1
|
Apakupakul K, Duncan M, Subramaniam K, Brenn-White M, Palmer JL, Viadanna PHO, Vann JA, Adamovicz L, Waltzek TB, Deem SL. Ranavirus (Frog Virus 3) Infection in Free-Living Three-Toed Box Turtles (Terrapene mexicana triunguis) in Missouri, USA. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:151-163. [PMID: 37921651 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Frog virus 3 (FV3) and related ranaviruses are emerging infectious disease threats to ectothermic vertebrate species globally. Although the impact of these viruses on amphibian health is relatively well studied, less is understood about their effects on reptile health. We report two cases of FV3 infection, 11 mo apart, in three-toed box turtles (Terrapene mexicana triunguis) from a wildlife rehabilitation center. Case 1 had upper respiratory signs upon intake but had no clinical signs at the time of euthanasia 1 mo later. Case 2 presented for vehicular trauma, had ulcerative pharyngitis and glossitis, and died overnight. In case 1, we detected FV3 nucleic acid with qPCR in oral swabs, kidney, liver, spleen, and tongue. In case 2, we detected FV3 in an oral swab, an oral plaque, heart, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, and tongue. We also detected FV3 nucleic acid with in situ hybridization for case 2. For both cases, FV3 was isolated in cell culture and identified with DNA sequencing. Histopathologic examination of postmortem tissue from case 1 was unremarkable, whereas acute hemorrhagic pneumonia and splenic necrosis were noted in case 2. The difference in clinical signs between the two cases may have been due to differences in the temporal course of FV3 disease at the time of necropsy. Failure to detect this infection previously in Missouri reptiles may be due to lack of surveillance, although cases may also represent a novel spillover to box turtles in Missouri. Our findings reiterate previous suggestions that the range of FV3 infection may be greater than previously documented and that infection may occur in host species yet to be tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Apakupakul
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, 1 Government Dr., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Mary Duncan
- Saint Louis Zoo Department of Animal Health, 1 Government Dr., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd., Bldg. 0471, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Maris Brenn-White
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, 1 Government Dr., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jamie L Palmer
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, 1 Government Dr., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pedro H O Viadanna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd., Bldg. 0471, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Jordan A Vann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd., Bldg. 0471, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Laura Adamovicz
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd., Bldg. 0471, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Current affiliation: Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647034, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, 1 Government Dr., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu XD, Ke F, Zhang QY, Gui JF. Genome Characteristics of Two Ranavirus Isolates from Mandarin Fish and Largemouth Bass. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050730. [PMID: 37242400 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are promiscuous pathogens that threaten lower vertebrates globally. In the present study, two ranaviruses (SCRaV and MSRaV) were isolated from two fishes of the order Perciformes: mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The two ranaviruses both induced cytopathic effects in cultured cells from fish and amphibians and have the typical morphologic characteristics of ranaviruses. Complete genomes of the two ranaviruses were then sequenced and analyzed. Genomes of SCRaV and MSRaV have a length of 99, 405, and 99, 171 bp, respectively, and both contain 105 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Eleven of the predicted proteins have differences between SCRaV and MSRaV, in which only one (79L) possessed a relatively large difference. A comparison of the sequenced six ranaviruses from the two fish species worldwide revealed that sequence identities of the six proteins (11R, 19R, 34L, 68L, 77L, and 103R) were related to the place where the virus was isolated. However, there were obvious differences in protein sequence identities between the two viruses and iridoviruses from other hosts, with more than half lower than 55%. Especially, 12 proteins of the two isolates had no homologs in viruses from other hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ranaviruses from the two fishes clustered in one clade. Further genome alignment showed five groups of genome arrangements of ranaviruses based on the locally collinear blocks, in which the ranaviruses, including SCRaV and MSRaV, constitute the fifth group. These results provide new information on the ranaviruses infecting fishes of Perciformes and also are useful for further research of functional genomics of the type of ranaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dong Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Ke
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ke F, Zhang QY. ADRV 12L: A Ranaviral Putative Rad2 Family Protein Involved in DNA Recombination and Repair. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050908. [PMID: 35632650 PMCID: PMC9146916 DOI: 10.3390/v14050908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV) is a member of the family Iridoviridae and belongs to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Based on genomic analysis, an ADRV-encoding protein, ADRV 12L, and its homologs from other iridoviruses were predicted as Rad2 family proteins based on the conserved amino acids, domains, and secondary structures. Expression analysis showed that the transcription of ADRV 12L started at 4 h post infection, and its expression was not inhibited by a DNA-replication inhibitor. Meanwhile, immunofluorescence localization showed that ADRV 12L mainly localized in viral factories and colocalized with the viral nascent DNA, which hinted at a possible role in DNA replication. Furthermore, a mutant ADRV lacking 12L (ADRV-Δ12L) was constructed. In both luciferase assays based on homologous recombination (HR) and double-strand break repair (DSBR) that followed, ADRV-Δ12L induced less luciferase activity than the wild-type ADRV, indicating that HR and DSBR were impaired in ADRV-Δ12L infected cells. In addition, infection with ADRV-Δ12L resulted in smaller plaque sizes and lower viral titers than that with wild-type ADRV, indicating an important role for 12L in efficient virus infection. Therefore, the results suggest that Rad2 homologs encoded by iridovirus have important roles in HR- and DSBR-process of the viral DNA and, thus, affect virus replication and the production of progeny virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-6878-0002
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|