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Wang Z, Qu S, Yuan J, Tian W, Xu J, Tao R, Sun S, Lu T, Tang W, Zhu Y. Review and prospects of targeted therapies for Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK). Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117514. [PMID: 37984216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. The dysregulation of SYK is closely related to the occurrence and development of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. SYK has become an attractive target for drug discovery due to its important biological functions. This article reviews the biological function of SYK, the relationship between SYK and disease, and therapies targeting SYK. In addition, inspired by new technologies such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and phosphatase recruiting chimeras (PHORCs), we propose the development of new therapeutic approaches for targeting SYK, such as SYK PROTACs and SYK PHORCs, which may overcome deficiencies of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Wang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shu Qu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jiahao Yuan
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Wen Tian
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jinglei Xu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Rui Tao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shilong Sun
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weifang Tang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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周 海, 杨 利, 谢 诗, 杨 家, 张 家. [Transcriptome sequencing for identification of the genes associated with restenosis of venous grafts in rabbits]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2023; 43:1804-1809. [PMID: 37933658 PMCID: PMC10630209 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2023.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the genes associated with venous graft restenosis in rabbits using transcriptome sequencing. METHODS Forty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, and in the experimental group, the left external jugular veins of the rabbits were engrafted to the left common carotid artery with continuous running suture; the rabbits in the control group received no operation. At 2 and 4 weeks after the operation, 10 rabbits from each group were euthanized and the venous grafts (in experimental group) or left external jugular vein (in control group) were harvested for measurement of the intima-media thickness using HE staining. RNA high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the venous grafts and the control veins, and the biological functions of the DEGs were analyzed using GO and KEEG databases. RESULTS In the experimental group, intima-media thickening with increased extracellular matrix and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation occurred in the venous grafts at 2 weeks and aggravated at 4 weeks after the operation. RNA high-throughput sequencing identified 1583 up-regulated genes and 608 down-regulated genes in the venous grafts in the experimental group, and GO and KEGG analysis of the DEGs pinpointed 10 hub genes, namely CD4, ZAP70, SYK, CD28, PIK3CD, CXCR4, CCR5, ITK, CCL5 and BTK. CONCLUSION CD4, ZAP70, SYK, CD28, PIK3CD, CXCR4, CCR5, ITK, CCL5 and BTK are probably the key genes associated with vein graft restenosis in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- 海深 周
- />南方医科大学珠江医院胸外科, 广东 广州 510280Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - 利博 杨
- />南方医科大学珠江医院胸外科, 广东 广州 510280Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - 诗 谢
- />南方医科大学珠江医院胸外科, 广东 广州 510280Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - 家明 杨
- />南方医科大学珠江医院胸外科, 广东 广州 510280Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - 家庆 张
- />南方医科大学珠江医院胸外科, 广东 广州 510280Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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Xu M, Li Y, Cao M, Su Y, Ji Z, Zhou W. Expression and Clinical Significance of Peripheral Blood IL-17A, IL-22, Tim-3, and gal-9 in Children with Infectious Mononucleosis. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:458-465. [PMID: 37566493 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the expression and clinical significance of peripheral blood interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-22, T cell immunoglobulin molecule-3 (Tim-3), and galectin-9 (gal-9) in children with infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Peripheral blood of 54 children with IM (case group) was collected and divided into a liver damage group and a non-liver damage group. During the same period, 20 healthy children were in the control group. IL-17A and IL-22 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression of Tim-3 and gal-9. Their correlation with clinical indicators was then analyzed. The IL-17A expression level was higher in the case group than in the control group, while Tim-3, gal-9, and IL-22 were lower than those in the control group. Tim-3 was positively correlated with gal-9, but negatively correlated with IL-17A. Tim-3 and gal-9 were positively correlated with CD4+/CD8+ cells. Conversely, they were negatively correlated with CD3+, CD3+CD8+, white blood cell, lymphocyte (L), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In the case group, IL-17A was positively correlated with L, GGT, and LDH, but negatively correlated with the natural killer (NK) cell count. IL-17A and IL-22 were positively correlated with CD3+, CD3+CD8+, ALT, and AST, but they were negatively correlated with the ratio of CD4+/CD8+. In the liver damage group, IL-17A, IL-22, CD3+, CD3+CD8+, immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, IgM, L, ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, and α-hydroxybutyrate levels were higher than those in the non-liver damage group. However, Tim-3, gal-9, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and NK were lower than those in the non-liver damage group. IL-17A, IL-22, Tim-3, and gal-9 are involved in the immune pathogenesis of IM caused by EBV infection in children, which may be related to immune liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Li
