3
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Liu D, Yuan C, Guo C, Huang M, Lin D. Structural and Functional Insights into the Stealth Protein CpsY of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1611. [PMID: 38002293 PMCID: PMC10668966 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an important and harmful intracellular pathogen that is responsible for the cause of tuberculosis (TB). Mtb capsular polysaccharides can misdirect the host's immune response pathways, resulting in additional challenges in TB treatment. These capsule polysaccharides are biosynthesized by stealth proteins, including CpsY. The structure and functional mechanism of Mtb CpsY are not completely delineated. Here, we reported the crystal structure of CpsY201-520 at 1.64 Å. CpsY201-520 comprises three β-sheets with five α-helices on one side and three on the other. Four conserved regions (CR1-CR4) are located near and at the base of its catalytic cavity, and three spacer segments (S1-S3) surround the catalytic cavity. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated the strict conservation of R419 at CR3 and S1-S3 in regulating the phosphotransferase activity of CpsY201-520. In addition, deletion of S2 or S3 (∆S2 or ∆S3) dramatically increased the activity compared to the wild-type (WT) CpsY201-520. Results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that S2 and S3 are highly flexible. Our study provides new insights for the development of new vaccines and targeted immunotherapy against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (D.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Chenyun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (D.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (D.L.); (C.G.)
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4
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Angala SK, Carreras-Gonzalez A, Huc-Claustre E, Anso I, Kaur D, Jones V, Palčeková Z, Belardinelli JM, de Sousa-d'Auria C, Shi L, Slama N, Houssin C, Quémard A, McNeil M, Guerin ME, Jackson M. Acylation of glycerolipids in mycobacteria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6694. [PMID: 37872138 PMCID: PMC10593935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the existence of two phosphatidic acid biosynthetic pathways in mycobacteria, a classical one wherein the acylation of the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) precedes that of sn-2 and another wherein acylations proceed in the reverse order. Two unique acyltransferases, PlsM and PlsB2, participate in both pathways and hold the key to the unusual positional distribution of acyl chains typifying mycobacterial glycerolipids wherein unsaturated substituents principally esterify position sn-1 and palmitoyl principally occupies position sn-2. While PlsM selectively transfers a palmitoyl chain to the sn-2 position of G3P and sn-1-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), PlsB2 preferentially transfers a stearoyl or oleoyl chain to the sn-1 position of G3P and an oleyl chain to sn-2-LPA. PlsM is the first example of an sn-2 G3P acyltransferase outside the plant kingdom and PlsB2 the first example of a 2-acyl-G3P acyltransferase. Both enzymes are unique in their ability to catalyze acyl transfer to both G3P and LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Ana Carreras-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Biofisica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Emilie Huc-Claustre
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Itxaso Anso
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
| | - Devinder Kaur
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
- New England Newborn Screening Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Victoria Jones
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Zuzana Palčeková
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Juan M Belardinelli
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Célia de Sousa-d'Auria
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Libin Shi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Nawel Slama
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Houssin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Annaïk Quémard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Unidad de Biofisica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA.
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5
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Palčeková Z, Obregón-Henao A, De K, Walz A, Lam H, Philp J, Angala SK, Patterson J, Pearce C, Zuberogoitia S, Avanzi C, Nigou J, McNeil M, Muñoz Gutiérrez JF, Gilleron M, Wheat WH, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Jackson M. Role of succinyl substituents in the mannose-capping of lipoarabinomannan and control of inflammation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011636. [PMID: 37669276 PMCID: PMC10503756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The covalent modification of bacterial (lipo)polysaccharides with discrete substituents may impact their biosynthesis, export and/or biological activity. Whether mycobacteria use a similar strategy to control the biogenesis of its cell envelope polysaccharides and modulate their interaction with the host during infection is unknown despite the report of a number of tailoring substituents modifying the structure of these glycans. Here, we show that discrete succinyl substituents strategically positioned on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lipoarabinomannan govern the mannose-capping of this lipoglycan and, thus, much of the biological activity of the entire molecule. We further show that the absence of succinyl substituents on the two main cell envelope glycans of Mtb, arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, leads to a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in infected murine and human macrophages. Collectively, our results validate polysaccharide succinylation as a critical mechanism by which Mtb controls inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Palčeková
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrés Obregón-Henao
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kavita De
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amanda Walz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ha Lam
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jamie Philp
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shiva Kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Johnathan Patterson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Camron Pearce
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sophie Zuberogoitia
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Juan F. Muñoz Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - William H. Wheat
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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6
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Janisch N, Levendosky K, Budell WC, Quadri LEN. Genetic Underpinnings of Carotenogenesis and Light-Induced Transcriptome Remodeling in the Opportunistic Pathogen Mycobacterium kansasii. Pathogens 2023; 12:86. [PMID: 36678434 PMCID: PMC9861118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium kansasii (Mk) causes opportunistic pulmonary infections with tuberculosis-like features. The bacterium is well known for its photochromogenicity, i.e., the production of carotenoid pigments in response to light. The genetics defining the photochromogenic phenotype of Mk has not been investigated and defined pigmentation mutants to facilitate studies on the role of carotenes in the bacterium's biology are not available thus far. In this study, we set out to identify genetic determinants involved in Mk photochromogenicity. We screened a library of ~150,000 transposon mutants for colonies with pigmentation abnormalities. The screen rendered a collection of ~200 mutants. Each of these mutants could be assigned to one of four distinct phenotypic groups. The insertion sites in the mutant collection clustered in three chromosomal regions. A combination of phenotypic analysis, sequence bioinformatics, and gene expression studies linked these regions to carotene biosynthesis, carotene degradation, and monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, introduction of the identified carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster into non-pigmented Mycobacterium smegmatis endowed the bacterium with photochromogenicity. The studies also led to identification of MarR-type and TetR/AcrR-type regulators controlling photochromogenicity and carotenoid breakdown, respectively. Lastly, the work presented also provides a first insight into the Mk transcriptome changes in response to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Janisch
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William C. Budell
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luis E. N. Quadri
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biochemistry Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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7
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Corrigan DT, Ishida E, Chatterjee D, Lowary TL, Achkar JM. Monoclonal antibodies to lipoarabinomannan/arabinomannan - characteristics and implications for tuberculosis research and diagnostics. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:22-35. [PMID: 35918247 PMCID: PMC9771891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to the mycobacterial surface lipoglycan lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its related capsular polysaccharide arabinomannan (AM) are increasingly important for investigations focused on both understanding mechanisms of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and developing next-generation point-of-care tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics. We provide here an overview of the growing pipeline of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to LAM/AM. Old and new methodologies for their generation are reviewed and we outline and discuss their glycan epitope specificity and other features with implications for the TB field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elise Ishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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8
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Thakur M, Muniyappa K. Macrophage activation highlight an important role for NER proteins in the survival, latency and multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 138:102284. [PMID: 36459831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the most extensively studied DNA repair processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The NER pathway is a highly conserved, ATP-dependent multi-step process involving several proteins/enzymes that function in a concerted manner to recognize and excise a wide spectrum of helix-distorting DNA lesions and bulky adducts by nuclease cleavage on either side of the damaged bases. As such, the NER pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is essential for its survival within the hostile environment of macrophages and disease progression. This review focuses on present published knowledge about the crucial roles of Mtb NER proteins in the survival and multiplication of the pathogen within the macrophages and as potential targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - K Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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9
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Pepperell CS. Evolution of Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:661-680. [PMID: 35709500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-121321-093031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a globally distributed, lethal pathogen of humans. The virulence armamentarium of M. tuberculosis appears to have been developed on a scaffold of antiphagocytic defenses found among diverse, mostly free-living species of Mycobacterium. Pathoadaptation was further aided by the modularity, flexibility, and interactivity characterizing mycobacterial effectors and their regulators. During emergence of M. tuberculosis, novel genetic material was acquired, created, and integrated with existing tools. The major mutational mechanisms underlying these adaptations are discussed in this review, with examples. During its evolution, M. tuberculosis lost the ability and/or opportunity to engage in lateral gene transfer, but despite this it has retained the adaptability that characterizes mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis exemplifies the evolutionary genomic mechanisms underlying adoption of the pathogenic niche, and studies of its evolution have uncovered a rich array of discoveries about how new pathogens are made. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Pepperell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
