1
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Mittermeier F, Fischer F, Hauke S, Hirschmann P, Weuster-Botz D. Valorization of Wheat Bran by Co-Cultivation of Fungi with Integrated Hydrolysis to Provide Sugars and Animal Feed. BIOTECH 2024; 13:15. [PMID: 38804297 PMCID: PMC11130873 DOI: 10.3390/biotech13020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural residues like wheat bran enables the valorization of otherwise unused carbon sources for biotechnological processes. The co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei with wheat bran particles as substrate produces an enzyme set consisting of xylanases, amylases, and cellulases that is suitable to degrade lignocellulosic biomass to sugar monomers (D-glucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose). An integrated one-pot process for enzyme production followed by hydrolysis in stirred tank bioreactors resulted in hydrolysates with overall sugar concentrations of 32.3 g L-1 and 24.4 g L-1 at a 25 L and a 1000 L scale, respectively, within 86 h. Furthermore, the residual solid biomass consisting of fermented wheat bran with protein-rich fungal mycelium displays improved nutritional properties for usage as animal feed due to its increased content of sugars, protein, and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mittermeier
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Fabienne Fischer
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Hirschmann
- Bavarian Milling Confederation (Bayerischer Müllerbund e.V.), 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Elgharbi F, Salem K, Elbedoui M, Hmida-Sayari A. High-Molecular-Weight Xylanase from B. pumilus US570 Strain: Purification, Characterization and Application in Banana and Orange Peels Hydrolysis and Breadmaking. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04866-x. [PMID: 38393579 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
New xylanase (XylUS570) was purified from the Bacillus pumilus US570 strain. It has a molecular mass of about 232 kDa. This is the first report on the highest molecular weight monomeric xylanase produced by bacteria. The optimum pH and temperature recorded for enzyme activity were 7 and 55 °C, respectively with a half-life time of 10 min at 60 °C. At 37 °C, the enzyme retains more than 50% of its activity at a pH ranging from 6 to 9.5 for 24 h. The XylUS570 exhibited a high activity on xylan, but no activity was detected for cellulosic substrates. The Vmax and Km values exhibited by the purified enzyme on beechwood xylan were 37.05 U mL-1 and 4.189 mg mL-1, respectively. The XylUS570 was used in banana and orange peels hydrolysis and showed potential efficiency to liberate reducing sugars. It could be a good candidate for bio-ethanol production from fruit waste. The purified enzyme was used also as an additive in breadmaking. A decrease in water absorption, an increase in dough rising and improvements in volume and specific volume of the bread were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Elgharbi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d'Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisie.
| | - Karima Salem
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d'Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Maissa Elbedoui
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d'Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Aïda Hmida-Sayari
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d'Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisie
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3
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Ashcroft E, Munoz-Munoz J. A review of the principles and biotechnological applications of glycoside hydrolases from extreme environments. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129227. [PMID: 38185295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
It is apparent that Biocatalysts are shaping the future by providing a more sustainable approach to established chemical processes. Industrial processes rely heavily on the use of toxic compounds and high energy or pH reactions, factors that both contributes to the worsening climate crisis. Enzymes found in bacterial systems and other microorganisms, from the glaciers of the Arctic to the sandy deserts of Abu Dhabi, provide key tools and understanding as to how we can progress in the biotechnology sector. These extremophilic bacteria harness the adaptive enzymes capable of withstanding harsh reaction conditions in terms of stability and reactivity. Carbohydrate-active enzymes, including glycoside hydrolases or carbohydrate esterases, are extremely beneficial for the presence and future of biocatalysis. Their involvement in the industry spans from laundry detergents to paper and pulp treatment by degrading oligo/polysaccharides into their monomeric products in almost all detrimental environments. This includes exceedingly high temperatures, pHs or even in the absence of water. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of different glycoside hydrolases from extremophiles, and how they can be applied to industrial-scale reactions to replace the use of harsh chemicals, reduce waste, or decrease energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Ashcroft
- Microbial Enzymology Lab, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building A, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
| | - Jose Munoz-Munoz
- Microbial Enzymology Lab, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building A, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
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4
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Kaur D, Joshi A, Sharma V, Batra N, Sharma AK. An insight into microbial sources, classification, and industrial applications of xylanases: A rapid review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1489-1503. [PMID: 37186103 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Endo 1,4-β-d-xylanases (EC3.2.1.8) are one of the key lignocellulose hydrolyzing enzymes. Xylan, which is present in copious amounts on earth, forms the primary substrate of endo-xylanases, which can unchain the constituent monosaccharides linked via β-1,4-glycosidic bonds from the xylan backbone. Researchers have shown keen interest in the xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase families 10 and 11, whereas those placed in other glycoside hydrolase families are yet to be investigated. Various microbes such as bacteria and fungi harbor these enzymes for the metabolism of their lignocellulose fibers. These microbes can be used as miniature biofactories of xylanase enzymes for a plethora of environmentally benign applications in pulp and paper industry, biofuel production, and for improving the quality of food in bread baking and fruit juice industry. This review highlights the potential of microbes in production of xylanase for industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damanjeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varruchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
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5
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Gharechahi J, Vahidi MF, Sharifi G, Ariaeenejad S, Ding XZ, Han JL, Salekdeh GH. Lignocellulose degradation by rumen bacterial communities: New insights from metagenome analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115925. [PMID: 37086884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ruminant animals house a dense and diverse community of microorganisms in their rumen, an enlarged compartment in their stomach, which provides a supportive environment for the storage and microbial fermentation of ingested feeds dominated by plant materials. The rumen microbiota has acquired diverse and functionally overlapped enzymes for the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. In rumen Bacteroidetes, enzymes involved in degradation are clustered into polysaccharide utilization loci to facilitate coordinated expression when target polysaccharides are available. Firmicutes use free enzymes and cellulosomes to degrade the polysaccharides. Fibrobacters either aggregate lignocellulose-degrading enzymes on their cell surface or release them into the extracellular medium in membrane vesicles, a mechanism that has proven extremely effective in the breakdown of recalcitrant cellulose. Based on current metagenomic analyses, rumen Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are categorized as generalist microbes that can degrade a wide range of polysaccharides, while other members adapted toward specific polysaccharides. Particularly, there is ample evidence that Verrucomicrobia and Spirochaetes have evolved enzyme systems for the breakdown of complex polysaccharides such as xyloglucans, peptidoglycans, and pectin. It is concluded that diversity in degradation mechanisms is required to ensure that every component in feeds is efficiently degraded, which is key to harvesting maximum energy by host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Gharechahi
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhad Vahidi
- Animal Science Research Department, Qom Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Qom, Iran
| | - Golandam Sharifi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Encyclopedia Research Center, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Ariaeenejad
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, And Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Xue-Zhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jian-Lin Han
- Livestock Genetics Program, International Livestock Research, Institute (ILRI), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, And Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Mittermeier F, Hafner N, XypoliaVasila K, Weuster‐Botz D. Co‐Cultivation of
