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Rojas OC, Amaral-Montesino C, Mendoza-Olazaran S, Carrión-Alvarez D, González-Álvarez R, Montoya AM. Isolation of Clavispora lusitaniae from the Oral Cavity of Immunocompetent Young Adults from the North of Mexico. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:475-481. [PMID: 39010992 PMCID: PMC11246318 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity is normally colonized by microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses and protozoa. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Candida spp., in de oral cavity in a group of medical students from the north of Mexico. Oral sample were obtained from 240 healthy students. The specimens were analyzed by traditional microbiology cultures and DNA sequencing. Candida spp., grew in Sabouraud dextrose agar from 57 samples and subsequently were isolated and phenotyped. The definitive identification to the species level was done by sequence analysis. The yeasts were identified as follow: 28 Clavispora lusitaniae, 20 Candida albicans, 5 Pichia kudriavzevii and 4 Candida parapsilosis. Our findings revealed that 23.75% of the healthy population has a potential pathogen in their mouth. Surprisingly, C. albicans is not the predominant yeast; instead other non-Candida species are the colonizers of the oral cavity as normal microbiota. C. lusitaniae is considered an emerging opportunistic pathogen in immunosuppressive patients. This paper pretends to highlight the presence of this yeast in the oral cavity in immunocompetent young adults. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01145-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Rojas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, CP 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencia Básicas, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, CP 66238 San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
| | - Cintia Amaral-Montesino
- Departamento de Ciencia Básicas, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, CP 66238 San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
| | - Soraya Mendoza-Olazaran
- Departamento de Ciencia Básicas, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, CP 66238 San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
| | - Diego Carrión-Alvarez
- Departamento de Ciencia Básicas, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, CP 66238 San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
| | | | - Alexandra M Montoya
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, CP 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo León Mexico
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Aparicio-Fernandez L, Antoran A, Areitio M, Rodriguez-Erenaga O, Martin-Souto L, Buldain I, Márquez J, Benedicto A, Arteta B, Pellon A, Moyes DL, Rementeria A, Ramirez-Garcia A. Candida albicans increases the aerobic glycolysis and activates MAPK-dependent inflammatory response of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105305. [PMID: 38296157 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The liver, and more specifically, the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, constitute the beginning of one of the most important responses for the elimination of hematogenously disseminated Candida albicans. Therefore, we aimed to study the mechanisms involved in the interaction between these cells and C. albicans. Transcriptomics-based analysis showed an increase in the expression of genes related to the immune response (including receptors, cytokines, and adhesion molecules), as well as to aerobic glycolysis. Further in vitro analyses showed that IL-6 production in response to C. albicans is controlled by MyD88- and SYK-pathways, suggesting an involvement of Toll-like and C-type lectin receptors and the subsequent activation of the MAP-kinases and c-Fos/AP-1 transcription factor. In addition, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells undergo metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis induced by C. albicans, as confirmed by the increased Extracellular Acidification Rate and the overexpression of enolase (Eno2), hexonikase (Hk2) and glucose transporter 1 (Slc2a1). In conclusion, these results indicate that the hepatic endothelium responds to C. albicans by increasing aerobic glycolysis and promoting an inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Aparicio-Fernandez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Aitziber Antoran
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain.
| | - Maialen Areitio
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Oier Rodriguez-Erenaga
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Martin-Souto
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Idoia Buldain
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Joana Márquez
- Cellular Biology and Histology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Aitor Benedicto
- Cellular Biology and Histology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Group, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Cellular Biology and Histology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Group, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Aize Pellon
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Fac. of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Fac. of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
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Novianti Y, Sufiawati I. Clinical Assessment and Management in Improving the Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients with Oral Candidiasis: A Case Series. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2023; 15:683-696. [PMID: 38028189 PMCID: PMC10656832 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s434175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral candidiasis is the most prevalent opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), impacting their quality of life. This report aims to emphasize the importance of clinical assessment and management of HIV/AIDS patients with oral candidiasis to improve their quality of life. Case Five male patients, aged between 32 and 71 years, came to the HIV clinic and complained of white plaques in their mouths and painful swallowing. The World Health Organization's (WHO) clinical staging of all patients was 4. Three patients had not yet received antiretroviral therapy (ART), and their total lymphocyte counts (TLC) of <1.170 cells/mm3. Two patients had dropped out of ART with CD4 counts were <40 cells/mm3. The body mass index of two patients was underweight, while the others were normal. The oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S) of the patients was fair to poor. The quality of life assessment using the oral health impact profile 14 (OHIP-14) questionnaires before therapy showed values from 6-20. Clinical examination defined the diagnosis as oral candidiasis, exfoliative cheilitis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and a cytomegalovirus-related ulcer. Case Management The patients were treated with fluconazole, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, 2% miconazole cream, diphenhydramine, and multivitamins. The oral lesions were improved within 14 days to a month of treatment, and OHIP-14 scores were significantly reduced (0-3). Conclusion Clinical assessment is important in managing HIV/AIDS patients with oral candidiasis, which improves the patient's quality of life. Therefore, routine clinical assessment and management of HIV/AIDS patients are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessy Novianti