- Department of Infectious Disease and Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Department of Infectious Disease and Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuewen Su
- Department of Infectious Disease and Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weifang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease and Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Karmali R, St‐Pierre F, Ma S, Foster KD, Kaplan J, Mi X, Pro B, Winter JN, Gordon LI. Phase I study of novel SYK inhibitor TAK-659 (mivavotinib) in combination with R-CHOP for front-line treatment of high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. EJHAEM 2023; 4:108-114. [PMID: 36819145 PMCID: PMC9928783 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: TAK-659, a novel oral SYK inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in heavily pretreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We report results of a phase I single-institution escalation study of front-line treatment with R-CHOP and TAK-659 in treatment-naïve high-risk DLBCL. Methods: Patients with high-risk DLBCL were treated with R-CHOP for 1 cycle, followed by combined R-CHOP and TAK-659 for an additional five cycles, with TAK-659 dosing escalated from 60 mg, to 80 mg, to 100 mg daily, based on a 3 + 3 design. The primary objective was to determine the safety and establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of TAK-659 in this setting. Results: Twelve patients were enrolled. Dose level 3 (100 mg) was established as the MTD. Dose level 1 (60 mg) maintained a similar area under the curve (AUC) to the MTD. With a median follow-up of 21 months, 92% of patients achieved complete response (CR). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were lymphopenia (100%), infection (50%, n = 3 opportunistic), aspartate aminotransferase elevation (100%), and alanine aminotransferase elevation (83%). Conclusion: A TAK-659 dose of 60 mg was well tolerated, did not require dose modifications, and maintained a similar AUC to the MTD. The combination of R-CHOP and TAK-659 in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk DLBCL produces promising CR rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Karmali
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Frederique St‐Pierre
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shuo Ma
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kelly D. Foster
- Northwestern Medicine Lake Forest HospitalLake ForestIllinoisUSA
| | - Jason Kaplan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Xinlei Mi
- Department of Preventative Medicine ‐ Biostatistics, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Barbara Pro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jane N. Winter
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Leo I. Gordon
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Latent Membrane Proteins from EBV Differentially Target Cellular Pathways to Accelerate MYC-induced Lymphomagenesis. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4283-4296. [PMID: 35605249 PMCID: PMC9327557 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV LMP1 enhances MYC-mediated degradation of the p27kip1 tumor suppressor and accelerates MYC-induced lymphomagenesis. EBV LMP1 and LMP2A differentially use G1-specific cell cycle and BCR-mediated signaling to accelerate MYC-induced lymphomagenesis.
MYC translocations in association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are often observed in B-cell lymphomas. A subset of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) expresses EBV latent membrane proteins 1 and 2A (LMP1 and LMP2A) in addition to the typical restricted EBV latent gene expression. EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) typically exhibits latency type II or III and expresses LMP1. Here, we investigate the role of LMP1 in MYC-driven lymphomagenesis in our murine model. λ-MYC mice develop tumors having a “starry sky” appearance and have abnormal p53 expression that is also observed in human BL. LMP2A/λ-MYC double-transgenic mice develop tumors significantly faster than mice only expressing MYC. Similar to LMP2A/λ-MYC mice, LMP1/λ-MYC mice also have accelerated MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. As observed in LMP2A/λ-MYC mice, p27kip1 was degraded in LMP1/λ-MYC pretumor and tumor B cells. Coexpression of LMP1 and LMP2A resulted in the enhancement of B cell proliferation. In contrast to LMP2A, the inhibition of Syk or cyclin-dependant kinase (CDK)4/6 activity did not effectively inhibit LMP1-mediated MYC lymphomagenesis. Also, in contrast to LMP2A, LMP1 did not lessen abnormal p53 expression in λ-MYC tumors. To investigate the significance of LMP1 expression in human BL development, we reanalyzed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of primary human BL from previous studies. Interestingly, p53 mutations were less observed in LMP1-expressing BL, although they were not significantly changed by EBV infection, indicating LMP1 may lessen p53 mutations in human primary BL. This suggests that LMP1 effects in EBV-associated human BL vary from what we observe in our murine model. Finally, our studies suggest a novel pathogenic role of LMP1 in lymphomagenesis.