Aspergillus niger
and
Trichoderma reesei
Enables Efficient Production of Enzymes for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Bran. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mittermeier
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design Garching Germany
| | - Nathalie Hafner
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design Garching Germany
| | - Konstantina XypoliaVasila
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design Garching Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster‐Botz
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design Garching Germany
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7
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Elgharbi F, Ben Hlima H, Ben Mabrouk S, Hmida-Sayari A. Expression of a Copper Activated Xylanase in Yeast: Location of the His-Tag in the Protein Significantly Affects the Enzymatic Properties. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00606-w. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00606-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Garrido MM, Piccinni FE, Landoni M, Peña MJ, Topalian J, Couto A, Wirth SA, Urbanowicz BR, Campos E. Insights into the xylan degradation system of Cellulomonas sp. B6: biochemical characterization of rCsXyn10A and rCsAbf62A. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5035-5049. [PMID: 35799069 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Valorization of the hemicellulose fraction of plant biomass is crucial for the sustainability of lignocellulosic biorefineries. The Cellulomonas genus comprises Gram-positive Actinobacteria that degrade cellulose and other polysaccharides by secreting a complex array of enzymes. In this work, we studied the specificity and synergy of two enzymes, CsXyn10A and CsAbf62A, which were identified as highly abundant in the extracellular proteome of Cellulomonas sp. B6 when grown on wheat bran. To explore their potential for bioprocessing, the recombinant enzymes were expressed and their activities were thoroughly characterized. rCsXyn10A is a GH10 endo-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), active across a broad pH range (5 to 9), at temperatures up to 55 °C. rCsAbf62A is an α-L-arabinofuranosidase (ABF) (EC 3.2.1.55) that specifically removes α-1,2 and α-1,3-L-arabinosyl substituents from arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS), xylan, and arabinan backbones, but it cannot act on double-substituted residues. It also has activity on pNPA. No differences were observed regarding activity when CsAbf62A was expressed with its appended CBM13 module or only the catalytic domain. The amount of xylobiose released from either wheat arabinoxylan or arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides increased significantly when rCsXyn10A was supplemented with rCsAbf62A, indicating that the removal of arabinosyl residues by rCsAbf62A improved rCsXyn10A accessibility to β-1,4-xylose linkages, but no synergism was observed in the deconstruction of wheat bran. These results contribute to designing tailor-made, substrate-specific, enzymatic cocktails for xylan valorization. KEY POINTS: • rCsAbf62A removes α-1,2 and α-1,3-L-arabinosyl substituents from arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides, xylan, and arabinan backbones. • The appended CBM13 of rCsAbf62A did not affect the specific activity of the enzyme. • Supplementation of rCsXyn10A with rCsAbf62A improves the degradation of AXOS and xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes María Garrido
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, DFBMC- FCEN and Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA) CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Elizabeth Piccinni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, DFBMC- FCEN and Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA) CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malena Landoni
- Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)- CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEN- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jesús Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Juliana Topalian
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Couto
- Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)- CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEN- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Alejandra Wirth
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, DFBMC- FCEN and Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA) CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Breeanna Rae Urbanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eleonora Campos
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Dhaver P, Pletschke B, Sithole B, Govinden R. Isolation, screening, preliminary optimisation and characterisation of thermostable xylanase production under submerged fermentation by fungi in Durban, South Africa. Mycology 2022; 13:271-292. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2022.2079745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priyashini Dhaver
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Brett Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Bruce Sithole
- Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban, South Africa
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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10
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Ellatif SA, Abdel Razik ES, AL-surhanee AA, Al-Sarraj F, Daigham GE, Mahfouz AY. Enhanced Production, Cloning, and Expression of a Xylanase Gene from Endophytic Fungal Strain Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1: Unveiling the In Vitro Anti-Fungal Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050447. [PMID: 35628703 PMCID: PMC9144407 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma sp. is extensively applied as a beneficial fungus for the management of plant diseases, plant growth promotion, induced resistance, and plays an important role in global sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to enhance the production of microbial xylanase in high titer from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1, and the cloning of xylanase genes in E. coli DH5α using a pUC19 vector. A combination of glucose, 0.1 mM, Tween 80 with lactose, and 2 mM galactose combined with malt extract boostedthe enzyme production. Xylanase production was maximized at a pH of 5.0, temp. of 30 °C, and agitation of 150 rpm in the presence of malt extract and bagasse as the best nitrogen source and waste, respectively, using submerged fermentation. The molecular weight of highly purified xylanase was 32 KDa, identified using SDS-PAGE. The xylanase gene of T. harzianum kj831197.1 was screened in fungal DNA using definite primers specified in the gene bank database. The identified region was excised using restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI and cloned into a pUC19 plasmid vector. Optimization of fermentation conditions improved xylanase production about 23.9-fold.The antifungal efficacy of xylanase toward different phytopathogenic fungi was determined. The highest inhibition was against Corynespora cassiicola, Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis fabae. This study offered an economical, simple, and efficient method using Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1 for the production of the xylanase enzyme via the submerged fermentation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Abd Ellatif
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Elsayed S. Abdel Razik
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt;
| | | | - Faisal Al-Sarraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghadir E. Daigham
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo 11435, Egypt; (G.E.D.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Amira Y. Mahfouz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo 11435, Egypt; (G.E.D.); (A.Y.M.)
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11
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Experimental and mathematical modeling approaches for biocatalytic post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolysis. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:76-85. [PMID: 34534594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The environmental impact arising from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste is notable worldwide. Enzymatic PET hydrolysis can provide chemicals that serve as intermediates for value-added product synthesis and savings in the resources. In the present work, some reaction parameters were evaluated on the hydrolysis of post-consumer PET (PC-PET) using a cutinase from Humicola insolens (HiC). The increase in PC-PET specific area leads to an 8.5-fold increase of the initial enzymatic hydrolysis rate (from 0.2 to 1.7 mmol L-1 h-1), showing that this parameter plays a crucial role in PET hydrolysis reaction. The effect of HiC concentration was investigated, and the enzymatic PC-PET hydrolysis kinetic parameters were estimated based on three different mathematical models describing heterogeneous biocatalysis. The model that best fits the experimental data (R2 = 0.981) indicated 1.68 mgprotein mL-1 as a maximum value of the enzyme concentration to optimize the reaction rate. The HiC thermal stability was evaluated, considering that it is a key parameter for its efficient use in PET degradation. The enzyme half-life was shown to be 110 h at 70 ºC and pH 7.0, which outperforms most of the known enzymes displaying PET hydrolysis activity. The results evidence that HiC is a very promising biocatalyst for efficient PET depolymerization.
