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The Current Crustal Vertical Deformation Features of the Sichuan–Yunnan Region Constrained by Fusing the Leveling Data with the GNSS Data. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14051139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study uses the least squares collocation method to fuse the leveling vertical deformation velocity in the Sichuan–Yunnan region with the GNSS observations of this region from 320 stations in the China Crustal Movement Observation Network (CMONOC) and the China Continental Tectonic Environment Monitoring Network (CMTEMN) from 1999 to 2017. Such fusion is to improve the accuracy of the vertical deformation rates in large spatial scales. The fused vertical deformation results show that: (1) the fused deformation field has a uniform spatial distribution, and shows detailed change characteristics of key regions; (2) the current vertical crustal motion in this region is featured by the contemporaneous occurrence of crustal compression, shortening and uplift and basin extensional subsidence; (3) most areas in this region experience uplifts, as the lateral push of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau was blocked by the Sichuan Basin. The areas on the northwest side of the Longmenshan fault and the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault are dominated by uplifts, with the velocity of 1.5 mm/a–5.5 mm/a, and the region on the southeast side has slight uplifts, with the velocity of 1.0 mm/a–1.5 mm/a; (4) many areas have high gradient vertical deformation, especially the region close to the Wenshan fault and on the two sides of the Yarlung Zangbo fault that has the value of 3.0–4.0 × 10−8/a, deserving further attention to be paid to the long-term earthquake hazards.
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Weak and vanishing upper mantle discontinuities generated by large-scale lithospheric delamination in the Longmenshan area, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21580. [PMID: 34732789 PMCID: PMC8566558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of high-quality teleseismic data is used for common conversion point (CCP) stacking of receiver functions in the Longmenshan area and near-by region. The results show that a large-scale high-velocity anomaly (LHVA) or lithospheric delamination can modify the structure of upper mantle discontinuities or weaken the phase boundary of olivine, which is a very important finding and can be used to assess stagnant slabs in the mantle transition zone globally. The deepening region of the 660 km discontinuity beneath the Songpan-Ganzi terrane identified in this study might be generated by the LHVA.
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Multi-Parametric Climatological Analysis Reveals the Involvement of Fluids in the Preparation Phase of the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan and 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan Earthquakes. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multi-parametric approach was applied to climatological data before the Ms 8.0 2008 Wenchuan and Ms 7.0 2013 Lushan earthquakes (EQs) in order to detect anomalous changes associated to the preparing phase of those large seismic events. A climatological analysis for seismic Precursor Identification (CAPRI) algorithm was used for the detection of anomalies in the time series of four parameters (aerosol optical depth, AOD; skin temperature, SKT; surface latent heat flux, SLHF and total column water vapour, TCWV). Our results show a chain of processes occurred within two months before the EQs: AOD anomalous response is the earliest, followed by SKT, TCWV and SLHF in the EQs. A close spatial relation between the seismogenic Longmenshan fault (LMSF) zone and the extent of the detected anomalies indicates that some changes occurred within the faults before the EQs. The similarity of time sequence of the anomalies between the four parameters may be related to the same process: we interpret the observed anomalies as the consequence of the upraising of gases from a fluid-rich middle/upper crust along pre-existing seismogenic faults, and of their release into the atmosphere. Our multi-parametric analytical approach is able to capture phenomena related to the preparation phase of strong EQs.
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Lithospheric delamination and upwelling asthenosphere in the Longmenshan area: insight from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6967. [PMID: 31061519 PMCID: PMC6503211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply teleseismic P-wave tomography to reconstruct the velocity structure of the Longmenshan area. Our results show possible large-scale delamination beneath the Songpan-Ganzi and Qiangtang terranes, which induced upwelling asthenosphere. Upwelling asthenosphere might have led to lower crust heating, facilitating eastward extrusion of the Songpan Ganzi terrane resulting in localized deformation and uplift along the Longmenshan orogenic belt. We suggest that the eastward extrusion of the Songpan-Ganzi terrane against the rigid lithospheric root of the Sichuan Basin results in stress accumulation and release, leading to large earthquakes in the Longmenshan area.