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10
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Shen K, Bai B, Liu YH, Lowary TL. Synthesis of a Tridecasaccharide Lipooligosaccharide Antigen from the Opportunistic Pathogen Mycobacterium kansasii. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24859-24863. [PMID: 34553821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The outer surfaces of mycobacteria, including the organism that causes tuberculosis, are decorated with an array of immunomodulatory glycans. Among these are lipooligosaccharides (LOSs), a class of molecules for which the function remains poorly understood. We describe the chemical synthesis of the glycan portion of a tridecasaccharide LOS from the opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium kansasii. The target contains a number of unusual structural motifs that complicate its assembly and is the most complex mycobacterial LOS glycan to be synthesized to date when considering size and number of unique monosaccharides and glycosidic linkages. These studies not only provide a roadmap for the preparation of additional members of this family of glycans, but also provides a valuable probe for use in structure-activity relationship investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, #128, Nangang Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National (Taiwan) University, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, #1, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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11
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Shen K, Bai B, Liu Y, Lowary TL. Synthesis of a Tridecasaccharide Lipooligosaccharide Antigen from the Opportunistic Pathogen
Mycobacterium kansasii. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Academia Road, Section 2, #128 Nangang Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences National (Taiwan) University Roosevelt Road, Section 4, #1 Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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12
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Payros D, Alonso H, Malaga W, Volle A, Mazères S, Déjean S, Valière S, Moreau F, Balor S, Stella A, Combes-Soia L, Burlet-Schiltz O, Bouchez O, Nigou J, Astarie-Dequeker C, Guilhot C. Rv0180c contributes to Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell shape and to infectivity in mice and macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010020. [PMID: 34724002 PMCID: PMC8584747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of human tuberculosis, is transmitted from person to person via small droplets containing very few bacteria. Optimizing the chance to seed in the lungs is therefore a major adaptation to favor survival and dissemination in the human population. Here we used TnSeq to identify genes important for the early events leading to bacterial seeding in the lungs. Beside several genes encoding known virulence factors, we found three new candidates not previously described: rv0180c, rv1779c and rv1592c. We focused on the gene, rv0180c, of unknown function. First, we found that deletion of rv0180c in M. tuberculosis substantially reduced the initiation of infection in the lungs of mice. Next, we established that Rv0180c enhances entry into macrophages through the use of complement-receptor 3 (CR3), a major phagocytic receptor for M. tuberculosis. Silencing CR3 or blocking the CR3 lectin site abolished the difference in entry between the wild-type parental strain and the Δrv0180c::km mutant. However, we detected no difference in the production of both CR3-known carbohydrate ligands (glucan, arabinomannan, mannan), CR3-modulating lipids (phthiocerol dimycocerosate), or proteins in the capsule of the Δrv0180c::km mutant in comparison to the wild-type or complemented strains. By contrast, we established that Rv0180c contributes to the functionality of the bacterial cell envelope regarding resistance to toxic molecule attack and cell shape. This alteration of bacterial shape could impair the engagement of membrane receptors that M. tuberculosis uses to invade host cells, and open a new perspective on the modulation of bacterial infectivity. The epidemic efficiency of tuberculosis bacilli is determined by their capacity to transmit via aerosol. Currently, the bacterial functions that favor Mycobacterium tuberculosis seeding in the lung of naïve host remain mostly unknown. Here we implemented a genome-wide approach to identify M. tuberculosis mutants deficient for seeding and early replication in the lung of mice. In addition to genes known to encode virulence factors, we identified three genes not previously described. We used complementary approaches to characterize the phenotype of a M. tuberculosis mutant with insertion within the rv0180c gene. We found that this mutant is impaired for seeding in the lung of mice and for invasion and replication in human macrophages. In macrophages, the defect relies on a lack of engagement of CR3 receptor. Although we did not detect any difference between the wild type strain and the rv0180c mutant with regard to potential CR3-ligand, we found that the bacterial cell envelope is altered in the rv0180c mutant. Our study provides new insight into bacterial genes required for early interaction of M. tuberculosis with the host and perspective to understand the bacterial functions enhancing infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Payros
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Henar Alonso
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Wladimir Malaga
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Volle
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Mazères
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Déjean
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, UMR5219, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Flavie Moreau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Balor
- Plateforme de Microscopie Électronique Intégrative (METi), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Stella
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Combes-Soia
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Astarie-Dequeker
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (CAD); (CG)
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (CAD); (CG)
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13
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Park WJ, Yoon YK, Kim Y, Park JS, Pansuriya R, Cho SN, Seok YJ, Ganapathy R. Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against rotaviral diarrhea and tuberculosis using polysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis conjugated to ΔVP8* protein from rotavirus. Vaccine 2021; 39:6644-6652. [PMID: 34642087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of carbohydrate antigens with a carrier protein is a clinically proven strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharide. In addition to its primary role, which is to help generate a T cell-mediate long-lasting immune response directed against the carbohydrate antigen, the carrier protein in a glycoconjugate vaccine can also play an important role as a protective antigen. Among carrier proteins currently used in licensed conjugate vaccines, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D has been used as an antigenically active carrier protein. Our previous studies also indicate that some carrier proteins provide B cell epitopes, along with T cell helper epitopes. Herein we investigated the dual role of truncated rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8* as a carrier and a protective antigen. Capsular polysaccharide lipoarabinomannan (LAM), purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), was chemically conjugated with ΔVP8*. Mouse immunization experiments showed that the resultant conjugates elicited strong and specific immune responses against the polysaccharide antigen, and the responses were comparable to those induced by Diphtheria toxoid (DT)-based conjugates. The conjugate vaccine induced enhanced antibody titers and functional antibodies against ΔVP8* when compared to immunization with the unconjugated ΔVP8*. Thus, these results indicate that ΔVP8* can be a relevant carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccine and the glycoconjugates consisting of ΔVP8* with LAM are effective bivalent vaccine candidates against rotavirus and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Jin Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang-Nae Cho
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jae Seok
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Ganapathy
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Jackson M, Stevens CM, Zhang L, Zgurskaya HI, Niederweis M. Transporters Involved in the Biogenesis and Functionalization of the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5124-5157. [PMID: 33170669 PMCID: PMC8107195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biology of mycobacteria is dominated by a complex cell envelope of unique composition and structure and of exceptionally low permeability. This cell envelope is the basis of many of the pathogenic features of mycobacteria and the site of susceptibility and resistance to many antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. This review is focused on the transporters that assemble and functionalize this complex structure. It highlights both the progress and the limits of our understanding of how (lipo)polysaccharides, (glyco)lipids, and other bacterial secretion products are translocated across the different layers of the cell envelope to their final extra-cytoplasmic location. It further describes some of the unique strategies evolved by mycobacteria to import nutrients and other products through this highly impermeable barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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15
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Bay S, Begg D, Ganneau C, Branger M, Cochard T, Bannantine JP, Köhler H, Moyen JL, Whittington RJ, Biet F. Engineering Synthetic Lipopeptide Antigen for Specific Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637841
expr 832343215 + 929968715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other MAC members, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) does not produce glycopeptidolipids (GPL) on the surface of the cell wall but a lipopentapeptide called L5P (also termed Lipopeptide-I or Para-LP-01) characterized in C-type (bovine) strains. This lipopeptide antigen contains a pentapeptide core, D-Phenylalanine-N-methyl-L-Valine-L-Isoleucine-L-Phenylalanine-L-Alanine, in which the N-terminal D-Phenylalanine is amido-linked with a fatty acid (C18–C20). The molecular and genetic characterization of this antigen demonstrated that L5P is unique to MAP. Knowledge of the structure of L5P enabled synthetic production of this lipopeptide in large quantities for immunological evaluation. Various studies described the immune response directed against L5P and confirmed its capability for detection of MAP infection. However, the hydrophobic nature of lipopeptide antigens make their handling and use in organic solvents unsuitable for industrial processes. The objectives of this study were to produce, by chemical synthesis, a water-soluble variant of L5P and to evaluate these compounds for the serological diagnosis of MAP using well-defined serum banks. The native L5P antigen and its hydrosoluble analog were synthesized on solid phase. The pure compounds were evaluated on collections of extensively characterized sera from infected and non-infected cattle. ROC analysis showed that L5P and also its water-soluble derivative are suitable for the development of a serological test for Johne's disease at a population level. However, these compounds used alone in ELISA have lower sensitivity (Se 82% for L5P and Se 62% for the water-soluble variant of L5P) compared to the Se 98% of a commercial test. Advantageously, these pure synthetic MAP specific antigens can be easily produced in non-limiting quantities at low cost and in standardized batches for robust studies. The fact that L5P has not been validated in the context of ovine paratuberculosis highlights the need to better characterize the antigens expressed from the different genetic lineages of MAP to discover new diagnostic antigens. In the context of infections due to other mycobacteria such as M. bovis or the more closely related species M. avium subsp. hominissuis, the L5P did not cross react and therefore may be a valuable antigen to solve ambiguous results in other tests.
