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Davila KMS, Nelli RK, Mora-Díaz JC, Sang Y, Miller LC, Giménez-Lirola LG. Transcriptome Analysis in Air-Liquid Interface Porcine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures Reveals That the Betacoronavirus Porcine Encephalomyelitis Hemagglutinating Virus Induces a Robust Interferon Response to Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:939. [PMID: 38932231 PMCID: PMC11209522 DOI: 10.3390/v16060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) replicates in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of pigs. Using an air-liquid interface porcine respiratory epithelial cells (ALI-PRECs) culture system, we demonstrated that PHEV disrupts respiratory epithelia homeostasis by impairing ciliary function and inducing antiviral, pro-inflammatory cytokine, and chemokine responses. This study explores the mechanisms driving early innate immune responses during PHEV infection through host transcriptome analysis. Total RNA was collected from ALI-PRECs at 24, 36, and 48 h post inoculation (hpi). RNA-seq analysis was performed using an Illumina Hiseq 600 to generate 100 bp paired-end reads. Differential gene expression was analyzed using DeSeq2. PHEV replicated actively in ALI-PRECs, causing cytopathic changes and progressive mucociliary disruption. Transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of cilia-associated genes such as CILK1, DNAH11, LRRC-23, -49, and -51, and acidic sialomucin CD164L2. PHEV also activated antiviral signaling pathways, significantly increasing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (RSAD2, MX1, IFIT, and ISG15) and chemokine genes (CCL5 and CXCL10), highlighting inflammatory regulation. This study contributes to elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune response to PHEV infection of the airway epithelium, emphasizing the critical roles of the mucociliary, interferon, and chemokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Sarlo Davila
- Infectious Bacterial Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Rahul K. Nelli
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Juan C. Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
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2
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Li C, Wu Q, Song H, Lu H, Yang K, Liu Z, Liu W, Gao T, Yuan F, Zhu J, Guo R, Tian Y, Zhou D. Elucidating the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the highly virulent G2a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38270573 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the large-scale outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) in 2010, caused by the genotype 2 (G2) variant of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), pig farms in China, even those vaccinated with the G2b vaccine, have experienced infections from the G2a variant, leading to significant economic losses. This study successfully isolated the G2a strain DY2020 from positive small intestine contents (SICs) by blind passage on Vero cells for four generations. The SICs were taken from Daye, Hubei Province, China. The biological characteristics were identified by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The growth kinetics of the strain on Vero cells were detected by TCID50, and the virus titre could reach 107.35 TCID50 ml-1 (SD: 5.07×106). The pathogenicity towards colostrum-deprived piglets was conducted by assessing faecal viral shedding, morphometric analysis of intestinal lesions, and immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that DY2020 was highly virulent to colostrum-deprived piglets, with severe watery diarrhoea and other clinical symptoms appeared at 6 h post-infection (h p.i.), and all died within 30 h. Pathological tissue examination results showed that the lesions mainly occurred in the intestines of piglets, causing pathological changes such as shortening of intestinal villi. In summary, the discovery of the G2a strain DY2020 in this study is of great significance for understanding Hubei PEDV and provides an important theoretical basis for the development of new efficient PEDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Haofei Song
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
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3
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Luo M, Ma J, Pan X, Zhang X, Yao H. AEN Suppresses the Replication of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus by Inducing the Expression of Type I IFN and ISGs in MARC-145 Cells. Pathogens 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 38251332 PMCID: PMC10819003 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-enhancing nuclease (AEN), which shares close evolutionary relationships with the interferon-stimulated gene 20 protein (ISG20) homologs in humans, is a member of the DEDDh exonuclease family. Numerous studies on various pathogens have identified the essential roles of ISG20 in inhibiting virus replication. However, the fundamental functions of AEN during viral infection remain largely unknown. This study discovered that AEN expression was significantly upregulated in MARC-145 cells infected with Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain 85-7. In contrast, the amount of AEN protein decreased as viral replication increased. It was found that PEDV nsp1 and nsp5 mediated the decrease in AEN production, suggesting that an increase in AEN was not conducive to virus replication. By comparing AEN and its exonuclease-inactive mutant AEN-4A, we determined that the antiviral activity of AEN was independent of its exonuclease function. qPCR analyses revealed that AEN and AEN-4A could induce a significant increase in the transcription levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and ISGs (OASL, IFI44, IFIT2, ISG15, Mx1, Mx2), and that AEN-4A has a higher induction ability. Overexpression of AEN