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Oh JJ, Jaggi U, Tormanen K, Wang S, Hirose S, Ghiasi H. The anti-apoptotic function of HSV-1 LAT in neuronal cell cultures but not its function during reactivation correlates with expression of two small non-coding RNAs, sncRNA1&2. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012307. [PMID: 38857310 PMCID: PMC11192303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple functions are associated with HSV-1 latency associated transcript (LAT), including establishment of latency, virus reactivation, and antiapoptotic activity. LAT encodes two sncRNAs that are not miRNAs and previously it was shown that they have antiapoptotic activity in vitro. To determine if we can separate the antiapoptotic function of LAT from its latency-reactivation function, we deleted sncRNA1 and sncRNA2 sequences in HSV-1 strain McKrae, creating ΔsncRNA1&2 recombinant virus. Deletion of the sncRNA1&2 in ΔsncRNA1&2 virus was confirmed by complete sequencing of ΔsncRNA1&2 virus and its parental virus. Replication of ΔsncRNA1&2 virus in tissue culture or in the eyes of WT infected mice was similar to that of HSV-1 strain McKrae (LAT-plus) and dLAT2903 (LAT-minus) viruses. The levels of gB DNA in trigeminal ganglia (TG) of mice latently infected with ΔsncRNA1&2 virus was intermediate to that of dLAT2903 and McKrae infected mice, while levels of LAT in TG of latently infected ΔsncRNA1&2 mice was significantly higher than in McKrae infected mice. Similarly, the levels of LAT expression in Neuro-2A cells infected with ΔsncRNA1&2 virus was significantly higher than in McKrae infected cells. Reactivation in TG of ΔsncRNA1&2 infected mice was similar to that of McKrae and time of reactivation in both groups were significantly faster than dLAT2903 infected mice. However, levels of apoptosis in Neuro-2A cells infected with ΔsncRNA1&2 virus was similar to that of dLAT2903 and significantly higher than that of McKrae infected cells. Our results suggest that the antiapoptotic function of LAT resides within the two sncRNAs, which works independently of its latency-reactivation function and it has suppressive effect on LAT expression in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J. Oh
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC–SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC–SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC–SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC–SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC–SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC–SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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2
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Small Noncoding RNA (sncRNA1) within the Latency-Associated Transcript Modulates Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Virulence and the Host Immune Response during Acute but Not Latent Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0005422. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00054-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) plays a major role in establishing latency and reactivation; however, the mechanism by which LAT controls these processes is largely unknown. In this study, we sought to establish the role of the small noncoding RNA1 (sncRNA1) encoded within LAT during HSV-1 ocular infection. Our results suggest that sncRNA1 has a protective role during acute ocular infection by modulating the innate immune response to infection.
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Chang W, Jiao X, Sui H, Goswami S, Sherman BT, Fromont C, Caravaca JM, Tran B, Imamichi T. Complete Genome Sequence of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Strain G. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030536. [PMID: 35336943 PMCID: PMC8954253 DOI: 10.3390/v14030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common causative agent of genital tract infections. Moreover, HSV-2 and HIV infection can mutually increase the risk of acquiring another virus infection. Due to the high GC content and highly repetitive regions in HSV-2 genomes, only the genomes of four strains have been completely sequenced (HG52, 333, SD90e, and MS). Strain G is commonly used for HSV-2 research, but only a partial genome sequence has been assembled with Illumina sequencing reads. In the current study, we de novo assembled and annotated the complete genome of strain G using PacBio long sequencing reads, which can span the repetitive regions, analyzed the ‘α’ sequence, which plays key roles in HSV-2 genome circulation, replication, cleavage, and packaging of progeny viral DNA, identified the packaging signals homologous to HSV-1 within the ‘α’ sequence, and determined both termini of the linear genome and cleavage site for the process of concatemeric HSV-2 DNA produced via rolling-circle replication. In addition, using Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing reads, we visualized four HSV-2 genome isomers at the nucleotide level for the first time. Furthermore, the coding sequences of HSV-2 strain G have been compared with those of HG52, 333, and MS. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of strain G and other diverse HSV-2 strains has been conducted to determine their evolutionary relationship. The results will aid clinical research and treatment development of HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Chang
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (T.I.); Tel.: +1-(301)-846-6295 (W.C.); +1-(301)-846-5450 (T.I.)
| | - Xiaoli Jiao
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Hongyan Sui
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Suranjana Goswami
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Brad T. Sherman
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Caroline Fromont
- Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (J.M.C.); (B.T.)
| | - Juan Manuel Caravaca
- Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (J.M.C.); (B.T.)
| | - Bao Tran
- Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (J.M.C.); (B.T.)
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (T.I.); Tel.: +1-(301)-846-6295 (W.C.); +1-(301)-846-5450 (T.I.)