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16
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Bay S, Begg D, Ganneau C, Branger M, Cochard T, Bannantine JP, Köhler H, Moyen JL, Whittington RJ, Biet F. Engineering Synthetic Lipopeptide Antigen for Specific Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637841. [PMID: 33969035 PMCID: PMC8103206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other MAC members, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) does not produce glycopeptidolipids (GPL) on the surface of the cell wall but a lipopentapeptide called L5P (also termed Lipopeptide-I or Para-LP-01) characterized in C-type (bovine) strains. This lipopeptide antigen contains a pentapeptide core, D-Phenylalanine-N-methyl-L-Valine-L-Isoleucine-L-Phenylalanine-L-Alanine, in which the N-terminal D-Phenylalanine is amido-linked with a fatty acid (C18-C20). The molecular and genetic characterization of this antigen demonstrated that L5P is unique to MAP. Knowledge of the structure of L5P enabled synthetic production of this lipopeptide in large quantities for immunological evaluation. Various studies described the immune response directed against L5P and confirmed its capability for detection of MAP infection. However, the hydrophobic nature of lipopeptide antigens make their handling and use in organic solvents unsuitable for industrial processes. The objectives of this study were to produce, by chemical synthesis, a water-soluble variant of L5P and to evaluate these compounds for the serological diagnosis of MAP using well-defined serum banks. The native L5P antigen and its hydrosoluble analog were synthesized on solid phase. The pure compounds were evaluated on collections of extensively characterized sera from infected and non-infected cattle. ROC analysis showed that L5P and also its water-soluble derivative are suitable for the development of a serological test for Johne's disease at a population level. However, these compounds used alone in ELISA have lower sensitivity (Se 82% for L5P and Se 62% for the water-soluble variant of L5P) compared to the Se 98% of a commercial test. Advantageously, these pure synthetic MAP specific antigens can be easily produced in non-limiting quantities at low cost and in standardized batches for robust studies. The fact that L5P has not been validated in the context of ovine paratuberculosis highlights the need to better characterize the antigens expressed from the different genetic lineages of MAP to discover new diagnostic antigens. In the context of infections due to other mycobacteria such as M. bovis or the more closely related species M. avium subsp. hominissuis, the L5P did not cross react and therefore may be a valuable antigen to solve ambiguous results in other tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Douglas Begg
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | | | | | - John P. Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heike Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne, Coulounieix Chamiers, France
| | | | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
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Park JH, Shim D, Kim KES, Lee W, Shin SJ. Understanding Metabolic Regulation Between Host and Pathogens: New Opportunities for the Development of Improved Therapeutic Strategies Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:635335. [PMID: 33796480 PMCID: PMC8007978 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.635335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes chronic granulomatous lung disease in humans. Recently, novel strategies such as host-directed therapeutics and adjunctive therapies that enhance the effect of existing antibiotics have emerged to better control Mtb infection. Recent advances in understanding the metabolic interplay between host immune cells and pathogens have provided new insights into how their interactions ultimately influence disease outcomes and antibiotic-treatment efficacy. In this review, we describe how metabolic cascades in immune environments and relevant metabolites produced from immune cells during Mtb infection play critical roles in the progression of diseases and induction of anti-Mtb protective immunity. In addition, we introduce how metabolic alterations in Mtb itself can lead to the development of persister cells that are resistant to host immunity and can eventually evade antibiotic attacks. Further understanding of the metabolic link between host cells and Mtb may contribute to not only the prevention of Mtb persister development but also the optimization of host anti-Mtb immunity together with enhanced efficacy of existing antibiotics. Overall, this review highlights novel approaches to improve and develop host-mediated therapeutic strategies against Mtb infection by restoring and switching pathogen-favoring metabolic conditions with host-favoring conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keu Eun San Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Pouget M, Coussens AK, Ruggiero A, Koch A, Thomas J, Besra GS, Wilkinson RJ, Bhatt A, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Generation of Liposomes to Study the Effect of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lipids on HIV-1 cis- and trans-Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041945. [PMID: 33669411 PMCID: PMC7920488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among HIV-1-infected individuals and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) co-infection is an early precipitate to AIDS. We aimed to determine whether Mtb strains differentially modulate cellular susceptibility to HIV-1 infection (cis- and trans-infection), via surface receptor interaction by their cell envelope lipids. Total lipids from pathogenic (lineage 4 Mtb H37Rv, CDC1551 and lineage 2 Mtb HN878, EU127) and non-pathogenic (Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis) Mycobacterium strains were integrated into liposomes mimicking the lipid distribution and antigen accessibility of the mycobacterial cell wall. The resulting liposomes were tested for modulating in vitro HIV-1 cis- and trans-infection of TZM-bl cells using single-cycle infectious virus particles. Mtb glycolipids did not affect HIV-1 direct infection however, trans-infection of both R5 and X4 tropic HIV-1 strains were impaired in the presence of glycolipids from M. bovis, Mtb H37Rv and Mtb EU127 strains when using Raji-DC-SIGN cells or immature and mature dendritic cells (DCs) to capture virus. SL1, PDIM and TDM lipids were identified to be involved in DC-SIGN recognition and impairment of HIV-1 trans-infection. These findings indicate that variant strains of Mtb have differential effect on HIV-1 trans-infection with the potential to influence HIV-1 disease course in co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pouget
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna K. Coussens
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3279, Australia
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Koch
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.K.C.); (A.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (G.S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (W.A.P.); Tel.: +44-151-795-9681 (G.P.); +44-151-795-9605 (W.A.P.)
| | - William A. Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (M.P.); (A.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (W.A.P.); Tel.: +44-151-795-9681 (G.P.); +44-151-795-9605 (W.A.P.)