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12
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Parab P, Khandeparker R. Xylanolytic enzyme consortia from Bacillus sp. NIORKP76 for improved biobleaching of kraft pulp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:2513-2524. [PMID: 34402971 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A cellulase-free xylanolytic enzyme consortia consisting of a xylanase, arabinofuranosidase, and acetyl xylan esterase produced by Bacillus sp. NIORKP76 isolate under solid-state fermentation was assessed for its bio-bleaching ability on kraft pulp. In the biobleaching analysis, the xylanase dose of 5 Ug-1 dry pulp denoted the optimum bleaching of pulp at 40 °C and pH 8.0 after 2 h of treatment. The reduction in kappa number of pre-treated hardwood pulp using xylanolytic enzyme consortium (XEC) was found to be ~ 55%, while solo xylanase could reduce the kappa number to 44-46%. In the case of chemical bagasse pulp, a reduction of ~ 27.5% and 19-20% was seen in kappa number using XEC and solo xylanase, respectively. Enzyme-treated pulp (HW and CB) showed a 50% reduction in hypochlorite consumption during the chlorine treatment. The current study results reveal the significant potential of xylanolytic enzyme consortium from Bacillus sp. NIORKP76 on the environmentally friendly bio-bleaching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Parab
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.,Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Rakhee Khandeparker
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
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13
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Liu Y, Han N, Wang S, Chen C, Lu J, Riaz MW, Si H, Sun G, Ma C. Genome-Wide Identification of Triticum aestivum Xylanase Inhibitor Gene Family and Inhibitory Effects of XI-2 Subfamily Proteins on Fusarium graminearum GH11 Xylanase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665501. [PMID: 34381472 PMCID: PMC8350787 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TaXI) gene plays an important role in plant defense. Recently, TaXI-III inhibitor has been shown to play a dual role in wheat resistance to Fusarium graminearum infection. Thus, identifying the members of the TaXI gene family and clarifying its role in wheat resistance to stresses are essential for wheat resistance breeding. However, to date, no comprehensive research on TaXIs in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been conducted. In this study, a total of 277 TaXI genes, including six genes that we cloned, were identified from the recently released wheat genome database (IWGSC RefSeq v1.1), which were unevenly located on 21 chromosomes of wheat. Phylogenetic analysis divided these genes into six subfamilies, all the six genes we cloned belonged to XI-2 subfamily. The exon/intron structure of most TaXI genes and the conserved motifs of proteins in the same subfamily are similar. The TaXI gene family contains 92 homologous gene pairs or clusters, 63 and 193 genes were identified as tandem replication and segmentally duplicated genes, respectively. Analysis of the cis-acting elements in the promoter of TaXI genes showed that they are involved in wheat growth, hormone-mediated signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. RNA-seq data analysis revealed that TaXI genes exhibited expression preference or specificity in different organs and developmental stages, as well as in diverse stress responses, which can be regulated or induced by a variety of plant hormones and stresses. In addition, the qRT-PCR data and heterologous expression analysis of six TaXI genes revealed that the genes of XI-2 subfamily have double inhibitory effect on GH11 xylanase of F. graminearum, suggesting their potential important roles in wheat resistance to F. graminearum infection. The outcomes of this study not only enhance our understanding of the TaXI gene family in wheat, but also help us to screen more candidate genes for further exploring resistance mechanism in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Nannan Han
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Can Chen
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Hongqi Si
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
| | - Genlou Sun
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Biology Department, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chuanxi Ma
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, China
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Hefei, China
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Marasinghe SD, Jo E, Hettiarachchi SA, Lee Y, Eom TY, Gang Y, Kang YH, Oh C. Characterization of glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanase from Streptomyces sp. strain J103; its synergetic effect with acetyl xylan esterase and enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:129. [PMID: 34238305 PMCID: PMC8265113 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xylanase-containing enzyme cocktails are used on an industrial scale to convert xylan into value-added products, as they hydrolyse the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages between xylopyranosyl residues. In the present study, we focused on xynS1, the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 11 xylanase gene derived from the Streptomyces sp. strain J103, which can mediate XynS1 protein synthesis and lignocellulosic material hydrolysis. Results xynS1 has an open reading frame with 693 base pairs that encodes a protein with 230 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point of the protein were 24.47 kDa and 7.92, respectively. The gene was cloned into the pET-11a expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Recombinant XynS1 (rXynS1) was purified via His-tag affinity column chromatography. rXynS1 exhibited optimal activity at a pH of 5.0 and temperature of 55 °C. Thermal stability was in the temperature range of 50–55 °C. The estimated Km and Vmax values were 51.4 mg/mL and 898.2 U/mg, respectively. One millimolar of Mn2+ and Na+ ions stimulated the activity of rXynS1 by up to 209% and 122.4%, respectively, and 1 mM Co2+ and Ni2+ acted as inhibitors of the enzyme. The mixture of rXynS1, originates from Streptomyces sp. strain J103 and acetyl xylan esterase (AXE), originating from the marine bacterium Ochrovirga pacifica, enhanced the xylan degradation by 2.27-fold, compared to the activity of rXynS1 alone when Mn2+ was used in the reaction mixture; this reflected the ability of both enzymes to hydrolyse the xylan structure. The use of an enzyme cocktail of rXynS1, AXE, and commercial cellulase (Celluclast® 1.5 L) for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was more effective than that of commercial cellulase alone, thereby increasing the relative activity 2.3 fold. Conclusion The supplementation of rXynS1 with AXE enhanced the xylan degradation process via the de-esterification of acetyl groups in the xylan structure. Synergetic action of rXynS1 with commercial cellulase improved the hydrolysis of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass; thus, rXynS1 could potentially be used in several industrial applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01619-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svini Dileepa Marasinghe
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jo
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sachithra Amarin Hettiarachchi
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | - Youngdeuk Lee
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yang Eom
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yehui Gang
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyeok Kang
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Dey P, Roy A. Cloning, characterization and expression of a gene encoding endo-1, 4- β-xylanase from the fungus Termitomyces clypeatus. Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108333. [PMID: 34000638 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of hemi-cellulosic substrates has gained plenty of industrial attentions recently. Complete enzymatic degradation of complex and recalcitrant hemicellulose requires an enzymatic cocktail consisting primarily of endo-1,4-β-xylanase (xyl), β-xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase etc. This article reports, for the first time, the identification, cloning, expression and partial characterization of a potent endo-1,4- β-xylanase gene (pxyl) from the mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus (TC) in E. coli and S. cerevisiae. The cDNA for pxyl was found to be 678 bp that in turn gives rise to a precursor protein (Pxyl) of 225 amino acids long when cloned in prokaryotic expression vector. To characterize additionally, the cDNA was also expressed in S. cerevisiae. Bioinformatics study predicted that the Pxyl contains a 19 amino acid long leader peptide that enables post translational modifications including glycosylation as well as its efficient secretion in the medium. The recombinant protein has been found to be a member of GH11 family containing two distant glutamic acids as catalytic residues. This report describes yet another new and potent source of xylanase for commercial exploitation by industry in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protyusha Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India.
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16
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Kithama M, Hassan YI, Guo K, Kiarie E, Diarra MS. The Enzymatic Digestion of Pomaces From Some Fruits for Value-Added Feed Applications in Animal Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.611259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the noticed steady increase of global demand for animal proteins coupled with the current farming practices falling short in fulfilling the requested quantities, more attention is being paid for means and methods intended to maximize every available agricultural-resource in a highly sustainable fashion to address the above growing gap between production and consumers' demand. Within this regard, considerable efforts are being invested either in identifying new animal feed ingredients or maximizing the utilization of already established ones. The public preference and awareness of the importance of using waste products generated by fruit-dependent industries (juice, jams, spirits, etc.) has improved substantially in recent years where a genuine interest of using the above waste(s) in meaningful applications is solidifying and optimization-efforts are being pursued diligently. While many of the earlier reported usages of fruit pomaces as feedstuffs suggested the possibility of using minimally processed raw materials alone, the availability of exogenous digestive and bio-conversion enzymes is promising to take such applications to new un-matched levels. This review will discuss some efforts and practices using exogenous enzymes to enhance fruit pomaces quality as feed components as well as their nutrients' accessibility for poultry and swine production purposes. The review will also highlight efforts deployed to adopt numerous naturally derived and environmentally friendly catalytic agents for sustainable future feed applications and animal farming-practices.
