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Wigand C, Oczkowski AJ, Branoff BL, Eagle M, Hanson A, Martin RM, Balogh S, Miller KM, Huertas E, Loffredo J, Watson EB. Recent Nitrogen Storage and Accumulation Rates in Mangrove Soils Exceed Historic Rates in the Urbanized San Juan Bay Estuary (Puerto Rico, United States). FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2021; 4:1-765896. [PMID: 35059638 PMCID: PMC8765364 DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2021.765896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropical mangrove forests have been described as "coastal kidneys," promoting sediment deposition and filtering contaminants, including excess nutrients. Coastal areas throughout the world are experiencing increased human activities, resulting in altered geomorphology, hydrology, and nutrient inputs. To effectively manage and sustain coastal mangroves, it is important to understand nitrogen (N) storage and accumulation in systems where human activities are causing rapid changes in N inputs and cycling. We examined N storage and accumulation rates in recent (1970 - 2016) and historic (1930 - 1970) decades in the context of urbanization in the San Juan Bay Estuary (SJBE, Puerto Rico), using mangrove soil cores that were radiometrically dated. Local anthropogenic stressors can alter N storage rates in peri-urban mangrove systems either directly by increasing N soil fertility or indirectly by altering hydrology (e.g., dredging, filling, and canalization). Nitrogen accumulation rates were greater in recent decades than historic decades at Piñones Forest and Martin Peña East. Martin Peña East was characterized by high urbanization, and Piñones, by the least urbanization in the SJBE. The mangrove forest at Martin Peña East fringed a poorly drained canal and often received raw sewage inputs, with N accumulation rates ranging from 17.7 to 37.9 g -2 y-1 in recent decades. The Piñones Forest was isolated and had low flushing, possibly exacerbated by river damming, with N accumulation rates ranging from 18.6 to 24.2 g -2 y-1 in recent decades. Nearly all (96.3%) of the estuary-wide mangrove N (9.4 Mg ha-1) was stored in the soils with 7.1 Mg ha-1 sequestered during 1970-2017 (0-18 cm) and 2.3 Mg ha-1 during 1930-1970 (19-28 cm). Estuary-wide mangrove soil N accumulation rates were over twice as great in recent decades (0.18 ± 0.002 Mg ha-1y-1) than historically (0.08 ± 0.001 Mg ha-1y-1). Nitrogen accumulation rates in SJBE mangrove soils in recent times were twofold larger than the rate of human-consumed food N that is exported as wastewater (0.08 Mg ha-1 y-1), suggesting the potential for mangroves to sequester human-derived N. Conservation and effective management of mangrove forests and their surrounding watersheds in the Anthropocene are important for maintaining water quality in coastal communities throughout tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Wigand
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Autumn J. Oczkowski
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Branoff
- Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Gulf Breeze, FL, United States
| | - Meagan Eagle
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Alana Hanson
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Rose M. Martin
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Narragansett, RI, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Stephen Balogh
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Miller
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Alexandria, VA, United States
| | - Evelyn Huertas
- Caribbean Environmental Protection Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Guaynabo, PR, United States
| | - Joseph Loffredo
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth B. Watson
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Science, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Athen SR, Dubey S, Kyndt JA. The Eastern Nebraska Salt Marsh Microbiome Is Well Adapted to an Alkaline and Extreme Saline Environment. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:446. [PMID: 34063450 PMCID: PMC8156497 DOI: 10.3390/life11050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Nebraska Salt Marshes contain a unique, alkaline, and saline wetland area that is a remnant of prehistoric oceans that once covered this area. The microbial composition of these salt marshes, identified by metagenomic sequencing, appears to be different from well-studied coastal salt marshes as it contains bacterial genera that have only been found in cold-adapted, alkaline, saline environments. For example, Rubribacterium was only isolated before from an Eastern Siberian soda lake, but appears to be one of the most abundant bacteria present at the time of sampling of the Eastern Nebraska Salt Marshes. Further enrichment, followed by genome sequencing and metagenomic binning, revealed the presence of several halophilic, alkalophilic bacteria that play important roles in sulfur and carbon cycling, as well as in nitrogen fixation within this ecosystem. Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, belonging to Prosthecochloris and Marichromatium, and chemotrophic sulfur bacteria of the genera Sulfurimonas, Arcobacter, and Thiomicrospira produce valuable oxidized sulfur compounds for algal and plant growth, while alkaliphilic, sulfur-reducing bacteria belonging to Sulfurospirillum help balance the sulfur cycle. This metagenome-based study provides a baseline to understand the complex, but balanced, syntrophic microbial interactions that occur in this unique inland salt marsh environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A. Kyndt
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA; (S.R.A.); (S.D.)
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