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19
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Bay S, Begg D, Ganneau C, Branger M, Cochard T, Bannantine JP, Köhler H, Moyen JL, Whittington RJ, Biet F. Engineering Synthetic Lipopeptide Antigen for Specific Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637841. [PMID: 33969035 PMCID: PMC8103206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637841&set/a 848448336+997766693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other MAC members, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) does not produce glycopeptidolipids (GPL) on the surface of the cell wall but a lipopentapeptide called L5P (also termed Lipopeptide-I or Para-LP-01) characterized in C-type (bovine) strains. This lipopeptide antigen contains a pentapeptide core, D-Phenylalanine-N-methyl-L-Valine-L-Isoleucine-L-Phenylalanine-L-Alanine, in which the N-terminal D-Phenylalanine is amido-linked with a fatty acid (C18-C20). The molecular and genetic characterization of this antigen demonstrated that L5P is unique to MAP. Knowledge of the structure of L5P enabled synthetic production of this lipopeptide in large quantities for immunological evaluation. Various studies described the immune response directed against L5P and confirmed its capability for detection of MAP infection. However, the hydrophobic nature of lipopeptide antigens make their handling and use in organic solvents unsuitable for industrial processes. The objectives of this study were to produce, by chemical synthesis, a water-soluble variant of L5P and to evaluate these compounds for the serological diagnosis of MAP using well-defined serum banks. The native L5P antigen and its hydrosoluble analog were synthesized on solid phase. The pure compounds were evaluated on collections of extensively characterized sera from infected and non-infected cattle. ROC analysis showed that L5P and also its water-soluble derivative are suitable for the development of a serological test for Johne's disease at a population level. However, these compounds used alone in ELISA have lower sensitivity (Se 82% for L5P and Se 62% for the water-soluble variant of L5P) compared to the Se 98% of a commercial test. Advantageously, these pure synthetic MAP specific antigens can be easily produced in non-limiting quantities at low cost and in standardized batches for robust studies. The fact that L5P has not been validated in the context of ovine paratuberculosis highlights the need to better characterize the antigens expressed from the different genetic lineages of MAP to discover new diagnostic antigens. In the context of infections due to other mycobacteria such as M. bovis or the more closely related species M. avium subsp. hominissuis, the L5P did not cross react and therefore may be a valuable antigen to solve ambiguous results in other tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Douglas Begg
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | | | | | - John P Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heike Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne, Coulounieix Chamiers, France
| | | | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
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20
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Kim JK, Silwal P, Jo EK. Host-Pathogen Dialogues in Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Necrosis during Mycobacterial Infection. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e37. [PMID: 33163245 PMCID: PMC7609165 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an etiologic pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB), a serious infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, the threat of drug resistance in anti-TB therapy is of global concern. Despite this, it remains urgent to research for understanding the molecular nature of dynamic interactions between host and pathogens during TB infection. While Mtb evasion from phagolysosomal acidification is a well-known virulence mechanism, the molecular events to promote intracellular parasitism remains elusive. To combat intracellular Mtb infection, several defensive processes, including autophagy and apoptosis, are activated. In addition, Mtb-ingested phagocytes trigger inflammation, and undergo necrotic cell death, potentially harmful responses in case of uncontrolled pathological condition. In this review, we focus on Mtb evasion from phagosomal acidification, and Mtb interaction with host autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Elucidation of the molecular dialogue will shed light on Mtb pathogenesis, host defense, and development of new paradigms of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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21
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Thouvenel L, Prevot G, Chiaradia L, Parra J, Mouton-Barbosa E, Locard-Paulet M, Marcoux J, Tropis M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Daffé M, Guilhot C, Etienne G, Chalut C. The final assembly of trehalose polyphleates takes place within the outer layer of the mycobacterial cell envelope. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11184-11194. [PMID: 32554804 PMCID: PMC7415978 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose polyphleates (TPP) are high-molecular-weight, surface-exposed glycolipids present in a broad range of nontuberculous mycobacteria. These compounds consist of a trehalose core bearing polyunsaturated fatty acyl substituents (called phleic acids) and a straight-chain fatty acid residue and share a common basic structure with trehalose-based glycolipids produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis TPP production starts in the cytosol with the formation of a diacyltrehalose intermediate. An acyltransferase, called PE, subsequently catalyzes the transfer of phleic acids onto diacyltrehalose to form TPP, and an MmpL transporter promotes the export of TPP or its precursor across the plasma membrane. PE is predicted to be an anchored membrane protein, but its topological organization is unknown, raising questions about the subcellular localization of the final stage of TPP biosynthesis and the chemical nature of the substrates that are translocated by the MmpL transporter. Here, using genetic, biochemical, and proteomic approaches, we established that PE of Mycobacterium smegmatis is exported to the cell envelope following cleavage of its signal peptide and that this process is required for TPP biosynthesis, indicating that the last step of TPP formation occurs in the outer layers of the mycobacterial cell envelope. These results provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling TPP formation and transport to the cell surface, enabling us to propose an updated model of the TPP biosynthetic pathway. Because the molecular mechanisms of glycolipid production are conserved among mycobacteria, these findings obtained with PE from M. smegmatis may offer clues to glycolipid formation in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Thouvenel
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gautier Prevot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Chiaradia
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Parra
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mouton-Barbosa
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Locard-Paulet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maryelle Tropis
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Etienne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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22
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Revisiting the expression signature of pks15/1 unveils regulatory patterns controlling phenolphtiocerol and phenolglycolipid production in pathogenic mycobacteria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229700. [PMID: 32379829 PMCID: PMC7205293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important and exclusive characteristics of mycobacteria is their cell wall. Amongst its constituent components are two related families of glycosylated lipids, diphthioceranates and phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) and its variant phenolic glycolipids (PGL). PGL have been associated with cell wall impermeability, phagocytosis, defence against nitrosative and oxidative stress and, intriguingly, biofilm formation. In bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), the biosynthetic pathway of the phenolphthiocerol moiety of PGL depends upon the expression of several genes encoding type I polyketide synthases (PKS), namely ppsA-E and pks15/1 which constitute the PDIM + PGL locus, and that are highly conserved in PDIM/PGL-producing strains. Consensus has not been achieved regarding the genetic organization of pks15/1 locus and knowledge is lacking on its transcriptional signature. Here we explore publicly available datasets of transcriptome data (RNA-seq) from more than 100 MTBC experiments in 40 growth conditions to outline the transcriptional structure and signature of pks15/1, using a differential expression approach to infer the regulatory patterns involving these and related genes. We show that pks1 expression is highly correlated with fadD22, Rv2949c, lppX, fadD29 and, also, pks6 and pks12, with the first three putatively integrating into a polycistronic structure. We evidence dynamic transcriptional heterogeneity within the genes involved in phenolphtiocerol and phenolic glycolipid production, most exhibiting up-regulation upon acidic pH and antibiotic exposure and down-regulation under hypoxia, dormancy, and low/high iron concentration. We finally propose a model based on transcriptome data in which σD positively regulates pks1, pks15 and fadD22, while σB and σE factors exert negative regulation at an upper level.
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23
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Chin KL, Sarmiento ME, Alvarez-Cabrera N, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: current state and future management. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:799-826. [PMID: 31853742 PMCID: PMC7222044 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a trend of increasing incidence in pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections (PNTM) together with a decrease in tuberculosis (TB) incidence, particularly in developed countries. The prevalence of PNTM in underdeveloped and developing countries remains unclear as there is still a lack of detection methods that could clearly diagnose PNTM applicable in these low-resource settings. Since non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental pathogens, the vicinity favouring host-pathogen interactions is known as important predisposing factor for PNTM. The ongoing changes in world population, as well as socio-political and economic factors, are linked to the rise in the incidence of PNTM. Development is an important factor for the improvement of population well-being, but it has also been linked, in general, to detrimental environmental consequences, including the rise of emergent (usually neglected) infectious diseases, such as PNTM. The rise of neglected PNTM infections requires the expansion of the current efforts on the development of diagnostics, therapies and vaccines for mycobacterial diseases, which at present, are mainly focused on TB. This review discuss the current situation of PNTM and its predisposing factors, as well as the efforts and challenges for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nadine Alvarez-Cabrera
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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24
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Ruhl CR, Pasko BL, Khan HS, Kindt LM, Stamm CE, Franco LH, Hsia CC, Zhou M, Davis CR, Qin T, Gautron L, Burton MD, Mejia GL, Naik DK, Dussor G, Price TJ, Shiloh MU. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sulfolipid-1 Activates Nociceptive Neurons and Induces Cough. Cell 2020; 181:293-305.e11. [PMID: 32142653 PMCID: PMC7102531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis, a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), manifests with a persistent cough as both a primary symptom and mechanism of transmission. The cough reflex can be triggered by nociceptive neurons innervating the lungs, and some bacteria produce neuron-targeting molecules. However, how pulmonary Mtb infection causes cough remains undefined, and whether Mtb produces a neuron-activating, cough-inducing molecule is unknown. Here, we show that an Mtb organic extract activates nociceptive neurons in vitro and identify the Mtb glycolipid sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) as the nociceptive molecule. Mtb organic extracts from mutants lacking SL-1 synthesis cannot activate neurons in vitro or induce cough in a guinea pig model. Finally, Mtb-infected guinea pigs cough in a manner dependent on SL-1 synthesis. Thus, we demonstrate a heretofore unknown molecular mechanism for cough induction by a virulent human pathogen via its production of a complex lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Ruhl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Breanna L Pasko
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haaris S Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lexy M Kindt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luis H Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Connie C Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Colton R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Galo L Mejia
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Dhananjay K Naik
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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25
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TbD1 deletion as a driver of the evolutionary success of modern epidemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages. Nat Commun 2020; 11:684. [PMID: 32019932 PMCID: PMC7000671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains are classified into different phylogenetic lineages (L), three of which (L2/L3/L4) emerged from a common progenitor after the loss of the MmpS6/MmpL6-encoding Mtb-specific deletion 1 region (TbD1). These TbD1-deleted “modern” lineages are responsible for globally-spread tuberculosis epidemics, whereas TbD1-intact “ancestral” lineages tend to be restricted to specific geographical areas, such as South India and South East Asia (L1) or East Africa (L7). By constructing and characterizing a panel of recombinant TbD1-knock-in and knock-out strains and comparison with clinical isolates, here we show that deletion of TbD1 confers to Mtb a significant increase in resistance to oxidative stress and hypoxia, which correlates with enhanced virulence in selected cellular, guinea pig and C3HeB/FeJ mouse infection models, the latter two mirroring in part the development of hypoxic granulomas in human disease progression. Our results suggest that loss of TbD1 at the origin of the L2/L3/L4 Mtb lineages was a key driver for their global epidemic spread and outstanding evolutionary success. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modern strains emerged from a common progenitor after the loss of Mtb-specific deletion 1 region (TbD1). Here, the authors show that deletion of TbD1 correlates with enhanced Mtb virulence in animal models, mirroring the development of hypoxic granulomas in human disease progression.