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17
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Baker JT, Duarte ME, Holanda DM, Kim SW. Friend or Foe? Impacts of Dietary Xylans, Xylooligosaccharides, and Xylanases on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Monogastric Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:609. [PMID: 33652614 PMCID: PMC7996850 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the structural difference and role of xylan, procedures involved in the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and their implementation into animal feeds. Xylan is non-starch polysaccharides that share a β-(1-4)-linked xylopyranose backbone as a common feature. Due to the myriad of residues that can be substituted on the polymers within the xylan family, more anti-nutritional factors are associated with certain types of xylan than others. XOS are sugar oligomers extracted from xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials, such as crop residues, wood, and herbaceous biomass, that possess prebiotic effects. XOS can also be produced in the intestine of monogastric animals to some extent when exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase, are added to the feed. Xylanase supplementation is a common practice within both swine and poultry production to reduce intestinal viscosity and improve digestive utilization of nutrients. The efficacy of xylanase supplementation varies widely due a number of factors, one of which being the presence of xylanase inhibitors present in common feedstuffs. The use of prebiotics in animal feeding is gaining popularity as producers look to accelerate growth rate, enhance intestinal health, and improve other production parameters in an attempt to provide a safe and sustainable food product. Available research on the impact of xylan, XOS, as well as xylanase on the growth and health of swine and poultry, is also summarized. The response to xylanase supplementation in swine and poultry feeds is highly variable and whether the benefits are a result of nutrient release from NSP, reduction in digesta viscosity, production of short chain xylooligosaccharides or a combination of these is still in question. XOS supplementation seems to benefit both swine and poultry at various stages of production, as well as varying levels of XOS purity and degree of polymerization; however, further research is needed to elucidate the ideal dosage, purity, and degree of polymerization needed to confer benefits on intestinal health and performance in each respective species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.T.B.); (M.E.D.); (D.M.H.)
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18
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Effect of Oligosaccharide Degree of Polymerization on the Induction of Xylan-Degrading Enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245849. [PMID: 33322262 PMCID: PMC7764074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylan is one of the most abundant carbohydrates on Earth. Complete degradation of xylan is achieved by the collaborative action of endo-β-1,4-xylanases and β-d-xylosidases and a number of accessories enzymes. In filamentous fungi, the xylanolytic system is controlled through induction and repression. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Substrates containing xylan promote the induction of xylanases, which release xylooligosaccharides. These, in turn, induce expression of xylanase-encoding genes. Here, we aimed to determine which xylan degradation products acted as inducers, and whether the size of the released oligomer correlated with its induction strength. To this end, we compared xylanase production by different inducers, such as sophorose, lactose, cellooligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Results indicate that xylooligosaccharides are more effective than other substrates at inducing endoxylanase and β-xylosidases. Moreover, we report a correlation between the degree of xylooligosaccharide polymerization and induction efficiency of each enzyme. Specifically, xylotetraose is the best inducer of endoxylanase, xylohexaose of extracellular β-xylosidase, and xylobiose of cell-bound β-xylosidase.
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Ovsepyan L, Kurganova I, Lopes de Gerenyu V, Kuzyakov Y. Conversion of cropland to natural vegetation boosts microbial and enzyme activities in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140829. [PMID: 32758852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The trends of enzyme activities and litter chemistry after abandonment of arable soil and succession of natural vegetation were studied in a deciduous forest zone (Moscow region, Russia). The Luvic Phaeozem chronosequence included an arable field, 3 fields with increasing abandonment periods (7, 11, 35 years), and the soil under natural forest as a reference site (never used for cropland). The activities of four hydrolytic enzymes (β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, β-galactosidase, chitinase) in the topsoil (0-5 cm) were compared with chemical functional groups of plant litter identified by 13C NMR spectra. The total enzyme activity increased 5-fold during 35 years of postagricultural restoration of arable soil. The share of C-cycle enzymes with "narrower" substrate specificity (cellobiohydrolase and chitinase) increased during 35 years from 19% to 42% of the total enzyme pool. We explain this gain by the increase in the diversity and recalcitrance of organic compounds in the plant litter from cropland to natural forest. Aromaticity index of plant litter built up remarkably: from 0.11 in the young abandoned land to 0.14-0.15 in the 35-year abandoned land and the reference site. The share of enzymes with a "narrower" substrate specificity correlated closely with the portions of aryl C, O-aryl C, and carbonyl C functional groups in plant litter. Accordingly, the succession of natural vegetation on abandoned cropland leads to strong diversification of the plant litter composition and a corresponding production of soil enzymes with "narrower" substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Ovsepyan
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast 142290, Russia; University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Landau 76829, Germany.
| | - Irina Kurganova
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast 142290, Russia
| | - Valentin Lopes de Gerenyu
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast 142290, Russia
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Dept. of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Dept. of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen 37073, Germany; Agro-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow 117198, Russia
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20
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Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Active, Halotolerant Endoxylanase from Echinicola rosea sp. Nov. JL3085 T. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050245. [PMID: 32384803 PMCID: PMC7281462 DOI: 10.3390/md18050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a xylanase gene (xynT) from marine bacterium Echinicola rosea sp. nov. JL3085T and recombinantly expressed it in Escherichia coli BL21. This gene encoded a polypeptide with 379 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of ~43 kDa. Its amino acid sequence shared 45.3% similarity with an endoxylanase from Cellvibrio mixtus that belongs to glycoside hydrolases family 10 (GH10). The XynT showed maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 7.0, and a maximum velocity of 62 μmoL min−1 mg−1. The XynT retained its maximum activity by more than 69%, 51%, and 26% at 10 °C, 5 °C, and 0 °C, respectively. It also exhibited the highest activity of 135% in the presence of 4 M NaCl and retained 76% of its activity after 24 h incubation with 4 M NaCl. This novel xylanase, XynT, is a cold-active and halotolerant enzyme that may have promising applications in drug, food, feed, and bioremediation industries.
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21
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Global Characterization of GH10 Family Xylanase Genes in Rhizoctonia cerealis and Functional Analysis of Xylanase RcXYN1 During Fungus Infection in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051812. [PMID: 32155734 PMCID: PMC7084588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop. Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal agent of diseases that are devastating to cereal crops, including wheat. Xylanases play an important role in pathogenic infection, but little is known about xylanases in R. cerealis. Herein, we identified nine xylanase-encoding genes from the R. cerealis genome, named RcXYN1–RcXYN9, examined their expression patterns, and investigated the pathogenicity role of RcXYN1. RcXYN1–RcXYN9 proteins contain two conserved glutamate residues within the active motif in the glycoside hydrolase 10 (GH10) domain. Of them, RcXYN1–RcXYN4 are predicted to be secreted proteins. RcXYN1–RcXYN9 displayed different expression patterns during the infection process of wheat, and RcXYN1, RcXYN2, RcXYN5, and RcXYN9 were expressed highly across all the tested inoculation points. Functional dissection indicated that the RcXYN1 protein was able to induce necrosis/cell-death and H2O2 generation when infiltrated into wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, application of RcXYN1 protein followed by R. cerealis led to significantly higher levels of the disease in wheat leaves than application of the fungus alone. These results demonstrate that RcXYN1 acts as a pathogenicity factor during R. cerealis infection in wheat. This is the first investigation of xylanase genes in R. cerealis, providing novel insights into the pathogenesis mechanisms of R. cerealis.