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Yonezawa N, Murakami H, Demura S, Kato S, Miwa S, Yoshioka K, Shinmura K, Yokogawa N, Shimizu T, Oku N, Kitagawa R, Handa M, Annen R, Kurokawa Y, Fushimi K, Mizukoshi E, Tsuchiya H. Abscopal Effect of Frozen Autograft Reconstruction Combined with an Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Analyzed Using a Metastatic Bone Tumor Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1973. [PMID: 33671258 PMCID: PMC7922593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the abscopal effect of re-implantation of liquid nitrogen-treated tumor-bearing bone grafts and the synergistic effect of anti-PD-1 (programmed death-1) therapy using a bone metastasis model, created by injecting MMT-060562 cells into the bilateral tibiae of 6-8-week-old female C3H mice. After 2 weeks, the lateral tumors were treated by excision, cryotreatment using liquid nitrogen, excision with anti-PD-1 treatment, and cryotreatment with anti-PD-1 treatment. Anti-mouse PD-1 4H2 was injected on days 1, 6, 12, and 18 post-treatment. The mice were euthanized after 3 weeks; the abscopal effect was evaluated by focusing on growth inhibition of the abscopal tumor. The re-implantation of frozen autografts significantly inhibited the growth of the remaining abscopal tumors. However, a more potent abscopal effect was observed in the anti-PD-1 antibody group. The number of CD8+ T cells infiltrating the abscopal tumor and tumor-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing spleen cells increased in the liquid nitrogen-treated group compared with those in the excision group, with no significant difference. The number was significantly higher in the anti-PD-1 antibody-treated group than in the non-treated group. Overall, re-implantation of tumor-bearing frozen autograft has an abscopal effect on abscopal tumor growth, although re-implantation of liquid nitrogen-treated bone grafts did not induce a strong T-cell response or tumor-suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Yonezawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Satoru Demura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Katsuhito Yoshioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8650, Japan;
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Noriaki Yokogawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Takaki Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Norihiro Oku
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Ryo Kitagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Makoto Handa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Ryohei Annen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Yuki Kurokawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Kazumi Fushimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan; (K.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Eishiro Mizukoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan; (K.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (T.S.); (N.O.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (Y.K.); (H.T.)
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Targeted Therapies for Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092565. [PMID: 32916819 PMCID: PMC7564798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first-discovered and important human tumor virus. It infects more than 90% of human population and induces various lymphomas. Development of specific targeted therapies is very critical for treatment of EBV-induced lymphomas, but it remains a great challenge. In this review, we introduced the current progress of EBV-specific therapies and the promising approaches that can be developed as novel targeted therapies, which involve protective or therapeutic strategies to target these lymphomas on different levels. This work will provide new insights into the development of new targeted therapies against EBV-associated lymphomas. Abstract The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human tumor virus identified that can transform quiescent B lymphocytes into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro. EBV can establish asymptomatic life-long persistence and is associated with multiple human malignancies, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as infectious mononucleosis. Although EBV-associated lymphomagenesis has been investigated for over 50 years, viral-mediated transformation is not completely understood, and the development of EBV-specific therapeutic strategies to treat the associated cancers is still a major challenge. However, the rapid development of several novel therapies offers exciting possibilities to target EBV-induced lymphomas. This review highlights targeted therapies with potential for treating EBV-associated lymphomas, including small molecule inhibitors, immunotherapy, cell therapy, preventative and therapeutic vaccines, and other potent approaches, which are novel strategies for controlling, preventing, and treating these viral-induced malignances.