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Wang C, Wu J, He X, Ye M, Liu W, Tang R. Emerging Trends and New Developments in Disaster Research after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:ijerph16010029. [PMID: 30583598 PMCID: PMC6338994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
On the tenth anniversary of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, investigating the evolution of disaster science is worthwhile and can be used to improve the future execution of disaster risk management. Based on more than 55,786 articles on the relative topic of “Disaster” derived from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1999–2017, this study employs CiteSpace and Google Earth to identify and visualize the spatial distribution of publications, bursts of keywords and categories, highly cited references, and interdisciplinary levels and then identify the emerging trends of disaster research over the past 20 years. The results show that the earthquake indeed jumpstarted a massive wave of disaster research around the world and increased international cooperation over the last decade. However, in terms of both the quantity and quality of publications in disaster research fields, China is lagging behind the U.S. and European countries. Moreover, although designing disaster prevention and mitigation strategies is a new popular field of disaster science, geological environment changes and geologic hazards triggered by earthquakes are more popular research topics than disaster emergency and recovery. In addition, the transdisciplinary level of disaster science increased after the earthquake. This interdisciplinary characteristic of disaster science gradually increased in popularity, which demonstrates that people can learn from catastrophes. These emerging trends could serve as a scientific basis to clearly understand disaster science progress over the last 20 years and provide a reference for rapidly identifying frontier issues in disaster science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Mengqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Rumei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Chen Y, Hu J, Peng F. Seismological challenges in earthquake hazard reductions: reflections on the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:1159-1166. [PMID: 36658995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Wenchuan earthquake is a natural disaster. Its occurrence and aftermath have demonstrated the critical roles of seismology and earthquake engineering in reducing seismic hazards and damages. However, their existing limitations should also be underscored. This article summarized and reviewed the current scientific understanding of earthquake ruptures, and new insights gained since the Wenchuan event. This study focused on the related challenges to seismology and earthquake engineering as follows: (1) The under-estimation of earthquake risks before occurrences. (2) The current limited data regarding large earthquakes in continental thrust fault systems. (3) The causal relationship between the Wenchuan earthquake and the reservoir impoundment in its vicinity. (4) The identification of low-velocity zone in the crust and its seismogenical role. (5) The casualties and economic losses from a cascade of diverse natural hazards triggered by the ruptures, and the excellent earthquake resistance associated with tunnels in mountainous terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jiupeng Hu
- Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration Seismic Observation and Geophysical Imaging Laboratory, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China
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7
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Deformation Response of Seismogenic Faults to the Wenchuan MS 8.0 Earthquake: A Case Study for the Southern Segment of the Longmenshan Fault Zone. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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A Rapid Public Health Needs Assessment Framework for after Major Earthquakes Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061111. [PMID: 29848956 PMCID: PMC6025284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Earthquakes causing significant damage have occurred frequently in China, producing enormous health losses, damage to the environment and public health issues. Timely public health response is crucial to reduce mortality and morbidity and promote overall effectiveness of rescue efforts after a major earthquake. Methods: A rapid assessment framework was established based on GIS technology and high-resolution remote sensing images. A two-step casualties and injures estimation method was developed to evaluate health loss with great rapidity. Historical data and health resources information was reviewed to evaluate the damage condition of medical resources and public health issues. Results: The casualties and injures are estimated within a few hours after an earthquake. For the Wenchuan earthquake, which killed about 96,000 people and injured about 288,000, the estimation accuracy is about 77%. 242/294 (82.3%) of the medical existing institutions were severely damaged. About 40,000 tons of safe drinking water was needed every day to ensure basic living needs. The risk of water-borne and foodborne disease, respiratory and close contact transmission disease is high. For natural foci diseases, the high-risk area of schistosomiasis was mapped in Lushan County as an example. Finally, temporary settlements for victims of earthquake were mapped. Conclusions: High resolution Earth observation technology can provide a scientific basis for public health emergency management in the major disasters field, which will be of great significance in helping policy makers effectively improve health service ability and public health emergency management in prevention and control of infectious diseases and risk assessment.