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Xylanases from marine microorganisms: A brief overview on scope, sources, features and potential applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abdel-Azeem AM, Hasan GA, Mohesien MT. Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes by Chaetomium Species. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31612-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heydari S, Siavoshi F, Ebrahimi H, Sarrafnejad A, Sharifi AH. Excision of endosymbiotic bacteria from yeast under aging and starvation stresses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104141. [PMID: 31839588 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although infrequent in our laboratory, growth of bacterial colonies has been observed on top of the purified cultures of yeasts. In this study, the likelihood of bacterial excision from yeast under aging and starvation stresses was assessed using 10 gastric and 10 food-borne yeasts. Yeasts were identified as members of Candida or Saccharomyces genus by amplification and sequencing of D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA. For aging stress, yeasts were cultured on brain heart infusion agar supplemented with sheep blood and incubated at 30 °C for 3-4 weeks. For starvation stress, yeasts were inoculated into distilled water and incubated similarly. After seven days, starved yeasts were cultured on yeast extract glucose agar, incubated similarly and examined daily for appearance of bacterial colonies on top of the yeast's growth. Outgrowth of excised bacteria was observed on top of the cultures of 4 yeasts (Y1, Y3, Y13 and Y18) after 3-7 days. The excised bacteria (B1, B3, B13 and B18) were isolated and identified at the genus level according to their biochemical characteristics as well as amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. B1 (Arthrobacter) were excised from Y1 (Candida albicans) upon aging and B3 (Staphylococcus), B13 (Cellulomonas) and B18 (Staphylococcus) were excised from their respective yeasts; Y3 (Candida tropicalis), Y13 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Y18 (Candida glabrata) upon starvation. DNA from yeasts was used for detection of 16S rDNA of their intracellular bacteria and sequencing. Amplified products from yeasts showed sequence similarity to those of excised bacteria. Under normal conditions, yeast exerts tight control on multiplication of its intracellular bacteria. However, upon aging and starvation the control is no longer effective and bacterial outgrowth occurs. Unlimited multiplication of excised bacteria might provide yeast with plenty of food in close vicinity. This could be an evolutionary dialogue between yeast and bacteria that ensures the survival of both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hoda Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Houshang Sharifi
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yang Y, Yang J, Wang R, Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang F, Yuan H. Cooperation of hydrolysis modes among xylanases reveals the mechanism of hemicellulose hydrolysis by Penicillium chrysogenum P33. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:159. [PMID: 31542050 PMCID: PMC6754857 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xylanases randomly cleave the internal β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in the xylan backbone and are grouped into different families in the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) database. Although multiple xylanases are detected in single strains of many filamentous fungi, no study has been reported on the composition, synergistic effect, and mode of action in a complete set of xylanases secreted by the same microorganism. Results All three xylanases secreted by Penicillium chrysogenum P33 were expressed and characterized. The enzymes Xyl1 and Xyl3 belong to the GH10 family and Xyl3 contains a CBM1 domain at its C-terminal, whereas Xyl2 belongs to the GH11 family. The optimal temperature/pH values were 35 °C/6.0, 50 °C/5.0 and 55 °C/6.0 for Xyl1, Xyl2, and Xyl3, respectively. The three xylanases exhibited synergistic effects, with the maximum synergy observed between Xyl3 and Xyl2, which are from different families. The synergy between xylanases could also improve the hydrolysis of cellulase (C), with the maximum amount of reducing sugars (5.68 mg/mL) observed using the combination of C + Xyl2 + Xyl3. Although the enzymatic activity of Xyl1 toward xylan was low, it was shown to be capable of hydrolyzing xylooligosaccharides into xylose. Xyl2 was shown to hydrolyze xylan to long-chain xylooligosaccharides, whereas Xyl3 hydrolyzed xylan to xylooligosaccharides with a lower degree of polymerization. Conclusions Synergistic effect exists among different xylanases, and it was higher between xylanases from different families. The cooperation of hydrolysis modes comprised the primary mechanism for the observed synergy between different xylanases. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that the hydrolysates of GH11 xylanases can be further hydrolyzed by GH10 xylanases, but not vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Javed U, Ansari A, Aman A, Ul Qader SA. Fermentation and saccharification of agro-industrial wastes: A cost-effective approach for dual use of plant biomass wastes for xylose production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Gupta PK, Choudhary S, Chandrananthi C, Sharon Eveline J, Sushmitha SP, Hiremath L, Srivastava AK, Narendra Kumar S. Fungal Biodiversity Producing Xylanase Enzymes Involved in Efficient Uses of Xylanolysis. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23834-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Zhang F, Bunterngsook B, Li JX, Zhao XQ, Champreda V, Liu CG, Bai FW. Regulation and production of lignocellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei for biofuels production. ADVANCES IN BIOENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aibe.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Dutta B, Banerjee A, Chakraborty P, Bandopadhyay R. In silico studies on bacterial xylanase enzyme: Structural and functional insight. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:749-756. [PMID: 30733796 PMCID: PMC6353727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Xylans are the second most abundant form of hemicelluloses and are the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose. To degrade xylan, microbes produce mainly xylanase enzyme. Wide range of microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae etc. are capable of producing xylanase. Main source of xylanase is fungi but industrial production of bacterial xylanase is low cost, easy downstream process and high production rate. To understand primary, secondary and tertiary structure of xylanase, in silico composition of amino acids, basic physiological characteristics; viz., pI, molecular weight, instability index, GRAVY, molar extinction coefficient, secondary structure, presence of functional domain and motifs, phylogenetic tree, salt bridge compositions are determined. In silico study of xylanase focused on 36 different bacterial sources are performed by retrieving FASTA and PDB sequences using RCSB PDB. FASTA and PDB files are proceed further in ExPASy-ProtParam, RAMPAGE, QMEAN, MEME, PSIPRED, InterProScan, MOTIF scan, ERRAT, Peptide cutter, ESBRI and MEGA 7. The instability index range (16.90-38.78) clearly indicates that the protein is highly stable. α-helix mean value (27.11%) infers the protein is dominated by α-helix region. The aliphatic index (39.80-90.68) gives information that the protein is highly thermostable, prevalence by alanine amino acid in aliphatic side chain. No transmembrane domain was found in the protein which confirms the enzyme is extracellular in nature. Ancestor chart analysis confirmed that it is a part of carbohydrate metabolic process and more specifically a member of glycoside hydrolase super family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rajib Bandopadhyay
- UGC-Center of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India
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31
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Li Z, Zhang X, Wang Q, Li C, Zhang N, Zhang X, Xu B, Ma B, Schrader TE, Coates L, Kovalevsky A, Huang Y, Wan Q. Understanding the pH-Dependent Reaction Mechanism of a Glycoside Hydrolase Using High-Resolution X-ray and Neutron Crystallography. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunran Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nianying Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinkai Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Birui Xu
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoliang Ma
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tobias E. Schrader
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Leighton Coates
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yandong Huang
- College of Computer Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Wan
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Dey P, Bairagya HR, Roy A. Putative role of invariant water molecules in the X-ray structures of family G fungal endoxylanases. J Biosci 2018; 43:339-349. [PMID: 29872022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal endo-1,4-beta-xylanases (EC3.2.1.8), because of their widespread industrial applications have become one of the most researched industrial enzymes in recent times. Despite its significance, the role of conserved water molecules in the catalytic activities and structural stability of these enzymes from the fungi have not been studied to a great extent. Our computational structural bioinformatics and MD simulation studies have identified the existence of seven invariant water molecules (IW1- IW7) and reveals the stereo-chemical and electronic consequences of those conserved water molecules in G-xylanase enzyme from eight different fungi. The buried water molecules IW1 and IW2 may have decisive roles in catalysis and may also be associated with ligand binding process of the enzyme, whereas IW3, IW4, IW5, IW6 and IW7 may be involved in stabilizing the important (H144/R145) residues through H-bonds. Possibly they are also involved in the stabilization of secondary structures and anchor to maintain its stereo-chemical architecture. Moreover, a distorted 'W' shaped signature geometry that is observed at the surface of the enzyme can be used to identify the hydrophilic centers in the electron density map of other unknown members of the family G xylanases. The results from this computational investigation could be of interest to a large number of researchers working with the xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protyusha Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India
