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Leconte A, Jacquin J, Duban M, Deweer C, Trapet P, Laruelle F, Farce A, Compère P, Sahmer K, Fiévet V, Hoste A, Siah A, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A, Jacques P, Coutte F, Deleu M, Muchembled J. Deciphering the mechanisms involved in reduced sensitivity to azoles and fengycin lipopeptide in Venturia inaequalis. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127816. [PMID: 38964072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Apple scab, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is currently the most common and damaging disease in apple orchards. Two strains of V. inaequalis (S755 and Rs552) with different sensitivities to azole fungicides and the bacterial metabolite fengycin were compared to determine the mechanisms responsible for these differences. Antifungal activity tests showed that Rs552 had reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole and tetraconazole, as well as to fengycin alone or in a binary mixture with other lipopeptides (iturin A, pumilacidin, lichenysin). S755 was highly sensitive to fengycin, whose activity was close to that of tebuconazole. Unlike fengycin, lipopeptides from the iturin family (mycosubtilin, iturin A) had similar activity on both strains, while those from the surfactin family (lichenysin, pumilacidin) were not active, except in binary mixtures with fengycin. The activity of lipopeptides varies according to their family and structure. Analyses to determine the difference in sensitivity to azoles (which target the CYP51 enzyme involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway) showed that the reduced sensitivity in Rs552 is linked to (i) a constitutive increased expression of the Cyp51A gene caused by insertions in the upstream region and (ii) greater efflux by membrane pumps with the involvement of ABC transporters. Microscopic observations revealed that fengycin, known to interact with plasma membranes, induced morphological and cytological changes in cells from both strains. Sterol and phospholipid analyses showed a higher level of ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol and a lower level of PI(C16:0/C18:1) in Rs552 compared with S755. These differences could therefore influence the composition of the plasma membrane and explain the differential sensitivity of the strains to fengycin. However, the similar antifungal activities of mycosubtilin and iturin A in the two strains indirectly indicate that sterols are probably not involved in the fengycin resistance mechanism. This leads to the conclusion that different mechanisms are responsible for the difference in susceptibility to azoles or fengycin in the strains studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Leconte
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France; University of Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France; University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Justine Jacquin
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Matthieu Duban
- University of Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Caroline Deweer
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Pauline Trapet
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Frédéric Laruelle
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, Calais 62228, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institut de recherche translationnelle sur l'inflammation, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Philippe Compère
- Laboratoire de morphologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, UR FOCUS, and Centre de recherche appliquée et d'enseignement en microscopie (CAREM), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Karin Sahmer
- Université Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et geo-Environnement, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Valentin Fiévet
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Alexis Hoste
- University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Ali Siah
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, Calais 62228, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - François Coutte
- University of Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Muchembled
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France.
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Tripathi A, Pandey VK, Jha AK, Srivastava S, Jakhar S, Vijay, Singh G, Rustagi S, Malik S, Choudhary P. Intricacies of plants' innate immune responses and their dynamic relationship with fungi: A review. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127758. [PMID: 38781787 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of the plant innate immune system in the defense and symbiosis processes becomes integral in a complex network of interactions between plants and fungi. An understanding of the molecular characterization of the plant innate immune system is crucial because it constitutes plants' self-defense shield against harmful fungi, while creating mutualistic relationships with beneficial fungi. Due to the plant-induced awareness and their complexity of interaction with fungi, sufficient assessment of the participation of the plant innate immune system in ecological balance, agriculture, and maintenance of an infinite ecosystem is mandatory. Given the current global challenge, such as the surge of plant-infectious diseases, and pursuit of sustainable forms of agriculture; it is imperative to understand the molecular language of communication between plants and fungi. That knowledge can be practically used in diverse areas, e.g., in agriculture, new tactics may be sought after to try new methods that boost crop receptiveness against fungal pathogens and reduce the dependence on chemical management. Also, it could boost sustainable agricultural practices via enhancing mycorrhizal interactions that promote nutrient absorption and optimum cropping with limited exposure of environmental contamination. Moreover, this review offers insights that go beyond agriculture and can be manipulated to boost plant conservation, environmental restoration, and quality understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Consequently, this specific review paper has offered a comprehensive view of the complex plant innate immune-based responses with fungi and the mechanisms in which they interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Pandey
- Research & Development Cell, Biotechnology Department, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies (Deemed to Be University) Faridabad 121004 Haryana, India.
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shivangi Srivastava
- Department of Food Technology, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sourabh Jakhar
- Division of Integrated Farming System, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Vijay
- Department of Fruit Science, Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- Department of chemistry, Guru Nanak College of Pharmaceutical & Paramedical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India; Department of Biotechnology, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD) Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Priyvart Choudhary
- School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Gaucher M, Juillard A, Nguyen BH, Viller N, Ernenwein C, Marion D, Brisset MN, Bakan B. Formulated hydroxy fatty acids from fruit pomaces reduce apple scab development caused by Venturia inaequalis through a dual mode of action. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1322638. [PMID: 38259942 PMCID: PMC10800985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The outermost hydrophobic layer of plants, i.e. the cuticle, is mainly composed of cutin, a polyester of hydroxy fatty acids with reported eliciting and/or antimicrobial activities for some of them. By-products of the fruit processing industry (fruit pomaces), often strongly enriched in cuticular material, are therefore a potential source of bioactive compounds for crop protection against pathogen attack. We investigated the utilization of tomato and apple pomaces in the development of a cutin-based biocontrol solution against apple scab, a major apple disease caused by Venturia inaequalis. Several cutin monomer extracts obtained through different strategies of depolymerization and purification were first compared for their ability to induce a targeted set of defense genes in apple seedlings after foliar application. After a step of formulation, some extracts were chosen for further investigation in planta and in vitro. Our results show that formulated cutin monomers could trigger a significant transcriptome reprogramming in apple plants and exhibit an antifungal effect on V. inaequalis. Cutin monomers-treated apple seedlings were significantly protected against infection by the apple scab agent. Altogether, our findings suggest that water-dispersed cutin monomers extracted from pomaces are potential new bio-based solutions for the control of apple scab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gaucher
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Anthony Juillard
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bao-Huynh Nguyen
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Noémie Viller
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
| | | | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
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