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GPS-Derived Fault Coupling of the Longmenshan Fault Associated with the 2008 Mw Wenchuan 7.9 Earthquake and Its Tectonic Implications. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Xu X, Gao R, Guo X, Li W, Li H, Wang H, Huang X, Lu Z. Outlining tectonic inheritance and construction of the Min Shan region, eastern Tibet, using crustal geometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13798. [PMID: 29062046 PMCID: PMC5653797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing collision between India and Eurasia has created the Tibetan Plateau, which features high elevations and large crustal thicknesses. The easternmost portion of the plateau has long been a key region for studying the uplift mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau, especially after the 2008 Ms. 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. However, previous studies have assumed that easternmost Tibet is tectonically homogeneous, and the tectonic significance of the Min Shan has been overshadowed by that of its more conspicuous neighbour, the Longmen Shan region. Here, we describe the crustal geometry of the Min Shan region using two newly obtained deep seismic reflection profiles. In this study, we identify an upper-lower crust mechanical decoupling within the Min Shan region; the Min Shan region is tectonically delineated by an inherited boundary fault zone, the Huya fault zone, which was responsible for triggering the 2017 Jiuzhaigou M 7.0 earthquake. Together with the gravity dataset and previous studies in this area, the outlined crustal geometry indicated that crustal-scale shortening at the eastern plateau margin is a primary mechanism driving uplift, although extensive uplift might have occurred due to the decoupled shortening between the upper and lower crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xingfu Huang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhanwu Lu
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
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11
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Vertical crustal motions across Eastern Tibet revealed by topography-dependent seismic tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3243. [PMID: 28607451 PMCID: PMC5468289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a topography-dependent tomographic scheme, the seismic velocity structure of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, including the uplifted Longmenshan (LMS) orogenic belt, is accurately imaged in spite of the extreme topographic relief in the LMS region and thick sedimentary covers in the neighbouring Sichuan Basin. The obtained image shows a high-resolution upper crustal structure on a 500 km-long profile that is perpendicular to the LMS. The image clearly shows that the crystalline basement was uplifted within the LMS orogenic belt, and that the neighbouring Songpan-Ganzi Terrane was covered by a thick flysch belt, with evidence of near-surface thrust faults caused by convergence between Eastern Tibet and the Sichuan Basin. The indication that the lower crust beneath the LMS was folded and pushed upwards and the upper crust was removed by exhumation, supports the concept of a lower crustal channel flow beneath Eastern Tibet. The image also reveals that the destructive Wenchuan earthquake of year 2008 occurred in the upper crust, directly at the structural discontinuity between Eastern Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin.
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12
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Wang Q, Hawkesworth CJ, Wyman D, Chung SL, Wu FY, Li XH, Li ZX, Gou GN, Zhang XZ, Tang GJ, Dan W, Ma L, Dong YH. Pliocene-Quaternary crustal melting in central and northern Tibet and insights into crustal flow. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11888. [PMID: 27307135 PMCID: PMC4912662 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable controversy over the nature of geophysically recognized low-velocity–high-conductivity zones (LV–HCZs) within the Tibetan crust, and their role in models for the development of the Tibetan Plateau. Here we report petrological and geochemical data on magmas erupted 4.7–0.3 Myr ago in central and northern Tibet, demonstrating that they were generated by partial melting of crustal rocks at temperatures of 700–1,050 °C and pressures of 0.5–1.5 GPa. Thus Pliocene-Quaternary melting of crustal rocks occurred at depths of 15–50 km in areas where the LV–HCZs have been recognized. This provides new petrological evidence that the LV–HCZs are sources of partial melt. It is inferred that crustal melting played a key role in triggering crustal weakening and outward crustal flow in the expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. The role of the low velocity-high conductivity zones (LV–HCZs) in developing the Tibetan Plateau has remained controversial. Here, Wang et al. present new geochemical and petrological data that show the LV–HCZs are sources of partial melt thus giving insight into the development of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences (CETES), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chris J Hawkesworth
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Street, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Derek Wyman
- School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sun-Lin Chung
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) and the Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Guo-Ning Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiu-Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gong-Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan-Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Deng G, Gan L, Hernandez MA. Do natural disasters cause an excessive fear of heights? Evidence from the Wenchuan earthquake. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS 2015; 90:79-89. [PMID: 32287490 PMCID: PMC7112347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper uses the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China to examine if the occurrence of a natural disaster can cause an excessive fear of living in upper floors. We rely on potential variations in earthquake risk perceptions by floor level to assess whether the pricing of apartments in lower versus upper floors is consistent with a disproportionate fear of heights. We use a unique transaction dataset for new apartment units in the affected area. We find that the relative price of low to high floor units, particularly units located in the first and second floor, considerably increased for several months after the earthquake and then returned back to the levels observed prior to the tremor. This temporal increase in relative prices is in line with a higher risk perception and fear, triggered after the earthquake, of living in upper floors, which gradually dissipated over time. The results are robust to alternative model estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Gan