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Gordon LI, Kaplan JB, Popat R, Burris HA, Ferrari S, Madan S, Patel MR, Gritti G, El-Sharkawi D, Chau I, Radford JA, Pérez de Oteyza J, Zinzani PL, Iyer S, Townsend W, Karmali R, Miao H, Proscurshim I, Wang S, Wu Y, Stumpo K, Shou Y, Carpio C, Bosch F. Phase I Study of TAK-659, an Investigational, Dual SYK/FLT3 Inhibitor, in Patients with B-Cell Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3546-3556. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kurniawan DW, Storm G, Prakash J, Bansal R. Role of spleen tyrosine kinase in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1005-1019. [PMID: 32205992 PMCID: PMC7081001 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i10.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in most hematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic cells and play a crucial role in both immune and non-immune biological responses. SYK mediate diverse cellular responses via an immune-receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)-dependent signalling pathways, ITAMs-independent and ITAMs-semi-dependent signalling pathways. In liver, SYK expression has been observed in parenchymal (hepatocytes) and non-parenchymal cells (hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells), and found to be positively correlated with the disease severity. The implication of SYK pathway has been reported in different liver diseases including liver fibrosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Antagonism of SYK pathway using kinase inhibitors have shown to attenuate the progression of liver diseases thereby suggesting SYK as a highly promising therapeutic target. This review summarizes the current understanding of SYK and its therapeutic implication in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhadhang Wahyu Kurniawan
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto 53132, Indonesia
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3454, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
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GCN5 HAT inhibition reduces human Burkitt lymphoma cell survival through reduction of MYC target gene expression and impeding BCR signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5847-5858. [PMID: 31645904 PMCID: PMC6791378 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GCN5, the catalytic subunit in the acetyltransferase modules of SAGA and ATAC, functions as a coactivator of gene transcription. The SAGA complex is recruited to chromatin by transcription factors such as MYC and E2F1 to facilitate acetylation of histones, especially H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9). Burkitt lymphoma is an aggressive subtype of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma driven by the overexpression of MYC. Comparison of GCN5 expression in normal human B cells versus human Burkitt Lymphoma cell lines indicates overexpression of GCN5 in lymphoma. Treatment of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines with a specific inhibitor indicates that decreased GCN5 HAT activity reduces viability and proliferation of these cells. Inhibition of GCN5 HAT activity also induces apoptosis in lymphoma cells. Expression of MYC target genes as well as genes associated with B cell receptor signaling are significantly downregulated upon inhibition of GCN5 enzymatic activity. This downregulation leads to diminished PI3K signaling, a critical pathway in lymphomagenesis. Our data indicate that inhibition of GCN5 HAT activity reduces the tumorigenic properties of human Burkitt lymphoma cells by attenuating BCR signaling and that GCN5 may be a viable target for lymphoma drug therapy.
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Kazi JU, Rönnstrand L. FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3/FLT3: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1433-1466. [PMID: 31066629 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed almost exclusively in the hematopoietic compartment. Its ligand, FLT3 ligand (FL), induces dimerization and activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Activation of FLT3 leads to its autophosphorylation and initiation of several signal transduction cascades. Signaling is initiated by the recruitment of signal transduction molecules to activated FLT3 through binding to specific phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the intracellular region of FLT3. Activation of FLT3 mediates cell survival, cell proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. It acts in synergy with several other cytokines to promote its biological effects. Deregulated FLT3 activity has been implicated in several diseases, most prominently in acute myeloid leukemia where around one-third of patients carry an activating mutant of FLT3 which drives the disease and is correlated with poor prognosis. Overactivity of FLT3 has also been implicated in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The observation that gain-of-function mutations of FLT3 can promote leukemogenesis has stimulated the development of inhibitors that target this receptor. Many of these are in clinical trials, and some have been approved for clinical use. However, problems with acquired resistance to these inhibitors are common and, furthermore, only a fraction of patients respond to these selective treatments. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding structural and functional aspects of FLT3 signaling, both under normal and pathological conditions, and discusses challenges for the future regarding the use of targeted inhibition of these pathways for the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden ; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden ; and Division of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden ; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden ; and Division of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
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