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26
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Koets AP, van den Esker MH, Riepema K, Bakker D. The Role of Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides in the Serological Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E91. [PMID: 31766256 PMCID: PMC6958488 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of mycobacterial infections, such as bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis, remains challenging. Available direct diagnostic tests aimed at detecting the pathogen are highly specific but lack sensitivity, depending on the stage of infection and the prevalence of infection in a population. The sensitivity of indirect diagnostic assays that measure the host immune response to infection is similarly affected by disease characteristics. The choice of antigen used to detect a host response to infection has a critical impact on test sensitivity and specificity. Many indirect tests rely on crude antigen preparations and cell-free extracts, of which the production is poorly standardized. Moreover, these preparations contain ample uncharacterized cross-reactive compounds. To enhance serological test specificity, existing assays depend on the pre-treatment of samples and a relatively high cut-off value, that in turn influences test sensitivity. Research therefore focuses on the identification of more specific, defined antigens to improve diagnostics. In the current study, we extracted phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and investigated their potential use in antibody-based tests. Our results demonstrate that specific IgG class antibodies are generated against PIMs in cows, but this is unrelated to tuberculosis or paratuberculosis infection status, making these antigens unsuitable for diagnostic applications. In addition, we demonstrate that PIMs are widely present in crude antigen preparations and in serum pre-absorption buffer. Our results indicate that PIMs are cross-reactive compounds with immunodominant B cell epitopes that could impair serological test specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad P. Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 398221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.v.d.E.); (K.R.)
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 73584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle H. van den Esker
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 398221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.v.d.E.); (K.R.)
| | - Karel Riepema
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 398221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.v.d.E.); (K.R.)
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher, 8212 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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27
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Clark RR, Gray TA, Derbyshire KM. Quantifying and Characterizing Distributive Conjugal Transfer in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2075:123-134. [PMID: 31584159 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9877-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in prokaryotes disseminates genetic information throughout a population and can facilitate adaptation and evolution of the species. Mycobacteria utilize an atypical method of conjugation called distributive conjugal transfer (DCT), which results in mosaic genomes and the potential for accelerated evolution beyond that enabled by the more classical oriT-mediated conjugation. The following is a description of the basic DCT protocol, some possible variations of the assay, and examples of downstream applications to better understand mycobacterial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Clark
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Todd A Gray
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Keith M Derbyshire
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
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28
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Díaz C, Pérez del Palacio J, Valero-Guillén PL, Mena García P, Pérez I, Vicente F, Martín C, Genilloud O, Sánchez Pozo A, Gonzalo-Asensio J. Comparative Metabolomics between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the MTBVAC Vaccine Candidate. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1317-1326. [PMID: 31099236 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MTBVAC is a live attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccine constructed by genetic deletions in the phoP and fadD26 virulence genes. The MTBVAC vaccine is currently in phase 2 clinical trials with newborns and adults in South Africa, one of the countries with the highest incidence. Although MTBVAC has been extensively characterized by genomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, its metabolomic profile is yet unknown. Accordingly, in this study we aim to identify differential metabolites between M. tuberculosis and MTBVAC. To this end, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was implemented in order to explore the main metabolic differences between M. tuberculosis and MTBVAC. As an outcome, we identified a set of 34 metabolites involved in diverse bacterial biosynthetic pathways. A consistent increase in the phosphatidylinositol species was observed in the vaccine candidate relative to its parental strain. This phenotype resulted in an increased production of phosphatidylinositol mannosides, a novel PhoP-regulated phenotype in the most widespread lineages of M. tuberculosis. This study represents a step ahead in our understanding of the MTBVAC vaccine, and some of the differential metabolites identified in this work might be used as potential vaccination biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Pérez del Palacio
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Luis Valero-Guillén
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Mena García
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Pérez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez Pozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Gonzalo-Asensio
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), C/Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I + D, Campus Río Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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29
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Yang D, Vandenbussche G, Vertommen D, Evrard D, Abskharon R, Cavalier JF, Berger G, Canaan S, Khan MS, Zeng S, Wohlkönig A, Prévost M, Soumillion P, Fontaine V. Methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis thioesterase TesA and globally affects vancomycin susceptibility. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:79-93. [PMID: 31388991 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phthiocerol dimycocerosates and phenolic glycolipids (PGL) are considered as major virulence elements of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in particular because of their involvement in cell wall impermeability and drug resistance. The biosynthesis of these waxy lipids involves multiple enzymes, including thioesterase A (TesA). We observed that purified recombinant M. tuberculosis TesA is able to dimerize in the presence of palmitoyl-CoA and our 3D structure model of TesA with this acyl-CoA suggests hydrophobic interaction requirement for dimerization. Furthermore, we identified that methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, which inhibits TesA by covalently modifying the catalytic serine, also displays a synergistic antimicrobial activity with vancomycin further warranting the development of TesA inhibitors as valuable antituberculous drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Guy Vandenbussche
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Evrard
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Romany Abskharon
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | | | - Mohammad Shahneawz Khan
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Alexandre Wohlkönig
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Patrice Soumillion
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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30
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Belardinelli JM, Stevens CM, Li W, Tan YZ, Jones V, Mancia F, Zgurskaya HI, Jackson M. The MmpL3 interactome reveals a complex crosstalk between cell envelope biosynthesis and cell elongation and division in mycobacteria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10728. [PMID: 31341202 PMCID: PMC6656915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane transporters of the Mycobacterial Membrane Protein Large (MmpL) family and their interactome play important roles in the synthesis and export of mycobacterial outer membrane lipids. Despite the current interest in the mycolic acid transporter, MmpL3, from the perspective of drug discovery, the nature and biological significance of its interactome remain largely unknown. We here report on a genome-wide screening by two-hybrid system for MmpL3 binding partners. While a surprisingly low number of proteins involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis was found to interact with MmpL3, numerous enzymes and transporters participating in the biogenesis of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and lipoglycans, and the cell division regulatory protein, CrgA, were identified among the hits. Surface plasmon resonance and co-immunoprecipitation independently confirmed physical interactions for three proteins in vitro and/or in vivo. Results are in line with the focal localization of MmpL3 at the poles and septum of actively-growing bacilli where the synthesis of all major constituents of the cell wall core are known to occur, and are further suggestive of a role for MmpL3 in the coordination of new cell wall deposition during cell septation and elongation. This novel aspect of the physiology of MmpL3 may contribute to the extreme vulnerability and high therapeutic potential of this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Belardinelli
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Casey M Stevens
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Yong Zi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Victoria Jones
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA.
