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Kango N, Nath S. Prebiotics, Probiotics and Postbiotics: The Changing Paradigm of Functional Foods. J Diet Suppl 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38881201 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2024.2363199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The rampant use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug resistance and is often coupled with gut dysbiosis. To circumvent the harmful impact of antibiotics, probiotics have emerged as an effective intervention. However, while the new probiotics are being added to the list, more recently, the nature and role of their counterparts, viz. prebiotics, postbiotics and parabiotics have also drawn considerable attention. As such, intricate relationships among these gut-biotics vis-à-vis their role in imparting health benefits is to be delineated in a holistic manner. Prebiotic dietary fibers are selectively fermented by probiotics and promote their colonization in the gut. The proliferation of probiotics leads to production of fermentation by-products (postbiotics) which affect the growth of enteropathogens by lowering the pH and producing inhibitory bacteriocins. After completing life-cycle, their dead remnants (parabiotics e.g. exopolysaccharides and cell wall glycoproteins) also inhibit adhesion and biofilm formation of pathogens on the gut epithelium. These beneficial effects are not just endemic to gut but a systemic response is witnessed at different gut-organ axes. Thus, to decipher the role of probiotics, it is imperative to unravel the interdependence between these components. This review elaborates on the recent advancements on various aspects of these gut-biotics and the mechanism of potential attributes like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-lipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Suresh Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
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2
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Cicchinelli S, Gemma S, Pignataro G, Piccioni A, Ojetti V, Gasbarrini A, Franceschi F, Candelli M. Intestinal Fibrogenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Exploring the Potential Role of Gut Microbiota Metabolites as Modulators. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:490. [PMID: 38675450 PMCID: PMC11053610 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, sustained by the transformation of intestinal epithelial cells into fibroblasts (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EMT), has been extensively studied in recent decades, with the molecular basis well-documented in various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, the factors influencing these pathways remain unclear. In recent years, the role of the gut microbiota in health and disease has garnered significant attention. Evidence suggests that an imbalanced or dysregulated microbiota, along with environmental and genetic factors, may contribute to the development of IBDs. Notably, microbes produce various metabolites that interact with host receptors and associated signaling pathways, influencing physiological and pathological changes. This review aims to present recent evidence highlighting the emerging role of the most studied metabolites as potential modulators of molecular pathways implicated in intestinal fibrosis and EMT in IBDs. These studies provide a deeper understanding of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, elucidating the molecular basis of the microbiota role in IBDs, paving the way for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cicchinelli
- Department of Emergency, S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, 67051 Avezzano, Italy;
| | - Stefania Gemma
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pignataro
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ojetti
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Wang R, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Gooneratne R, Li J. Integrated microbiome, metabolome and transcriptome profiling reveals the beneficial effects of fish oil and Bacillus subtilis jzxj-7 on mouse gut ecosystem. Food Funct 2024; 15:1655-1670. [PMID: 38251410 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04213h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The effects of fish oil (FO) and Bacillus subtilis jzxj-7 (JZXJ-7) on the colonic physiology, bacteria, metabolites, and gene expressions were studied in C57BL/6J mice. Co-administration of FO and JZXJ-7 was more beneficial than individual supplementation, as evidenced by improved growth performance, enhanced colon crypt depth and goblet cell numbers. FO + JZXJ-7 inhibited colonic fibrosis by downregulating fibrosis marker protein expression and upregulating occludin, claudin-2 and claudin-4 gene expressions. FO + JZXJ-7 ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation by increasing catalase, superoxide dismutase, total anti-oxidation capacity, and reducing colon tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels. Mechanistically, FO + JZXJ-7 modulated the colon micro-ecological environment by enriching Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae NK4B4, Faecalibaculum and Lactococcus and its derived short-chain fatty acids, and activating Ppara and Car1 mediated peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling. Overall, FO + JZXJ-7 may serve as a promising nutraceutical to improve health by boosting the growth of colonic beneficial bacteria, altering metabolic phenotype, and regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China.
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yijia Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuepeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
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Wang J, Liu X, Sun R, Mao H, Liu M, Jin X. Akkermansia muciniphila participates in the host protection against helminth-induced cardiac fibrosis via TLR2. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011683. [PMID: 37788279 PMCID: PMC10547169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth Trichinella spiralis (Ts) is one of the major pathogens of human infective myocarditis that can lead to cardiac fibrosis (CF). The gut microbiota involved in this pathology are of interest. Here, we use mice infected with Ts as a model to examine the interactions between gut microbes and host protection to CF. Infected mice show enhanced CF severity. We find that antibiotics treatment to deplete the microbiota aggravates the disease phenotype. Attempts to restore microbiota using fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates helminth-induced CF. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics sequencing reveal a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in gut microbiomes of Ts-infected mice. Oral supplementation with alive or pasteurized A. muciniphila improves CF via TLR2. This work represents a substantial advance toward our understanding of causative rather than correlative relationships between the gut microbiota and CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruohang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanhai Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Majid A, Hassan FO, Hoque MM, Gbadegoye JO, Lebeche D. Bioactive Compounds and Cardiac Fibrosis: Current Insight and Future Prospect. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:313. [PMID: 37504569 PMCID: PMC10380727 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological condition characterized by excessive deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix components in the heart. It is recognized as a major contributor to the development and progression of heart failure. Despite significant research efforts in characterizing and identifying key molecular mechanisms associated with myocardial fibrosis, effective treatment for this condition is still out of sight. In this regard, bioactive compounds have emerged as potential therapeutic antifibrotic agents due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These compounds exhibit the ability to modulate fibrogenic processes by inhibiting the production of extracellular matrix proteins involved in fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation, or by promoting their breakdown. Extensive investigation of these bioactive compounds offers new possibilities for preventing or reducing cardiac fibrosis and its detrimental consequences. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough overview of the mechanisms underlying cardiac fibrosis, address the limitations of current treatment strategies, and specifically explore the potential of bioactive compounds as therapeutic interventions for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Majid
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Translational Research Building, Room 318H, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Translational Research Building, Room 318H, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Md Monirul Hoque
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Translational Research Building, Room 318H, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Joy Olaoluwa Gbadegoye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Translational Research Building, Room 318H, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Translational Research Building, Room 318H, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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