- Oral Medicine Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Irna Sufiawati
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Puerner C, Vellanki S, Strauch JL, Cramer RA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Human Fungal Pathogen Hypoxia Response in Disease Progression. Annu Rev Microbiol 2023; 77:403-425. [PMID: 37713457 PMCID: PMC11034785 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-021745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal-mediated disease progression and antifungal drug efficacy are significantly impacted by the dynamic infection microenvironment. At the site of infection, oxygen often becomes limiting and induces a hypoxia response in both the fungal pathogen and host cells. The fungal hypoxia response impacts several important aspects of fungal biology that contribute to pathogenesis, virulence, antifungal drug susceptibility, and ultimately infection outcomes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the hypoxia response in the most common human fungal pathogens, discuss potential therapeutic opportunities, and highlight important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Puerner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
| | - Sandeep Vellanki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
| | - Julianne L Strauch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
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Wang Y, Xu H, Chen N, Yang J, Zhou H. LncRNA: A Potential Target for Host-Directed Therapy of Candida Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030621. [PMID: 35335994 PMCID: PMC8954347 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite various drugs work against Candida, candidiasis represents clinical management challenges worldwide due to the rising incidence and recurrence rate, as well as epidemics, of new drug-resistant pathogens. Recent insights into interactions between Candida and hosts contribute to exploring novel therapeutic strategies, termed host-directed therapies (HDTs). HDTs are viable adjuncts with good efficacy for the existing standard antifungal regimens. However, HDTs induce other response unintendedly, thus requiring molecular targets with highly specificity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with highly specific expression patterns could affect biological processes, including the immune response. Herein, this review will summarize recent advances of HDTs based on the Candida–host interaction. Especially, the findings and application strategies of lncRNAs related to the host response are emphasized. We propose it is feasible to target lncRNAs to modulate the host defense during Candida infection, which provides a new perspective in identifying options of HDTs for candidiasis.
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Role of Cellular Metabolism during Candida-Host Interactions. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020184. [PMID: 35215128 PMCID: PMC8875223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic fungi are widely present in the environment and, more importantly, are also an essential part of the human healthy mycobiota. However, many species can become pathogenic under certain circumstances, with Candida spp. being the most clinically relevant fungi. In recent years, the importance of metabolism and nutrient availability for fungi-host interactions have been highlighted. Upon activation, immune and other host cells reshape their metabolism to fulfil the energy-demanding process of generating an immune response. This includes macrophage upregulation of glucose uptake and processing via aerobic glycolysis. On the other side, Candida modulates its metabolic pathways to adapt to the usually hostile environment in the host, such as the lumen of phagolysosomes. Further understanding on metabolic interactions between host and fungal cells would potentially lead to novel/enhanced antifungal therapies to fight these infections. Therefore, this review paper focuses on how cellular metabolism, of both host cells and Candida, and the nutritional environment impact on the interplay between host and fungal cells.
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with oral Candida albicans infection, although it is unclear whether the fungus promotes the genesis and progression of OSCC or whether cancer facilitates fungal growth. In this study, we investigated whether C. albicans can potentiate OSCC tumor development and progression. In vitro, the presence of live C. albicans, but not Candida parapsilosis, enhanced the progression of OSCC by stimulating the production of matrix metalloproteinases, oncometabolites, protumor signaling pathways, and overexpression of prognostic marker genes associated with metastatic events. C. albicans also upregulated oncogenes in nonmalignant cells. Using a newly established xenograft in vivo mouse model to investigate OSCC-C. albicans interactions, oral candidiasis enhanced the progression of OSCC through inflammation and induced the overexpression of metastatic genes and significant changes in markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Finally, using the 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) murine model, we directly correlate these in vitro and short-term in vivo findings with the progression of oncogenesis over the long term. Taken together, these data indicate that C. albicans upregulates oncogenes, potentiates a premalignant phenotype, and is involved in early and late stages of malignant promotion and progression of oral cancer. IMPORTANCE Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a serious health issue worldwide that accounts for 2% to 4% of all cancer cases. Previous studies have revealed a higher yeast carriage and diversity in oral cancer patients than in healthy individuals. Furthermore, fungal colonization in the oral cavity bearing OSCC is higher on the neoplastic epithelial surface than on adjacent healthy surfaces, indicating a positive association between oral yeast carriage and epithelial carcinoma. In addition to this, there is strong evidence supporting the idea that Candida contributes to carcinogenesis events in the oral cavity. Here, we show that an increase in Candida albicans burden promotes an oncogenic phenotype in the oral cavity.
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