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31
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Mashabela GT, de Wet TJ, Warner DF. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019. [PMID: 31350832 PMCID: PMC10957194 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a disease which continues to overwhelm health systems in endemic regions despite the existence of effective combination chemotherapy and the widespread use of a neonatal anti-TB vaccine. For a professional pathogen, M. tuberculosis retains a surprisingly large proportion of the metabolic repertoire found in nonpathogenic mycobacteria with very different lifestyles. Moreover, evidence that additional functions were acquired during the early evolution of the M. tuberculosis complex suggests the organism has adapted (and augmented) the metabolic pathways of its environmental ancestor to persistence and propagation within its obligate human host. A better understanding of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity, however, requires the elucidation of metabolic functions under disease-relevant conditions, a challenge complicated by limited knowledge of the microenvironments occupied and nutrients accessed by bacilli during host infection, as well as the reliance in experimental mycobacteriology on a restricted number of experimental models with variable relevance to clinical disease. Here, we consider M. tuberculosis metabolism within the framework of an intimate host-pathogen coevolution. Focusing on recent advances in our understanding of mycobacterial metabolic function, we highlight unusual adaptations or departures from the better-characterized model intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the impact of these mycobacterial "innovations" on the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to existing and experimental anti-TB drugs, as well as strategies for targeting metabolic pathways. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the key gaps in the current knowledge of fundamental mycobacterial metabolism and the lessons which might be learned from other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Current address: Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy J de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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32
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Alsayed SSR, Beh CC, Foster NR, Payne AD, Yu Y, Gunosewoyo H. Kinase Targets for Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:27-49. [PMID: 30360731 DOI: 10.2174/1874467211666181025141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycolic acids (MAs) are the characteristic, integral building blocks for the mycomembrane belonging to the insidious bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). These C60-C90 long α-alkyl-β-hydroxylated fatty acids provide protection to the tubercle bacilli against the outside threats, thus allowing its survival, virulence and resistance to the current antibacterial agents. In the post-genomic era, progress has been made towards understanding the crucial enzymatic machineries involved in the biosynthesis of MAs in M.tb. However, gaps still remain in the exact role of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of regulatory mechanisms within these systems. To date, a total of 11 serine-threonine protein kinases (STPKs) are found in M.tb. Most enzymes implicated in the MAs synthesis were found to be phosphorylated in vitro and/or in vivo. For instance, phosphorylation of KasA, KasB, mtFabH, InhA, MabA, and FadD32 downregulated their enzymatic activity, while phosphorylation of VirS increased its enzymatic activity. These observations suggest that the kinases and phosphatases system could play a role in M.tb adaptive responses and survival mechanisms in the human host. As the mycobacterial STPKs do not share a high sequence homology to the human's, there have been some early drug discovery efforts towards developing potent and selective inhibitors. OBJECTIVE Recent updates to the kinases and phosphatases involved in the regulation of MAs biosynthesis will be presented in this mini-review, including their known small molecule inhibitors. CONCLUSION Mycobacterial kinases and phosphatases involved in the MAs regulation may serve as a useful avenue for antitubercular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S R Alsayed
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Chau C Beh
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Neil R Foster
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Yu Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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33
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Palčeková Z, Angala SK, Belardinelli JM, Eskandarian HA, Joe M, Brunton R, Rithner C, Jones V, Nigou J, Lowary TL, Gilleron M, McNeil M, Jackson M. Disruption of the SucT acyltransferase in Mycobacterium smegmatis abrogates succinylation of cell envelope polysaccharides. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10325-10335. [PMID: 31110045 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other prokaryotes, mycobacteria decorate their major cell envelope glycans with minor covalent substituents whose biological significance remains largely unknown. We report on the discovery of a mycobacterial enzyme, named here SucT, that adds succinyl groups to the arabinan domains of both arabinogalactan (AG) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Disruption of the SucT-encoding gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis abolished AG and LAM succinylation and altered the hydrophobicity and rigidity of the cell envelope of the bacilli without significantly altering AG and LAM biosynthesis. The changes in the cell surface properties of the mutant were consistent with earlier reports of transposon mutants of the closely related species Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium avium harboring insertions in the orthologous gene whose ability to microaggregate and form biofilms were altered. Our findings point to an important role of SucT-mediated AG and LAM succinylation in modulating the cell surface properties of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Palčeková
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Shiva K Angala
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Juan Manuel Belardinelli
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Haig A Eskandarian
- the Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne VD, Switzerland
| | - Maju Joe
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard Brunton
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher Rithner
- the Central Instrumentation Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and
| | - Victoria Jones
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Todd L Lowary
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Martine Gilleron
- the Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael McNeil
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Mary Jackson
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682,
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34
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Angala SK, Palčeková Z, Belardinelli JM, Jackson M. Covalent modifications of polysaccharides in mycobacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 14:193-198. [PMID: 29443974 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva K Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Zuzana Palčeková
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan M Belardinelli
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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35
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Jo EK, Silwal P, Yuk JM. AMPK-Targeted Effector Networks in Mycobacterial Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:520. [PMID: 30930886 PMCID: PMC6429987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key metabolic regulator, plays an essential role in the maintenance of energy balance in response to stress. Tuberculosis (TB), primarily caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide, characterized by both high incidence and mortality. Development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies against TB requires a profound understanding of the various host-pathogen interactions that occur during infection. Emerging data suggest that AMPK plays an essential regulatory role in host autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, fatty acid β-oxidation, and the control of pathologic inflammation in macrophages during Mtb infection. As described in this review, recent studies have begun to define the functional properties of AMPK modulators capable of restricting intracellular bacteria and promoting host defenses. Several host defense factors in the context of AMPK activation also participate in autophagic and non-autophagic pathways in a coordinated manner to enhance antimicrobial responses against Mtb infection. A better understanding of these AMPK-targeted effector networks offers significant potential for the development of novel therapeutics for human TB and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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36
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Rahlwes KC, Puffal J, Morita YS. Purification and Analysis of Mycobacterial Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides, Lipomannan, and Lipoarabinomannan. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1954:59-75. [PMID: 30864124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9154-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria and related bacteria in the Actinobacteria phylum are unusual in that they produce phosphatidylinositol (PI) as a major phospholipid species. PI can be further modified by glycan polymers, leading to the synthesis of PI mannosides (PIMs), lipomannan (LM), and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Small lipids such as PI and PIMs are extracted with a mixture of chloroform, methanol, and water and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. For larger glycolipids, such as LM and LAM, more hydrophilic solvent is needed for the extraction, and SDS-PAGE is better suited for the analysis. For LM, further structural characterization can be performed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Precise quantification of PIMs, LM, and LAM can be performed by quantification of glycan staining using analytical software. The metabolic radiolabeling protocol is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Julia Puffal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Actinobacteria is a group of diverse bacteria. Most species in this class of bacteria are filamentous aerobes found in soil, including the genus Streptomyces perhaps best known for their fascinating capabilities of producing antibiotics. These bacteria typically have a Gram-positive cell envelope, comprised of a plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan layer. However, there is a notable exception of the Corynebacteriales order, which has evolved a unique type of outer membrane likely as a consequence of convergent evolution. In this chapter, we will focus on the unique cell envelope of this order. This cell envelope features the peptidoglycan layer that is covalently modified by an additional layer of arabinogalactan . Furthermore, the arabinogalactan layer provides the platform for the covalent attachment of mycolic acids , some of the longest natural fatty acids that can contain ~100 carbon atoms per molecule. Mycolic acids are thought to be the main component of the outer membrane, which is composed of many additional lipids including trehalose dimycolate, also known as the cord factor. Importantly, a subset of bacteria in the Corynebacteriales order are pathogens of human and domestic animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The surface coat of these pathogens are the first point of contact with the host immune system, and we now know a number of host receptors specific to molecular patterns exposed on the pathogen's surface, highlighting the importance of understanding how the cell envelope of Actinobacteria is structured and constructed. This chapter describes the main structural and biosynthetic features of major components found in the actinobacterial cell envelopes and highlights the key differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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38
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Erskine E, MacPhee CE, Stanley-Wall NR. Functional Amyloid and Other Protein Fibers in the Biofilm Matrix. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3642-3656. [PMID: 30098341 PMCID: PMC6173796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are ubiquitous in the natural and man-made environment. They are defined as microbes that are encapsulated in an extracellular, self-produced, biofilm matrix. Growing evidence from the genetic and biochemical analysis of single species biofilms has linked the presence of fibrous proteins to a functional biofilm matrix. Some of these fibers have been described as functional amyloid or amyloid-like fibers. Here we provide an overview of the biophysical and biological data for a wide range of protein fibers found in the biofilm matrix of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Erskine
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Cait E MacPhee
- James Clerk Maxwell Building, School of Physics, University of Edinburgh, The Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, UK.