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33
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Liu C, Zou G, Yan X, Zhou X. Screening of multimeric β-xylosidases from the gut microbiome of a higher termite, Globitermes brachycerastes. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:608-615. [PMID: 29904275 PMCID: PMC6001650 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Termite gut microbiome is a rich reservoir for glycoside hydrolases, a suite of enzymes critical for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. To search for hemicellulases, we screened 12,000 clones from a fosmid gut library of a higher termite, Globitermes brachycerastes. As a common Southeastern Asian genus, Globitermes distributes predominantly in tropical rain forests and relies on the lignocellulases from themselves and bacterial symbionts to digest wood. In total, 22 positive clones with β-xylosidase activity were isolated, in which 11 representing different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were pooled and subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. As a result, eight putative β-xylosidases were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 competent cells. After purification using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, recombinant G. brachycerastes symbiotic β-xylosidases were characterized enzymatically, including their pH and temperature optimum. In addition to β-xylosidase activity, four of them also exhibited either β-glucosidase or α-arabinosidases activities, suggesting the existence of bifunctional hemicellulases in the gut microbiome of G. brachycerastes. In comparison to multimeric protein engineering, the involvement of naturally occurring multifunctional biocatalysts streamlines the genetic modification procedures and simplifies the overall production processes. Alternatively, these multimeric enzymes could serve as the substitutes for β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and α-arabinosidase to facilitate a wide range of industrial applications, including food processing, animal feed, environment and waste management, and biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Gen Zou
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xing Yan
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
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Lai MW, Liou RF. Two genes encoding GH10 xylanases are essential for the virulence of the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. Curr Genet 2018; 64:931-943. [PMID: 29470644 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are pivotal battlegrounds between microbial pathogens and their hosts. To penetrate the cell wall and thereby to facilitate infection, microbial pathogens are equipped with a wide array of cell wall-degrading enzymes to depolymerize the polysaccharides in the cell wall. However, many of these enzymes and their role in the pathogenesis of microbial pathogens are not characterized, especially those from Oomycetes. In this study, we analyzed the function of four putative endo-beta-1,4-xylanase-encoding genes (ppxyn1-ppxyn4) from Phytophthora parasitica, an oomycete plant pathogen known to cause severe disease in a wide variety of plant species. All four genes belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10). Recombinant proteins of ppxyn1, ppxyn2, and ppxyn4 obtained from the yeast Pichia pastoris showed degrading activities toward birch wood xylan, but they behaved differently in terms of the conditions for optimal activity, thermostability, and durability. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed upregulated expression of all four genes, especially ppxyn1 and ppxyn2, during plant infection. In contrast, ppxyn3 was highly expressed in cysts and its close homolog, ppxyn4, in germinating cysts. To uncover the role of ppxyn1 and ppxyn2 in the pathogenesis of P. parasitica, we generated silencing transformants for these two genes by double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing. Silencing ppxyn1 and ppxyn2 reduced the virulence of P. parasitica toward tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and tomato plants. These results demonstrate the crucial role of xylanase-encoding ppxyn1 and ppxyn2 in the infection process of P. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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35
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Dey P, Roy A. Molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of fungal family G acidophilic xylanases. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:78. [PMID: 29430342 PMCID: PMC5799109 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial applications of xylanases have made this enzyme an important subject of applied research work. Function of this particular enzyme is to degrade or hydrolyze the plentiful polysaccharide xylan, an important component of hemicellulose. It mainly cleaves the backbone of xylan that is made up of a number of xylose residues connected with β-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Fungi with mycelia are regarded as the best producer of xylanases. These varied xylanases not only differ in their sizes and shapes but also differ in their physicochemical properties. Depending on the optimum pH in which they work best, they have been classified into (1) acidophilic xylanases active at low pH or acidic pH range, (2) alkaliphilic xylanases that are active at high or alkaline pH range and (3) neutral xylanases having pH optima in the neutral range between pH 5 and 7. Other researchers have classified the xylanases also on the basis of their structural properties, kinetic parameters, etc. This review discusses the molecular structures of some acidophilic xylanases and the molecular basis of low pH optima observed for their activities. It also discusses their unique catalytic mechanism and actual role of the catalytic residues found in them. Apart from these, the review also discusses different applications of these acidophilic xylanases in different industries. The article concludes with brief suggestions about how these acidophilic xylanases can be created employing the techniques of genetic engineering and concepts of synthetic evolution, using the traits of the known acidophilic xylanases discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protyusha Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
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36
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Bioprocessing of agro-industrial residues for optimization of xylanase production by solid- state fermentation in flask and tray bioreactor. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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37
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Linares-Pastén JA, Aronsson A, Karlsson EN. Structural Considerations on the Use of Endo-Xylanases for the Production of prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides from Biomass. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2018; 19:48-67. [PMID: 27670134 PMCID: PMC5738707 DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160923155209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) have gained increased interest as prebiotics during the last years. XOS and arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) can be produced from major fractions of biomass including agricultural by-products and other low cost raw materials. Endo-xylanases are key enzymes for the production of (A)XOS from xylan. As the xylan structure is broadly diverse due to different substitutions, diverse endo-xylanases have evolved for its degradation. In this review structural and functional aspects are discussed, focusing on the potential applications of endo-xylanases in the production of differently substituted (A)XOS as emerging prebiotics, as well as their implication in the processing of the raw materials. Endo-xylanases are found in at least eight different glycoside hydrolase families (GH), and can either have a retaining or an inverting catalytic mechanism. To date, it is mainly retaining endo-xylanases that are used in applications to produce (A)XOS. Enzymes from these GH-families (mainly GH10 and GH11, and the more recently investigated GH30) are taken as prototypes to discuss substrate preferences and main products obtained. Finally, the need of new and accessory enzymes (new specificities from new families or sources) to increase the yield of different types of (A)XOS is discussed, along with in vitro tests of produced oligosaccharides and production of enzymes in GRAS organisms to facilitate use in functional food manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Aronsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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38
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Liu MQ, Huo WK, Xu X, Weng XY. Recombinant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens xylanase A expressed in Pichia pastoris and generation of xylooligosaccharides from xylans and wheat bran. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:656-663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Immobilized endo-xylanase of Aspergillus tamarii Kita: an interesting biological tool for production of xylooligosaccharides at high temperatures. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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40
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Kumar S, Arumugam N, Permaul K, Singh S. Chapter 5 Thermostable Enzymes and Their Industrial Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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41
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Chakdar H, Kumar M, Pandiyan K, Singh A, Nanjappan K, Kashyap PL, Srivastava AK. Bacterial xylanases: biology to biotechnology. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:150. [PMID: 28330222 PMCID: PMC4929084 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, a comprehensive discussion exclusively on bacterial xylanases; their gene organization; different factors and conditions affecting enzyme yield and activity; and their commercial application have been deliberated in the light of recent research findings and extensive information mining. Improved understanding of biological properties and genetics of bacterial xylanase will enable exploitation of these enzymes for many more ingenious biotechnological and industrial applications.