and AEN-4A in MARC-145 cells targeting IFN-β knockdown or IFN-deficient Vero cells showed reduced or a complete loss of antiviral activity of both, suggesting that AEN may activate the type I IFN immune response and promote the expression of ISGs, thereby inhibiting PEDV replication. Taken together, our data prove the novel mechanism of AEN-mediated virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinming Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Jiang S, Sun S, Zhang J, Luo J, Cao Q, Zheng W, Meurens F, Chen N, Zhu J. Multiple Porcine Innate Immune Signaling Pathways Are Involved in the Anti-PEDV Response. Viruses 2023; 15:1629. [PMID: 37631972 PMCID: PMC10458394 DOI: 10.3390/v15081629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused great damage to the global pig industry. Innate immunity plays a significant role in resisting viral infection; however, the exact role of innate immunity in the anti-PEDV response has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we observed that various porcine innate immune signaling adaptors are involved in anti-PEDV (AJ1102-like strain) activity in transfected Vero cells. Among these, TRIF and MAVS showed the strongest anti-PEDV activity. The endogenous TRIF, MAVS, and STING were selected for further examination of anti-PEDV activity. Agonist stimulation experiments showed that TRIF, MAVS, and STING signaling all have obvious anti-PEDV activity. The siRNA knockdown assay showed that TRIF, MAVS, and STING are also all involved in anti-PEDV response, and their remarkable effects on PEDV replication were confirmed in TRIF-/-, MAVS-/- and STING-/- Vero cells via the CRISPR approach. For further verification, the anti-PEDV activity of TRIF, MAVS, and STING could be reproduced in porcine IPEC-DQ cells treated with siRNAs. In summary, this study reveals that multiple pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways of porcine innate immunity play an important role in the anti-PEDV infection, providing new and useful antiviral knowledge for prevention and control of PEDV spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jia Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - François Meurens
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (S.J.); (N.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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5
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Yu K, Liu X, Lu Y, Long M, Bai J, Qin Q, Su X, He G, Mi X, Yang C, Wang R, Wang H, Chen Y, Wei Z, Huang W, Ouyang K. Biological Characteristics and Pathogenicity Analysis of a Low Virulence G2a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0453522. [PMID: 37199637 PMCID: PMC10269638 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04535-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak caused by a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variant in 2010, the current epidemic of PEDV genotype 2 (G2) has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry in China. In order to better understand the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the current PEDV field strains, 12 PEDV isolates were collected and plaque purified during 2017 to 2018 in Guangxi, China. The neutralizing epitopes of the spike proteins and the ORF3 proteins were analyzed to evaluate genetic variations, and they were compared with the reported G2a and G2b strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the S protein showed that the 12 isolates were clustered into the G2 subgroup (with 5 and 7 strains in G2a and G2b, respectively) and that they shared 97.4 to 99.9% amino acid identities. Among them, one of the G2a strains, CH/GXNN-1/2018, which had a titer of 106.15 PFU/mL, was selected for pathogenicity analysis. Although piglets infected with the CH/GXNN-1/2018 strain exhibited severe clinical signs and the highest level of virus shedding within 24 h postinfection (hpi), recovery and decreased virus shedding were seen after 48 hpi, and no piglets died during the whole process. Thus, the CH/GXNN-1/2018 strain had low virulence in suckling piglets. Virus neutralizing antibody analysis showed that the CH/GXNN-1/2018 strain induced cross-protection against both homologous G2a and heterologous G2b PEDV strains as early as 72 hpi. These results are of great significance for understanding PEDV in Guangxi, China, and they provide a promising naturally occurring low-virulent vaccine candidate for further study. IMPORTANCE The current epidemic of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) G2 has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. Evaluation for low virulence of the PEDV strains of subgroup G2a would be useful for the future development of effective vaccines. In this study, 12 field strains of PEDV were obtained successfully, and they were characterized from Guangxi, China. The neutralizing epitopes of the spike proteins and the ORF3 proteins were analyzed to evaluate antigenic variations. One of the G2a strains, CH/GXNN-1/2018, was selected for pathogenicity analysis, and it showed that the CH/GXNN-1/2018 strain had low virulence in suckling piglets. These results provide a promising naturally occurring low-virulent vaccine candidate for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechen Yu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Meijing Long
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaguo Bai
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuying Qin
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueli Su
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Guifu He
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue Mi
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunjie Yang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ruomu Wang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hejie Wang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
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