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Muh F, Erwina A, Fitriana F, Syahada JH, Cahya AD, Choe S, Jun H, Garjito TA, Siregar JE, Han JH. Plasmodium cynomolgi: What Should We Know? Microorganisms 2024; 12:1607. [PMID: 39203449 PMCID: PMC11356028 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though malaria has markedly reduced its global burden, it remains a serious threat to people living in or visiting malaria-endemic areas. The six Plasmodium species (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium knowlesi) are known to associate with human malaria by the Anopheles mosquito. Highlighting the dynamic nature of malaria transmission, the simian malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi has recently been transferred to humans. The first human natural infection case of P. cynomolgi was confirmed in 2011, and the number of cases is gradually increasing. It is assumed that it was probably misdiagnosed as P. vivax in the past due to its similar morphological features and genome sequences. Comprehensive perspectives that encompass the relationships within the natural environment, including parasites, vectors, humans, and reservoir hosts (macaques), are required to understand this zoonotic malaria and prevent potential unknown risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzi Muh
- Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; (F.M.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Ariesta Erwina
- Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; (F.M.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Fadhila Fitriana
- Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; (F.M.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Jadidan Hada Syahada
- Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; (F.M.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Angga Dwi Cahya
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Triwibowo Ambar Garjito
- Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, Salatiga 50721, Indonesia;
| | - Josephine Elizabeth Siregar
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
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Pian H, Wang H, Wang H, Li Z. Dual CRISPR/Cas13a Cascade Strand Displacement-Triggered Transcription for Point-of-Care Detection of Plasmodium in Asymptomatic Malaria. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7524-7531. [PMID: 38695755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Asymptomatic infections of Plasmodium parasites are major obstacles to malaria control and elimination. A sensitive, specific, and user-friendly method is urgently needed for point-of-care (POC) Plasmodium diagnostics in asymptomatic malaria, especially in resource-limited settings. In this work, we present a POC method (termed Cas13a-SDT) based on the cascade sequence recognition and signal amplification of dual Cas13a trans-cleavage and strand displacement-triggered transcription (SDT). Cas13a-SDT not only achieves exceptional specificity in discriminating the target RNA from nontarget RNAs with any cross-interaction but also meets the sensitivity criterion set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for effective malaria detection. Remarkably, this novel method was successfully applied to screen malaria in asymptomatic infections from clinical samples. The proposed method provides a user-friendly and visually interpretable output mode while maintaining high accuracy and reliability comparable to RT-PCR. These excellent features demonstrate the significant potential of Cas13a-SDT for POC diagnosis of Plasmodium infections, laying a vital foundation for advancing malaria control and elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Pian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Honghong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Chezzi C. The Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria: A Focus on the Diagnostic Assays in Non-Endemic Areas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:695. [PMID: 38255768 PMCID: PMC10815132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Even if malaria is rare in Europe, it is a medical emergency and programs for its control should ensure both an early diagnosis and a prompt treatment within 24-48 h from the onset of the symptoms. The increasing number of imported malaria cases as well as the risk of the reintroduction of autochthonous cases encouraged laboratories in non-endemic countries to adopt diagnostic methods/algorithms. Microscopy remains the gold standard, but with limitations. Rapid diagnostic tests have greatly expanded the ability to diagnose malaria for rapid results due to simplicity and low cost, but they lack sensitivity and specificity. PCR-based assays provide more relevant information but need well-trained technicians. As reported in the World Health Organization Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030, the development of point-of-care testing is important for the improvement of diagnosis with beneficial consequences for prompt/accurate treatment and for preventing the spread of the disease. Despite their limitations, diagnostic methods contribute to the decline of malaria mortality. Recently, evidence suggested that artificial intelligence could be utilized for assisting pathologists in malaria diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.)
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