1
|
Li J, Saha M, Majzoub ME, Yang T, Chu H, Thomas T, Weinberger F, Egan S. Non-selective microbiota reduction after the elicitation of a seaweed's immune response. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13268. [PMID: 38761002 PMCID: PMC11101764 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is an integral part of the innate immune system of many eukaryotic hosts, assisting in the defence against pathogen invasions. In plants and animals, PTI exerts a selective pressure on the microbiota that can alter community composition. However, the effect of PTI on the microbiota for non-model hosts, including seaweeds, remains unknown. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction complemented with 16S rRNA gene and transcript amplicon sequencing, this study profiled the impact that PTI of the red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis has on its microbiota. PTI elicitation with agar oligosaccharides resulted in a significant reduction in the number of bacteria (by >75% within 72 h after treatment). However, the PTI elicitation did not cause any significant difference in the community diversity or structure. These findings demonstrated that PTI can be non-selective, and this might help to maintain a stable microbiota by uniformly reducing bacterial loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mahasweta Saha
- Marine Ecology DivisionGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
- Marine Ecology and BiodiversityPlymouth Marine LaboratoryPlymouthUK
| | - Marwan E. Majzoub
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Teng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
- Institute of Soil ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Florian Weinberger
- Marine Ecology DivisionGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xing Q, Cabioch L, Desrut A, Le Corguillé G, Rousvoal S, Dartevelle L, Rolland E, Guitton Y, Potin P, Markov GV, Faugeron S, Leblanc C. Aldehyde perception induces specific molecular responses in Laminaria digitata and affects algal consumption by a specialist grazer. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1617-1632. [PMID: 37658798 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
In the marine environment, distance signaling based on water-borne cues occurs during interactions between macroalgae and herbivores. In the brown alga Laminaria digitata from North-Atlantic Brittany, oligoalginates elicitation or grazing was shown to induce chemical and transcriptomic regulations, as well as emission of a wide range of volatile aldehydes, but their biological roles as potential defense or warning signals in response to herbivores remain unknown. In this context, bioassays using the limpet Patella pellucida and L. digitata were carried out for determining the effects of algal transient incubation with 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and dodecadienal on algal consumption by grazers. Simultaneously, we have developed metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to study algal molecular responses after treatments of L. digitata with these chemical compounds. The results indicated that, unlike the treatment of the plantlets with 4-HNE or dodecadienal, treatment with 4-HHE decreases algal consumption by herbivores at 100 ng.ml-1 . Moreover, we showed that algal metabolome was significantly modified according to the type of aldehydes, and more specifically the metabolite pathways linked to fatty acid degradation. RNAseq analysis further showed that 4-HHE at 100 ng.ml-1 can activate the regulation of genes related to oxylipin signaling pathways and specific responses, compared to oligoalginates elicitation. As kelp beds constitute complex ecosystems consisting of habitat and food source for marine herbivores, the algal perception of specific aldehydes leading to targeted molecular regulations could have an important biological role on kelps/grazers interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Xing
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Léa Cabioch
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centro de Conservación Marina and CeBiB, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoine Desrut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Gildas Le Corguillé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, ABIMS Platform, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Sylvie Rousvoal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Laurence Dartevelle
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Elodie Rolland
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Philippe Potin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Gabriel V Markov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Sylvain Faugeron
- Centro de Conservación Marina and CeBiB, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu W, Zou H, Wu S, Li N, Pang Q, Yan X. Growth promotion of Sargassum fusiforme by epiphytic microbes is dependent on the extent of interspecific interactions of the microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165449. [PMID: 37437642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Profound growth differences such as seedling length and biomass are often observed during the cultivation of Sargassum fusiforme despite the absence of detectable variance in abiotic factors that could have affected this process. This highlights the importance of biotic factors such as epiphytic microbiota in controlling seedling growth. Yet, how, and to what extent microbial activities can affect host growth in the presence of seawater flow and continuous erosion remains debatable. Particularly, the contribution of microbial network interactions to the growth of macroalgae remains poorly understood. This study aimed to compare the physicochemical properties of S. fusiforme seedlings via 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing-based profiling of the epiphytic microbial communities of seedlings with different lengths. Significantly different epiphytic bacterial communities were observed among S. fusiforme seedlings of different lengths. The result showed that community from longer seedlings maintained higher bacterial diversity with the taxa