| | - Nicola R Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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39
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Story-Roller E, Lamichhane G. Have we realized the full potential of β-lactams for treating drug-resistant TB? IUBMB Life 2018; 70:881-888. [PMID: 29934998 PMCID: PMC6119476 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
β-lactams are the most widely used antibiotics and are effective against a spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we focus on the state-of-the-art understanding of the molecular underpinnings that determine the overall efficacy of β-lactams against TB and include historical perspectives of this antibiotic class against this ancient disease. We summarize literature that describes why earlier generations of β-lactams are ineffective and the potential promise of newer β-lactams that exhibit improved efficacy against TB. Emerging evidence warrants renewed consideration of newer β-lactams in regimens for treatment of drug-resistant TB. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):881-888, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Story-Roller
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
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40
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Gray TA, Derbyshire KM. Blending genomes: distributive conjugal transfer in mycobacteria, a sexier form of HGT. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:601-613. [PMID: 29669186 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses a novel form of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) found in mycobacteria called Distributive Conjugal Transfer (DCT). While satisfying the criteria for conjugation, DCT occurs by a mechanism so distinct from oriT-mediated conjugation that it could be considered a fourth category of HGT. DCT involves the transfer of chromosomal DNA between mycobacteria and, most significantly, generates transconjugants with mosaic genomes of the parental strains. Multiple segments of donor chromosomal DNA can be co-transferred regardless of their location or the genetic selection and, as a result, the transconjugant genome contains many donor-derived segments; hence the name DCT. This distinguishing feature of DCT separates it from the other known mechanisms of HGT, which generally result in the introduction of a single, defined segment of DNA into the recipient chromosome (Fig. ). Moreover, these mosaic progeny are generated from a single conjugal event, which provides enormous capacity for rapid adaptation and evolution, again distinguishing it from the three classical modes of HGT. Unsurprisingly, the unusual mosaic products of DCT are generated by a conjugal mechanism that is also unusual. Here, we will describe the unique features of DCT and contrast those to other mechanisms of HGT, both from a mechanistic and an evolutionary perspective. Our focus will be on transfer of chromosomal DNA, as opposed to plasmid mobilization, because DCT mediates transfer of chromosomal DNA and is a chromosomally encoded process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Gray
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Keith M Derbyshire
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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41
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Rens C, Ceyssens PJ, Laval F, Lefèvre P, Mathys V, Daffé M, Fontaine V. Aloe Emodin Reduces Phthiodiolone Dimycocerosate Potentiating Vancomycin Susceptibility on Mycobacteria. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:393-396. [PMID: 30013284 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of tuberculosis still represent a major public health issue. The emergence of multi-and extensively-drug resistant (MDR and XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical strains further pinpoint the urgent need for new anti-tuberculous drugs. We previously showed that vancomycin can target mycobacteria lacking cell wall integrity, especially those lacking related phthiocerol and phthiodolone dimycocerosates, PDIM A and PDIM B, respectively. As aloe emodin was previously hypothesized to be able to target the synthesis of mycobacterial cell wall lipids, we tested its ability to potentiate glycopeptides antimycobacterial activity. The aloe emodin with the vancomycin induced a combination effect beyond simple addition, close to synergism, at a concentration lower to reported IC50 cytotoxic value, on M. bovis BCG and on H37Rv M. tuberculosis. Interestingly, out of six MDR and pre-XDR clinical strains, one showed a strong synergic susceptibility to the drug combination. Mycobacterial cell wall lipid analyses highlighted a selective reduction of PDIM B by aloe emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Rens
- 1Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Ceyssens
- 2NRC Mycobacteria and Tuberculosis, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsman Street, 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Laval
- Department of "Tuberculosis and Infection Biology", Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, UMR 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Philippe Lefèvre
- 1Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Mathys
- 2NRC Mycobacteria and Tuberculosis, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsman Street, 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Department of "Tuberculosis and Infection Biology", Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, UMR 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- 1Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Bengtsson D, Westerberg M, Nielsen S, Ridell M, Jönsson B. Mycobacterium chimaera in heater-cooler units used during cardiac surgery - growth and decontamination. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; 50:736-742. [PMID: 29688098 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1464204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have identified patients infected with Mycobacterium chimaera (M. chimaera) subsequent to cardiac surgery. Water tanks in heater-cooler units (HCUs) used cardiac heart surgery was traced as source. The aim was to investigate occurrence of M. chimaera and other microorganisms in HCUs and evaluate the silver-ion cleaning routine. METHOD Five HCUs were disinfected with silver-ions and examined for mycobacteria directly (15 min) after the disinfection procedures and later on three occasions (3, 6, 10 weeks). One HCU was selected for additional investigation of the presence of other microorganisms. In addition, tap water from five sinks in the surgical department was examined for the presence of mycobacteria and other microorganisms. RESULTS M. chimaera grew in all the HCU water tanks and in 35 of the 40 HCU samples. Three of the samples also contained Mycobacterium gordonae. When the selected HCU tanks were analysed directly after the disinfection procedure bacteria and fungi were found but no non-fermenting Gram-negative rods. These HCU samples contained a doubled to 3 fold amount of bacteria compared to initial tap water samples. No mycobacteria were found in any sample from the five water taps. CONCLUSION The silver-ion cleaning routine was insufficient and M. chimaera was found in all HCUs. However, no mycobacteria were found in any sample from the five water taps suggesting another source of colonization. It is probable that residual water and biofilm are of importance. Our results emphasize the need for improved disinfection procedures and improved construction of the HCUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bengtsson
- a Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Martin Westerberg
- a Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Susanne Nielsen
- b Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine , Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Malin Ridell
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Bodil Jönsson
- d Department of Infectious Medicine , Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Göteborg , Sweden.,e Clinical Microbiology Laboratories , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Puffal J, García-Heredia A, Rahlwes KC, Siegrist MS, Morita YS. Spatial control of cell envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953754. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Puffal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Szulc-Kielbik I, Pawelczyk J, Kielbik M, Kremer L, Dziadek J, Klink M. Severe inhibition of lipooligosaccharide synthesis induces TLR2-dependent elimination of Mycobacterium marinum from THP1-derived macrophages. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:217. [PMID: 29183333 PMCID: PMC5706390 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mycobacterial glycolipids are among the first-line molecules involved in host-pathogen interactions, their contribution in virulence remains incomplete. Mycobacterium marinum is a waterborne pathogen of fish and other ectotherms, closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Since it causes tuberculosis-like systemic infection it is widely used as a model organism for studying the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. It is also an occasional opportunistic human pathogen. The M. marinum surface-exposed lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are immunogenic molecules that participate in the early interactions with macrophages and modulate the host immune system. Four major LOS species, designated LOS-I to LOS-IV, have been identified and characterized in M. marinum. Herein, we investigated the interactions between a panel of defined M. marinum LOS mutants that exhibited various degrees of truncation in the LOS structure, and human-derived THP-1 macrophages to address the potential of LOSs to act as pro- or avirulence factors. RESULTS A moderately truncated LOS structure did not interfere with M. marinum invasion. However, a deeper shortening of the LOS structure was associated with increased entry of M. marinum into host cells and increased elimination of the bacilli by the macrophages. These effects were dependent on Toll-like receptor 2. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence that LOSs inhibit the interaction between mycobacterial cell wall ligands and appropriate macrophage pattern recognition receptors, affecting uptake and elimination of the bacteria by host phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szulc-Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Pawelczyk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Laurent Kremer
- IRIM (ex-CPBS)-UMR 9004, Research Institute of Infectiology of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, IRIM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
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45
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Queval CJ, Brosch R, Simeone R. The Macrophage: A Disputed Fortress in the Battle against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2284. [PMID: 29218036 PMCID: PMC5703847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB), has plagued humans for thousands of years. TB still remains a major public health problem in our era, causing more than 4,400 deaths worldwide every day and killing more people than HIV. After inhaling Mtb-contaminated aerosols, TB primo-infection starts in the terminal lung airways, where Mtb is taken up by alveolar macrophages. Although macrophages are known as professional killers for pathogens, Mtb has adopted remarkable strategies to circumvent host defenses, building suitable conditions to survive and proliferate. Within macrophages, Mtb initially resides inside phagosomes, where its survival mostly depends on its ability to take control of phagosomal processing, through inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis and acidification processes, and by progressively getting access to the cytosol. Bacterial access to the cytosolic space is determinant for specific immune responses and cell death programs, both required for the replication and the dissemination of Mtb. Comprehension of the molecular events governing Mtb survival within macrophages is fundamental for the improvement of vaccine-based and therapeutic strategies in order to help the host to better defend itself in the battle against the fierce invader Mtb. In this mini-review, we discuss recent research exploring how Mtb conquers and transforms the macrophage into a strategic base for its survival and dissemination as well as the associated defense strategies mounted by host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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46
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Rens C, Laval F, Wattiez R, Lefèvre P, Dufrasne F, Daffé M, Fontaine V. I3-Ag85 effect on phthiodiolone dimycocerosate synthesis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017. [PMID: 29523333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The multiplicity of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains is a growing health issue. New therapies are needed, acting on new targets. The I3-Ag85 was already reported to reduce the amount of trehalose dimycolate lipid of the mycobacterial cell wall. This inhibitor of Ag85C increased the mycobacterial wall permeability. We previously showed that M. tuberculosis strains, even multi-drug resistant and extensively-drug resistant strains, can be susceptible to vancomycin when concomitantly treated with a drug altering the cell envelope integrity. We investigated the effect of the I3-Ag85 on vancomycin susceptibility of M. tuberculosis. Although no synergy was observed, a new target of this drug was discovered: the production of phthiodiolone dimycocerosate (PDIM B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Rens
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Laval
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier (UMR 5089), Department of "Tuberculosis and Infection Biology", 205 route de Narbonne, BP64182, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Department of Proteomics and Microbiology, University of Mons, 20, Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lefèvre
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Therapeutic Chemistry, CP205/05, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier (UMR 5089), Department of "Tuberculosis and Infection Biology", 205 route de Narbonne, BP64182, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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47
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Abstract
Mycobacterial 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) system (ESX) exporters transport proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Many proteins transported by ESX systems are then translocated across the mycobacterial cell envelope and secreted from the cell. Although the mechanism underlying protein transport across the mycolate outer membrane remains elusive, the ESX systems are closely connected with and localize to the cell envelope. Links between ESX-associated proteins, cell wall synthesis, and the maintenance of cell envelope integrity have been reported. Genes encoding the ESX systems and those required for biosynthesis of the mycobacterial envelope are coregulated. Here, we review the interplay between ESX systems and the mycobacterial cell envelope.