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4
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Krishnan R, Stuart PM. Developments in Vaccination for Herpes Simplex Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:798927. [PMID: 34950127 PMCID: PMC8691362 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.798927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an alpha herpes virus, with two subtypes: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. It is the cause of severe neonatal infections and a leading cause of infectious blindness in the Western world. As of 2016, 13.2% of the global population ages 15-49 were existing with HSV-2 infection and 66.6% with HSV-1. This high prevalence of disease and the fact that resistance to current therapies is on the rise makes it imperative to develop and discover new methods of HSV prevention and management. Among the arsenal of therapies/treatments for this virus has been the development of a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine to prevent the complications of HSV reactivation. Our current understanding of the immune responses involved in latency and reactivation provides a unique challenge to the development of vaccines. There are no approved vaccines currently available for either prophylaxis or therapy. However, there are various promising candidates in the pre-clinical and clinical phases of study. Vaccines are being developed with two broad focuses: preventative and therapeutic, some with a dual use as both immunotherapeutic and prophylactic. Within this article, we will review the current guidelines for the treatment of herpes simplex infections, our understanding of the immunological pathways involved, and novel vaccine candidates in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick M. Stuart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Uyar O, Plante PL, Piret J, Venable MC, Carbonneau J, Corbeil J, Boivin G. A novel bioluminescent herpes simplex virus 1 for in vivo monitoring of herpes simplex encephalitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18688. [PMID: 34548521 PMCID: PMC8455621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE), associated with a 70% mortality rate in the absence of treatment. Despite intravenous treatment with acyclovir, mortality remains significant, highlighting the need for new anti-herpetic agents. Herein, we describe a novel neurovirulent recombinant HSV-1 (rHSV-1), expressing the fluorescent tdTomato and Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) enzyme, generated by the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)—CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR-Cas9) system. The Gluc activity measured in the cell culture supernatant was correlated (P = 0.0001) with infectious particles, allowing in vitro monitoring of viral replication kinetics. A significant correlation was also found between brain viral titers and Gluc activity in plasma (R2 = 0.8510, P < 0.0001) collected from BALB/c mice infected intranasally with rHSV-1. Furthermore, evaluation of valacyclovir (VACV) treatment of HSE could also be performed by analyzing Gluc activity in mouse plasma samples. Finally, it was also possible to study rHSV-1 dissemination and additionally to estimate brain viral titers by in vivo imaging system (IVIS). The new rHSV-1 with reporter proteins is not only as a powerful tool for in vitro and in vivo antiviral screening, but can also be used for studying different aspects of HSE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olus Uyar
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Plante
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine and Big Data Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Venable
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Corbeil
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine and Big Data Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Center and Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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6
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Sui H, Chen Q, Imamichi T. Cytoplasmic-translocated Ku70 senses intracellular DNA and mediates interferon-lambda1 induction. Immunology 2021; 163:323-337. [PMID: 33548066 PMCID: PMC8207419 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified that human Ku70, a nuclear protein, serves as a cytosolic DNA sensor. Upon transfection with DNA or infection with DNA virus, Ku70 translocates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and then predominately induces interferon lambda1 (IFN-λ1) rather than IFN-alpha or IFN-beta, through a STING-dependent signalling pathway. However, a detailed mechanism for Ku70 cytoplasmic translocation and its correlation with IFN-λ1 induction have not been fully elucidated. Here, we observed that cytoplasmic translocation of Ku70 only occurred in DNA-triggered IFN-λ1-inducible cells. Additionally, infection by Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), a DNA virus, induces cytoplasmic translocation of Ku70 and IFN-λ1 induction in a strain-dependent manner: the translocation and IFN-λ1 induction were detected upon infection by HSV-1 McKrae, but not MacIntyre, strain. A kinetic analysis indicated that cytoplasmic translocation of Ku70 was initiated right after DNA transfection and was peaked at 6 hr after DNA stimulation. Furthermore, treatment with leptomycin B, a nuclear export inhibitor, inhibited both Ku70 translocation and IFN-λ1 induction, suggesting that Ku70 translocation is an essential and early event for its cytosolic DNA sensing. We further confirmed that enhancing the acetylation status of the cells promotes Ku70's cytoplasmic accumulation, and therefore increases DNA-mediated IFN-λ1 induction. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism by which the versatile sensor detects pathogenic DNA in a localization-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sui
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and ImmunoinformaticsFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Qian Chen
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and ImmunoinformaticsFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and ImmunoinformaticsFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
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7
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Renner DW, Parsons L, Shreve JT, Engel EA, Kuny CV, Enquist L, Neumann D, Mangold C, Szpara ML. Genome Sequence of the Virulent Model Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Strain McKrae Demonstrates the Presence of at Least Two Widely Used Variant Strains. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e01146-19. [PMID: 33766904 PMCID: PMC7996463 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01146-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain McKrae was isolated in 1965 and has been utilized by many laboratories. Three HSV-1 strain McKrae stocks have been sequenced previously, revealing discrepancies in key genes. We sequenced the genome of HSV-1 strain McKrae from the laboratory of James M. Hill to better understand the genetic differences between isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Renner
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lance Parsons
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jacob T Shreve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Esteban A Engel
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chad V Kuny
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Donna Neumann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Colleen Mangold
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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