Gammaproteobacteria, Burkholderiales, Alteromonadales, Vibrionaceae, Ralstonia, Colwelliaceae, and Thalassotalea being selectively enriched. More importantly, microbial interspecific interactions, which were predominantly positive, were enhanced consistently in communities of the longer seedlings, indicative of reinforced prevalent and mutually cooperative relationships among the microorganisms associated with S. fusiforme seedlings of greater length. Furthermore, longer seedlings also displayed up-regulation of microbial functional potentials involved in N fixation and mineralization, P mineralization and transportation, and ion transportation compared with shorter ones. Lastly, stochastic processes dominated the community assembly of the epiphytic microorganisms. These findings could provide new insights into the relationship between microbial communities and growth in S. fusiforme seedlings and enable us to predict the community diversity and assembly of macroalgae-associated microbial communities. This could have important implications for linking microbial community diversity and network interactions to their host productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhong-Xin Street, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Institute for Eco-environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Ouhai Avenue, Wenzhou 325014, China
| | - Huixi Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhong-Xin Street, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Institute for Eco-environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Ouhai Avenue, Wenzhou 325014, China
| | - Shengwei Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhong-Xin Street, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Nan Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhong-Xin Street, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qiuying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiufeng Yan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhong-Xin Street, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Institute for Eco-environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Ouhai Avenue, Wenzhou 325014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salgado LT, Oliveira LS, Echevarria-Lima J, Reis VM, Sudatti DB, Thompson FL, Pereira RC. Role of ABC Proteins in Secondary Metabolism and Immune (=Defensive) Response in Seaweeds. Cells 2023; 12:2259. [PMID: 37759481 PMCID: PMC10526433 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Laurencia seaweed species synthesize a broad range of secondary metabolites, mainly terpenes (e.g., elatol), exhibiting diverse ecological roles, such as defense against fouling and herbivores. Recently, an intricate cellular machinery was described concerning terpenes biosynthetic pathways, storage inside corps en cerise (CC), and regulated exocytosis in these species. But for seaweeds in general, the proteins involved in transmembrane transport of secondary metabolites remain unknown. Assays with Rhodamine-123 and cyclosporine A (CSA) revealed the presence of ABC transporters in CC membrane of Laurencia dendroidea. In vivo incubation assays with CSA resulted in CC morphological changes, reduced intracellular elatol concentrations, and increased biofouling cover on the seaweed surface. Cultivation assays in the presence of a marine pathogenic bacteria induced the expression of ABC proteins belonging to the subfamilies ABCB, ABCD, ABCF, and ABCG. The latter subfamily is known to be associated with the transport of plant terpenes. Our results shed new light on the role of ABC proteins in key mechanisms of the defensive system in seaweeds against fouling and herbivory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo T. Salgado
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil;
| | - Louisi S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Marinha, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira—IEAPM, Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Juliana Echevarria-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Aplicada, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil;
| | - Vanessa M. Reis
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil;
| | - Daniela B. Sudatti
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil;
| | - Fabiano L. Thompson
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, SAGE-COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil;
| | - Renato C. Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prasedya ES, Padmi H, Ilhami BTK, Martyasari NWR, Sunarwidhi AL, Widyastuti S, Khairinisa MA, Cokrowati N, Simangunsong EE, Frediansyah A. Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:8585. [PMID: 36500679 PMCID: PMC9741006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown macroalgae Sargassum has been reported for its anti-UV and photoprotective potential for industrial applications. This study evaluated the melanin inhibition activity of Sargassum cristaefolium (SCE) ethanol extract. Melanogenesis inhibition by SCE was assessed in vitro with B16-F10 melanoma cell models and in silico against melanin regulatory proteins Tyrosinase (TYR) and Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R). The regulatory properties evaluated were the melanin content, intracellular tyrosinase activity and cellular antioxidant activities. In addition, the bioactive compounds detected in SCE were subjected to molecular docking against TYR and MC1R. Based on the results, 150 µg/mL SCE effectively inhibited the production of melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity. Cellular tyrosinase activity was reduced by SCE-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results were comparable to the standard tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid. In addition, SCE effectively decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in B16-F10 cells. The antioxidant properties may also contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, LCMS UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS profiling detected 33 major compounds. The results based on in silico study revealed that the bioactive compound putative kaurenoic acid showed a strong binding affinity against TYR (-6.5 kcal/mol) and MC1R (-8.6 kcal/mol). However, further molecular analyses are needed to confirm the mechanism of SCE on melanin inhibition. Nevertheless, SCE is proposed as an anti-melanogenic and antioxidant agent, which could be further developed into cosmetic skin care products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Mataram, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Hasriaton Padmi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Bq Tri Khairina Ilhami