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48
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Llorens-Fons M, Pérez-Trujillo M, Julián E, Brambilla C, Alcaide F, Byrd TF, Luquin M. Trehalose Polyphleates, External Cell Wall Lipids in Mycobacterium abscessus, Are Associated with the Formation of Clumps with Cording Morphology, Which Have Been Associated with Virulence. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1402. [PMID: 28790995 PMCID: PMC5524727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a reemerging pathogen that causes pulmonary diseases similar to tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When grown in agar medium, M. abscessus strains generate rough (R) or smooth colonies (S). R morphotypes are more virulent than S morphotypes. In searching for the virulence factors responsible for this difference, R morphotypes have been found to form large aggregates (clumps) that, after being phagocytozed, result in macrophage death. Furthermore, the aggregates released to the extracellular space by damaged macrophages grow, forming unphagocytosable structures that resemble cords. In contrast, bacilli of the S morphotype, which do not form aggregates, do not damage macrophages after phagocytosis and do not form cords. Cording has also been related to the virulence of M. tuberculosis. In this species, the presence of mycolic acids and surface-exposed cell wall lipids has been correlated with the formation of cords. The objective of this work was to study the roles of the surface-exposed cell wall lipids and mycolic acids in the formation of cords in M. abscessus. A comparative study of the pattern and structure of mycolic acids was performed on R (cording) and S (non-cording) morphotypes derived from the same parent strains, and no differences were observed between morphotypes. Furthermore, cords formed by R morphotypes were disrupted with petroleum ether (PE), and the extracted lipids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Substantial amounts of trehalose polyphleates (TPP) were recovered as major lipids from PE extracts, and images obtained by transmission electron microscopy suggested that these lipids are localized to the external surfaces of cords and R bacilli. The structure of M. abscessus TPP was revealed to be similar to those previously described in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Although the exact role of TPP is unknown, our results demonstrated that TPP are not toxic by themselves and have a function in the formation of clumps and cords in M. abscessus, thus playing an important role in the pathogenesis of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorens-Fons
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Brambilla
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Alcaide
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas F. Byrd
- The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Glass LN, Swapna G, Chavadi SS, Tufariello JM, Mi K, Drumm JE, Lam TT, Zhu G, Zhan C, Vilchéze C, Arcos J, Chen Y, Bi L, Mehta S, Porcelli SA, Almo SC, Yeh SR, Jacobs WR, Torrelles JB, Chan J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis universal stress protein Rv2623 interacts with the putative ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter Rv1747 to regulate mycobacterial growth. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006515. [PMID: 28753640 PMCID: PMC5549992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis universal stress protein Rv2623 regulates mycobacterial growth and may be required for the establishment of tuberculous persistence. Here, yeast two-hybrid and affinity chromatography experiments have demonstrated that Rv2623 interacts with one of the two forkhead-associated domains (FHA I) of Rv1747, a putative ATP-binding cassette transporter annotated to export lipooligosaccharides. FHA domains are signaling protein modules that mediate protein-protein interactions to modulate a wide variety of biological processes via binding to conserved phosphorylated threonine (pT)-containing oligopeptides of the interactors. Biochemical, immunochemical and mass spectrometric studies have shown that Rv2623 harbors pT and specifically identified threonine 237 as a phosphorylated residue. Relative to wild-type Rv2623 (Rv2623WT), a mutant protein in which T237 has been replaced with a non-phosphorylatable alanine (Rv2623T237A) exhibits decreased interaction with the Rv1747 FHA I domain and diminished growth-regulatory capacity. Interestingly, compared to WT bacilli, an M. tuberculosis Rv2623 null mutant (ΔRv2623) displays enhanced expression of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), while the ΔRv1747 mutant expresses decreased levels of PIMs. Animal studies have previously shown that ΔRv2623 is hypervirulent, while ΔRv1747 is growth-attenuated. Collectively, these data have provided evidence that Rv2623 interacts with Rv1747 to regulate mycobacterial growth; and this interaction is mediated via the recognition of the conserved Rv2623 pT237-containing FHA-binding motif by the Rv1747 FHA I domain. The divergent aberrant PIM profiles and the opposing in vivo growth phenotypes of ΔRv2623 and ΔRv1747, together with the annotated lipooligosaccharide exporter function of Rv1747, suggest that Rv2623 interacts with Rv1747 to modulate mycobacterial growth by negatively regulating the activity of Rv1747; and that Rv1747 might function as a transporter of PIMs. Because these glycolipids are major mycobacterial cell envelope components that can impact on the immune response, our findings raise the possibility that Rv2623 may regulate bacterial growth, virulence, and entry into persistence, at least in part, by modulating the levels of bacillary PIM expression, perhaps through negatively regulating the Rv1747-dependent export of the immunomodulatory PIMs to alter host-pathogen interaction, thereby influencing the fate of M. tuberculosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N. Glass
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ganduri Swapna
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sivagami Sundaram Chavadi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - JoAnn M. Tufariello
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kaixia Mi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Drumm
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- MS & Proteomics Resource of the W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Guofeng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Chenyang Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Catherine Vilchéze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesus Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Lijun Bi
- Department of Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Simren Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Duncan C, Jamieson FB, Troudt J, Izzo L, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Izzo A, Mehaffy C. Whole transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of an isogenic M. tuberculosis clinical strain with a naturally occurring 15 Kb genomic deletion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179996. [PMID: 28650996 PMCID: PMC5484546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the most difficult to control infectious diseases in the world. Many different factors contribute to the complexity of this disease. These include the ability of the host to control the infection which may directly relate to nutritional status, presence of co-morbidities and genetic predisposition. Pathogen factors, in particular the ability of different Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to respond to the harsh environment of the host granuloma, which includes low oxygen and nutrient availability and the presence of damaging radical oxygen and nitrogen species, also play an important role in the success of different strains to cause disease. In this study we evaluated the impact of a naturally occurring 12 gene 15 Kb genomic deletion on the physiology and virulence of M. tuberculosis. The strains denominated ON-A WT (wild type) and ON-A NM (natural mutant) were isolated from a previously reported TB outbreak in an inner city under-housed population in Toronto, Canada. Here we subjected these isogenic strains to transcriptomic (via RNA-seq) and proteomic analyses and identified several gene clusters with differential expression in the natural mutant, including the DosR regulon and the molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis genes, both of which were found in lower abundance in the natural mutant. We also demonstrated lesser virulence of the natural mutant in the guinea pig animal model. Overall, our findings suggest that the ON-A natural mutant is less fit to cause disease, but nevertheless has the potential to cause extended transmission in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances B. Jamieson
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - JoLynn Troudt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Linda Izzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Angelo Izzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Carolina Mehaffy
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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