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García-Huante Y, Cayetano-Cruz M, Santiago-Hernández A, Cano-Ramírez C, Marsch-Moreno R, Campos JE, Aguilar-Osorio G, Benitez-Cardoza CG, Trejo-Estrada S, Hidalgo-Lara ME. The thermophilic biomass-degrading fungus Thielavia terrestris Co3Bag1 produces a hyperthermophilic and thermostable β-1,4-xylanase with exo- and endo-activity. Extremophiles 2016; 21:175-186. [PMID: 27900528 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A hyperthermophilic and thermostable xylanase of 82 kDa (TtXynA) was purified from the culture supernatant of T. terrestris Co3Bag1, grown on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and characterized biochemically. TtXynA showed optimal xylanolytic activity at pH 5.5 and at 85 °C, and retained more than 90% of its activity at a broad pH range (4.5-10). The enzyme is highly thermostable with a half-life of 23.1 days at 65 °C, and active in the presence of several metal ions. Circular dichroism spectra strongly suggest the enzyme gains secondary structures when temperature increases. TtXynA displayed higher substrate affinity and higher catalytic efficiency towards beechwood xylan than towards birchwood xylan, oat-spelt xylan, and CMC. According to its final hydrolysis products, TtXynA displays endo-/exo-activity, yielded xylobiose, an unknown oligosaccharide containing about five residues of xylose and a small amount of xylose on beechwood xylan. Finally, this report represents the description of the first fungal hyperthermophilic xylanase which is produced by T. terrestris Co3Bag1. Since TtXynA displays relevant biochemical properties, it may be a suitable candidate for biotechnological applications carried out at high temperatures, like the enzymatic pretreatment of plant biomass for the production of bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda García-Huante
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, CP 07360, México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maribel Cayetano-Cruz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, CP 07360, México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandro Santiago-Hernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, CP 07360, México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Cano-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, CP 07360, México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodolfo Marsch-Moreno
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, CP 07360, México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge E Campos
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Guillermo Aguilar-Osorio
- Grupo de Fisiología de Hongos, Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, UNAM. Cd. Universitaria, CP 04510, México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia G Benitez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, ENMH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239 La Escalera Ticomán, 07320, México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio Trejo-Estrada
- Grupo de Microbiología Industrial, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada-IPN, Km 1.5 Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla, Tlaxcala, México
| | - María Eugenia Hidalgo-Lara
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, CP 07360, México, Ciudad de México, México.
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Novel Trifunctional Xylanolytic Enzyme Axy43A from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus Strain B-6 Exhibiting Endo-Xylanase, β-d-Xylosidase, and Arabinoxylan Arabinofuranohydrolase Activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6942-6951. [PMID: 27663030 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02256-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The axy43A gene encoding the intracellular trifunctional xylanolytic enzyme from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Recombinant PcAxy43A consisting of a glycoside hydrolase family 43 and a family 6 carbohydrate-binding module exhibited endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, and arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase activities. PcAxy43A hydrolyzed xylohexaose and birch wood xylan to release a series of xylooligosaccharides, indicating that PcAxy43A contained endo-xylanase activity. PcAxy43A exhibited β-xylosidase activity toward a chromogenic substrate, p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside, and xylobiose, while it preferred to hydrolyze long-chain xylooligosaccharides rather than xylobiose. In addition, surprisingly, PcAxy43A showed arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase activity; that is, it released arabinose from both singly and doubly arabinosylated xylose, α-l-Araf-(1→2)-d-Xylp or α-l-Araf-(1→3)-d-Xylp and α-l-Araf-(1→2)-[α-l-Araf-(1→3)]-β-d-Xylp Moreover, the combination of PcAxy43A and P. curdlanolyticus B-6 endo-xylanase Xyn10C greatly improved the efficiency of xylose and arabinose production from the highly substituted rye arabinoxylan, suggesting that these two enzymes function synergistically to depolymerize arabinoxylan. Therefore, PcAxy43A has the potential for the saccharification of arabinoxylan into simple sugars for many applications. IMPORTANCE In this study, the glycoside hydrolase 43 (GH43) intracellular multifunctional endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, and arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (AXH) from P. curdlanolyticus B-6 were characterized. Interestingly, PcAxy43A AXH showed a new property that acted on both the C(O)-2 and C(O)-3 positions of xylose residues doubly substituted with arabinosyl, which usually obstruct the action of xylanolytic enzymes. Furthermore, the studies here show interesting properties for the processing of xylans from cereal grains, particularly rye arabinoxylan, and show a novel relationship between PcAxy43A and endo-xylanase Xyn10C from strain B-6, providing novel metabolic potential for processing arabinoxylans into xylose and arabinose.
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de Lima Brossi MJ, Jiménez DJ, Cortes-Tolalpa L, van Elsas JD. Soil-Derived Microbial Consortia Enriched with Different Plant Biomass Reveal Distinct Players Acting in Lignocellulose Degradation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:616-27. [PMID: 26487437 PMCID: PMC4788684 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigated how different plant biomass, and-for one substrate-pH, drive the composition of degrader microbial consortia. We bred such consortia from forest soil, incubated along nine aerobic sequential - batch enrichments with wheat straw (WS1, pH 7.2; WS2, pH 9.0), switchgrass (SG, pH 7.2), and corn stover (CS, pH 7.2) as carbon sources. Lignocellulosic compounds (lignin, cellulose and xylan) were best degraded in treatment SG, followed by CS, WS1 and WS2. In terms of composition, the consortia became relatively stable after transfers 4 to 6, as evidenced by PCR-DGGE profiles obtained from each consortium DNA. The final consortia differed by ~40 % (bacteria) and ~60 % (fungi) across treatments. A 'core' community represented by 5/16 (bacteria) and 3/14 (fungi) bands was discerned, next to a variable part. The composition of the final microbial consortia was strongly driven by the substrate, as taxonomically-diverse consortia appeared in the different substrate treatments, but not in the (WS) different pH one. Biodegradative strains affiliated to Sphingobacterium kitahiroshimense, Raoultella terrigena, Pseudomonas putida, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (bacteria), Coniochaeta ligniaria and Acremonium sp. (fungi) were recovered in at least three treatments, whereas strains affiliated to Delftia tsuruhatensis, Paenibacillus xylanexedens, Sanguibacter inulus and Comamonas jiangduensis were treatment-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia de Lima Brossi
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Diego Javier Jiménez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Larisa Cortes-Tolalpa
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Chen Q, Li M, Wang X. Enzymology properties of two different xylanases and their impacts on growth performance and intestinal microflora of weaned piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:18-23. [PMID: 29767038 PMCID: PMC5940991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme xylanase is more and more widely used in feed production, but different xylanase have different properties, mechanism and application effects. To provide a theoretical basis for choosing more suitable xylanase in feed production, we selected bacterial xylanase (BX), labeled enzyme A, and trichoderma xylanase (TX), labeled enzyme B, and studied the enzymology properties and application effects on growth performance and gut flora in weaned piglets. The results showed that the activity levels of both appear parabolic along with increasing pH or temperature, but the amplitude of enzyme activity changing curves and the pH/temperature of optimal activity level are different, where enzyme A has the optimal activity level at 50 °C with a pH value of 5.0. The optimal activity level of enzyme B was achieved at 70 °C with a pH around 6.0. Enzyme B suffered very little activity loss with moisture level at 16% and temperature from 80 °C to 90 °C. Enzyme A suffered a big drop in activity level when processed with high temperature from around 80 °C to 90 °C, and it was even completely inactivated at 90 °C. Enzyme A has very low activity level after being processed in acid environment, but enzyme B has minor changes in activity level with respect to changes in acid level, indicating significantly different enzymatic properties between the two different sources of xylanases. In feeding experiment, the control group, was fed the basal diet, and the BX group and TX group were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.01% bacterial and fungal xylanases, respectively. The results showed that ADG of the BX group and TX group increased by 3.25% (P > 0.05) and 8.22% (P < 0.05), respectively, and the feed conversion ratio decreased by 6.74% and 7.86% (P > 0.05), respectively compared with the control group; TX group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) ADG compared with BX group; BX group and TX group had significantly lower ileum Escherichia coli level than the control group, which were reduced by up to 12.98% (P < 0.05) and 11.68% (P < 0.05), respectively, but the ileal lactic acid bacteria levels were significantly increased by 16.21% (P < 0.01) and 27.02% (P < 0.01), respectively. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between BX group and TX group in terms of lactic acid bacteria E. coli level. We concluded that fungal xylanase (enzyme B) has better performances in improving weaned piglet growth and in increasing ileal lactic acid bacteria level compared with bacterial xylanase (enzyme A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengwei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Deshmukh RA, Jagtap S, Mandal MK, Mandal SK. Purification, biochemical characterization and structural modelling of alkali-stable β-1,4-xylan xylanohydrolase from Aspergillus fumigatus R1 isolated from soil. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 26847222 PMCID: PMC4743132 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus fumigatus R1 produced xylanase under submerged fermentation which degrades the complex hemicelluloses contained in agricultural substrates. Xylanases have gained considerable attention because of their tremendous applications in industries. The purpose of our study was to purify xylanase and study its biochemical properties. We have predicted the secondary structure of purified xylanase and evaluated its active site residues and substrate binding sites based on the global and local structural similarity. Results Various microorganisms were isolated from Puducherry soil and screened by Congo-red test. The best isolate was identified to be Aspergillus fumigatus R1. The production kinetics showed the highest xylanase production (208 IU/ml) by this organism in 96 h using 1 % rice bran as the only carbon source. The purification of extracellular xylanase was carried out by fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation (30–55 %), followed by extensive dialysis and Bio-Gel P-60 Gel-filtration chromatography. The enzyme was purified 58.10 folds with a specific activity of 38196.22 IU/mg. The biochemical characterization of the pure enzyme was carried out for its optimum pH and temperature (5.0 and 500C), pH and temperature stability, molecular mass (Mr) (24.5 kDa) and pI (6.29). The complete sequence of protein was obtained by mass spectrometry analysis. Apparent Km and Vmax values of the xylanase for birchwood xylan were 11.66 mg/ml and 87.6 μmol min−1 mg−1 respectively. Conclusion Purified xylanase was analyzed by mass-spectrometry which revealed 2 unique peptides. Xylanase under current study showed significant production using agricultural residues and a broad range of pH stability in the alkaline region. Xylanase produced by Aspergillus fumigatus R1 could serve as the enzyme of choice in industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Ahmed Deshmukh
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Sharmili Jagtap
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Madan Kumar Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Suraj Kumar Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
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Goluguri BR, Thulluri C, Addepally U, Shetty PR. Novel alkali-thermostable xylanase from Thielaviopsis basicola (MTCC 1467): Purification and kinetic characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:823-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liao H, Zheng H, Li S, Wei Z, Mei X, Ma H, Shen Q, Xu Y. Functional diversity and properties of multiple xylanases from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26224514 PMCID: PMC4519791 DOI: 10.1038/srep12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiple xylanase system with high levels of xylanase activity produced from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 using agricultural waste as a substrate has been previously reported. However, the eco-physiological properties and origin of the multiplicity of xylanases remain unclear. In the present study, eight active bands were detected using zymography, and all bands were identified as putative xylanases using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. These putative xylanases are encoded by six different xylanase genes. To evaluate the functions and eco-physiological properties of xylanase genes, xyn10A, xyn11A, xyn10B and xyn11B were expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzymes xyn10A and xyn10B belong to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10 xylanases, while xyn11A and xyn11B belong to GH11 xylanases. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant proteins revealed that all enzymes exhibited xylanase activity against xylans but with different substrate specificities, properties and kinetic parameters. These results demonstrated that the production of multiple xylanases in P. oxalicum GZ-2 was attributed to the genetic redundancy of xylanases and the post-translational modifications, providing insight into a more diverse xylanase system for the efficient degradation of complex hemicelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Liao
- 1] National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China [2] Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Zhong Ke Road, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Haiping Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuixian Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinlan Mei
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- College of plant protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Zhao L, Geng J, Guo Y, Liao X, Liu X, Wu R, Zheng Z, Zhang R. Expression of the Thermobifida fusca xylanase Xyn11A in Pichia pastoris and its characterization. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:18. [PMID: 25887328 PMCID: PMC4369062 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylan is a major component of plant cells and the most abundant hemicellulose. Xylanases degrade xylan into monomers by randomly cleaving β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in the xylan backbone, and have widespread potential applications in various industries. The purpose of our study was to clone and express the endoxylanase gene xynA of Thermobifida fusca YX in its native form and with a C-terminal histidine (His) tag in Pichia pastoris X-33. We analyzed and compared these two forms of the protein and examined their potential applications in various industries. RESULTS The xynA gene from T. fusca YX was successfully cloned and expressed using P. pastoris X-33. We produced a recombinant native form of the protein (rXyn11A) and a C-terminal His-tagged form of the desired protein (rXyn11A-(His)6). The specific activities of rXyn11A and rXyn11A-(His)6 in culture supernatants approached 149.4 and 133.4 U/mg, respectively. These activities were approximately 4- and 3.5-fold higher than those for the non-recombinant wild-type Xyn11A (29.3 U/mg). Following purification, the specific activities of rXyn11A and rXyn11A-(His)6 were 557.35 and 515.84 U/mg, respectively. The specific activity of rXyn11A was 8% higher than that of rXyn11A-(His)6. Both recombinant xylanases were optimally active at 80°C and pH 8.0, and exhibited greater than 60% activity between pH 6-9 and 60-80°C. They exhibited similar pH stability, while rXyn11A exhibited better thermostability; N-glycosylation enhanced the thermostability of both recombinant xylanases. The products of beechwood xylan hydrolyzed by both xylanases included xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose and xylopentaose. CONCLUSIONS The C-terminal His tag had adverse effects when added to the Xyn11A protein. The thermostability of both recombinant xylanases was enhanced by N-glycosylation. Their stabilities at a high pH and temperature indicate their potential for application in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Zhao
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiang Geng
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yaoqi Guo
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Rujuan Wu
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Rijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Huang CL, Pu PH, Huang HJ, Sung HM, Liaw HJ, Chen YM, Chen CM, Huang MB, Osada N, Gojobori T, Pai TW, Chen YT, Hwang CC, Chiang TY. Ecological genomics in Xanthomonas: the nature of genetic adaptation with homologous recombination and host shifts. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:188. [PMID: 25879893 PMCID: PMC4372319 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative genomics provides insights into the diversification of bacterial species. Bacterial speciation usually takes place with lasting homologous recombination, which not only acts as a cohering force between diverging lineages but brings advantageous alleles favored by natural selection, and results in ecologically distinct species, e.g., frequent host shift in Xanthomonas pathogenic to various plants. RESULTS Using whole-genome sequences, we examined the genetic divergence in Xanthomonas campestris that infected Brassicaceae, and X. citri, pathogenic to a wider host range. Genetic differentiation between two incipient races of X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae was attributable to a DNA fragment introduced by phages. In contrast to most portions of the genome that had nearly equivalent levels of genetic divergence between subspecies as a result of the accumulation of point mutations, 10% of the core genome involving with homologous recombination contributed to the diversification in Xanthomonas, as revealed by the correlation between homologous recombination and genomic divergence. Interestingly, 179 genes were under positive selection; 98 (54.7%) of these genes were involved in homologous recombination, indicating that foreign genetic fragments may have caused the adaptive diversification, especially in lineages with nutritional transitions. Homologous recombination may have provided genetic materials for the natural selection, and host shifts likely triggered ecological adaptation in Xanthomonas. To a certain extent, we observed positive selection nevertheless contributed to ecological divergence beyond host shifting. CONCLUSION Altogether, mediated with lasting gene flow, species formation in Xanthomonas was likely governed by natural selection that played a key role in helping the deviating populations to explore novel niches (hosts) or respond to environmental cues, subsequently triggering species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Li Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Hua Pu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Jiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Min Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ming Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ban Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Naoki Osada
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Yata, Japan.
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Yata, Japan.
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Tin Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chuan Hwang
- Department of Engineering Science and Supercomputing Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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