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Ni Wayan Riyani Martyasari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | | | - Sri Widyastuti
- Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Miski Aghnia Khairinisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nunik Cokrowati
- Aquaculture Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Mataram 83127, Indonesia
| | | | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Wonosari 55861, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Role and Evolution of the Extracellular Matrix in the Acquisition of Complex Multicellularity in Eukaryotes: A Macroalgal Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071059. [PMID: 34356075 PMCID: PMC8307928 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular eukaryotes are characterized by an expanded extracellular matrix (ECM) with a diversified composition. The ECM is involved in determining tissue texture, screening cells from the outside medium, development, and innate immunity, all of which are essential features in the biology of multicellular eukaryotes. This review addresses the origin and evolution of the ECM, with a focus on multicellular marine algae. We show that in these lineages the expansion of extracellular matrix played a major role in the acquisition of complex multicellularity through its capacity to connect, position, shield, and defend the cells. Multiple innovations were necessary during these evolutionary processes, leading to striking convergences in the structures and functions of the ECMs of algae, animals, and plants.
Collapse
|
7
|
Patwary ZP, Paul NA, Nishitsuji K, Campbell AH, Shoguchi E, Zhao M, Cummins SF. Application of omics research in seaweeds with a focus on red seaweeds. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 20:148-161. [PMID: 33907795 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted 'omics' research for seaweeds, utilizing various computational and informatics frameworks, has the potential to rapidly develop our understanding of biological processes at the molecular level and contribute to solutions for the most pressing environmental and social issues of our time. Here, a systematic review into the current status of seaweed omics research was undertaken to evaluate the biological diversity of seaweed species investigated (red, green and brown phyla), the levels to which the work was undertaken (from full genome to transcripts, proteins or metabolites) and the field of research to which it has contributed. We report that from 1994 to 2021 the majority of seaweed omics research has been performed on the red seaweeds (45% of total studies), with more than half of these studies based upon two genera Pyropia and Gracilaria. A smaller number of studies examined brown seaweed (key genera Saccharina and Sargassum) and green seaweed (primarily Ulva). Overall, seaweed omics research is most highly associated with the field of evolution (46% of total studies), followed by the fields of ecology, natural products and their biosynthesis, omics methodology and seaweed-microbe interactions. Synthesis and specific outcomes derived from omics studies in the red seaweeds are provided. Together, these studies have provided a broad-scale interrogation of seaweeds, facilitating our ability to answer fundamental queries and develop applied outcomes. Crucial to the next steps will be establishing analytical tools and databases that can be more broadly utilized by practitioners and researchers across the globe because of their shared interest in the key seaweed genera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koki Nishitsuji
- marine genomics unit in the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | | | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- marine genomics unit in the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | - Min Zhao
- University of the Sunshine Coast
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thapa HR, Lin Z, Yi D, Smith JE, Schmidt EW, Agarwal V. Genetic and Biochemical Reconstitution of Bromoform Biosynthesis in Asparagopsis Lends Insights into Seaweed Reactive Oxygen Species Enzymology. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1662-1670. [PMID: 32453942 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, seaweeds, are exceptionally prolific producers of halogenated natural products. Biosynthesis of halogenated molecules in seaweeds is inextricably linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling as hydrogen peroxide serves as a substrate for haloperoxidase enzymes that participate in the construction these halogenated molecules. Here, using red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis, a prolific producer of the ozone depleting molecule bromoform, we provide the discovery and biochemical characterization of a ROS-producing NAD(P)H oxidase from seaweeds. This discovery was enabled by our sequencing of Asparagopsis genomes, in which we find the gene encoding the ROS-producing enzyme to be clustered with genes encoding bromoform-producing haloperoxidases. Biochemical reconstitution of haloperoxidase activities establishes that fatty acid biosynthesis can provide viable hydrocarbon substrates for bromoform production. The ROS production haloperoxidase enzymology that we describe here advances seaweed biology and biochemistry by providing the molecular basis for decades worth of physiological observations in ROS and halogenated natural product biosyntheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hem R. Thapa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Dongqi Yi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Smith
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|