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Chang YH, Yanckello LM, Chlipala GE, Green SJ, Aware C, Runge A, Xing X, Chen A, Wenger K, Flemister A, Wan C, Lin AL. Prebiotic inulin enhances gut microbial metabolism and anti-inflammation in apolipoprotein E4 mice with sex-specific implications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15116. [PMID: 37704738 PMCID: PMC10499887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis has been identified as a crucial factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD) development for apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) carriers. Inulin has shown the potential to mitigate dysbiosis. However, it remains unclear whether the dietary response varies depending on sex. In the study, we fed 4-month-old APOE4 mice with inulin for 16 weeks and performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing to determine changes in microbiome diversity, taxonomy, and functional gene pathways. We also formed the same experiments with APOE3 mice to identify whether there are APOE-genotype dependent responses to inulin. We found that APOE4 female mice fed with inulin had restored alpha diversity, significantly reduced Escherichia coli and inflammation-associated pathway responses. However, compared with APOE4 male mice, they had less metabolic responses, including the levels of short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria and the associated kinases, especially those related to acetate and Erysipelotrichaceae. These diet- and sex- effects were less pronounced in the APOE3 mice, indicating that different APOE variants also play a significant role. The findings provide insights into the higher susceptibility of APOE4 females to AD, potentially due to inefficient energy production, and imply the importance of considering precision nutrition for mitigating dysbiosis and AD risk in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Lucille M Yanckello
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - George E Chlipala
- Research Informatics Core, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Stefan J Green
- Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chetan Aware
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Amelia Runge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Anna Chen
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kathryn Wenger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Abeoseh Flemister
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Caixia Wan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Metronidazole in Clostridioides difficile from River Water. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0080622. [PMID: 35950844 PMCID: PMC9431275 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00806-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is one of the most important human pathogens. The identification of its possible sources is important for the understanding of C. difficile infection (CDI) epidemiology. A total of 16 water samples from wastewater and surface water in South Moravia in the Czech Republic and 82 samples of fish and gulls were collected between May and July 2019. C. difficile isolates were cultured by direct plating and after enrichment on chromogenic media. Susceptibility testing to eight antimicrobials was performed by Etest. C. difficile isolates were characterized by ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus tandem repeats analysis, and toxin gene detection. Samples from fish and gulls were C. difficile negative; a total of 15 C. difficile isolates from 8 out of 16 water samples were cultured (6 out of 14 surface water samples yielded 6 isolates, and 2 out of 2 wastewater samples yielded 9 isolates). Direct plating was culture positive in 6 out of 16 samples (12 isolates), and enrichment culture was positive in an additional 2 out of 16 samples (3 isolates). Twelve different ribotyping profiles and 14 sequence types of clades 1, 4, and 5 were identified. Five isolates did not carry genes for toxins, and eight isolates carried genes for toxins A and B; the remaining two isolates (RT078) carried the genes for toxins A, B, and binary. All C. difficile isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline, and vancomycin and resistant to ciprofloxacin. A high level of erythromycin resistance (>256 mg/L) was detected in eight isolates. Clindamycin resistance was found in 14 isolates, 6 of which showed a high level of resistance (>256 mg/L) and carried ermB. Surprisingly, one isolate (RT010, ST15) showed resistance to metronidazole (12 mg/L) with the presence of the plasmid pCD-METRO. In conclusion, a diverse spectrum of C. difficile strains was found in wastewater and surface water. A recently discovered plasmid-bound resistance to metronidazole was detected in C. difficile from the surface water sample. IMPORTANCE The combination of direct plating and culture after enrichment was used in order to gain a spectrum of C. difficile ribotypes present in the water samples. Toxigenic C. difficile ribotypes detected in surface water and in wastewater treatment plants overlapped with those derived from patients with CDI and/or animals. Importantly, a recently discovered plasmid-mediated resistance to metronidazole, a drug used for the treatment of CDI, was detected in C. difficile from river water.
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