- Texas A&M University and NBER, United States
| | - Manuel A. Hernandez
- International Food Policy Research Institute. 2033 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, United States
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Tao W, Masterlark T, Shen ZK, Ronchin E. Impoundment of the Zipingpu reservoir and triggering of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2015; 120:7033-7047. [PMID: 27812436 PMCID: PMC5066322 DOI: 10.1002/2014jb011766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Impoundment of the Zipingpu reservoir (ZR), China, began in September 2005 and was followed 2.7 years later by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake (WE) rupturing the Longmen Shan Fault (LSF), with its epicenter ~12 km away from the ZR. Based on the poroelastic theory, we employ three-dimensional finite element models to simulate the evolution of stress and pore pressure due to reservoir impoundment, and its effect on the Coulomb failure stress on the LSF. The results indicate that the reservoir impoundment formed a pore pressure front that slowly propagated through the crust with fluid diffusion. The reservoir loading induced either moderate or no increase of the Coulomb failure stress at the hypocenter prior to the WE. The Coulomb failure stress, however, grew ~9.3-69.1 kPa in the depth range of 1-8 km on the LSF, which may have advanced tectonic loading of the fault system by ~60-450 years. Due to uncertainties of fault geometry and hypocenter location of the WE, it is inconclusive whether impoundment of the ZR directly triggered the WE. However, a small event at the hypocenter could have triggered large rupture elsewhere on fault, where the asperities were weakened by the ZR. The microseismicity around the ZR also showed an expanding pattern from the ZR since its impoundment, likely associated with diffusion of a positive pore pressure pulse. These results suggest a poroelastic triggering effect (even if indirectly) of the WE due to the impoundment of the ZR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration Beijing China
| | - Timothy Masterlark
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City South Dakota USA
| | - Zheng-Kang Shen
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles California USA; Department of Geophysics, School of Earth and Space Science Peking University Beijing China
| | - Erika Ronchin
- Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Invees Científicas) Barcelona Spain
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Hydrochemistry of the hot springs in western Sichuan province related to the Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:901432. [PMID: 24892106 PMCID: PMC4032713 DOI: 10.1155/2014/901432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogeochemistry of 32 hot springs in the western Sichuan Province after the Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake was investigated by analyzing the concentrations of cation and anion and the isotopic compositions of hydrogen and oxygen. The water samples of the hot springs were collected four times from June 2008 to April 2010. Hydrogeochemical data indicated the water samples can be classified into 9 chemical types. Values of δD and δ18O indicated that the spring waters were mainly derived from meteoric precipitation and affected by water-rock interaction and mixture of deep fluids. Concentrations of K+and SO4− of the samples from the Kangding district exhibited evident increases before the Wenchuan earthquake, indicating more supplement of deep fluids under the increase of tectonic stress. The chemical and isotopic variations of the water samples from the area closer to the epicenter area can be attributed to variation of regional stress field when the aftershock activities became weak.
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16
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Ren Z, Zhang Z, Dai F, Yin J, Zhang H. Co-seismic landslide topographic analysis based on multi-temporal DEM-A case study of the Wenchuan earthquake. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:544. [PMID: 24171155 PMCID: PMC3806981 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hillslope instability has been thought to be one of the most important factors for landslide susceptibility. In this study, we apply geomorphic analysis using multi-temporal DEM data and shake intensity analysis to evaluate the topographic characteristics of the landslide areas. There are many geomorphologic analysis methods such as roughness, slope aspect, which are also as useful as slope analysis. The analyses indicate that most of the co-seismic landslides occurred in regions with roughness, hillslope and slope aspect of >1.2, >30, and between 90 and 270, respectively. However, the intersection regions from the above three methods are more accurate than that derived by applying single topographic analysis method. The ground motion data indicates that the co-seismic landslides mainly occurred on the hanging wall side of Longmen Shan Thrust Belt within the up-down and horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) contour of 150 PGA and 200 gal, respectively. The comparisons of pre- and post-earthquake DEM data indicate that the medium roughness and slope increased, the roughest and steepest regions decreased after the Wenchuan earthquake. However, slope aspects did not even change. Our results indicate that co-seismic landslides mainly occurred at specific regions of high roughness, southward and steep sloping areas under strong ground motion. Co-seismic landslides significantly modified the local topography, especially the hillslope and roughness. The roughest relief and steepest slope are significantly smoothed; however, the medium relief and slope become rougher and steeper, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029 China
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Xu X, Wen X, Han Z, Chen G, Li C, Zheng W, Zhnag S, Ren Z, Xu C, Tan X, Wei Z, Wang M, Ren J, He Z, Liang M. Lushan M S7.0 earthquake: A blind reserve-fault event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Estimation of recurrence interval of large earthquakes on the central Longmen Shan fault zone based on seismic moment accumulation/release model. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:458341. [PMID: 23878524 PMCID: PMC3710655 DOI: 10.1155/2013/458341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence interval of large earthquake on an active fault zone is an important parameter in assessing seismic hazard. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) occurred on the central Longmen Shan fault zone and ruptured the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault (YBF) and the Guanxian-Jiangyou fault (GJF). However, there is a considerable discrepancy among recurrence intervals of large earthquake in preseismic and postseismic estimates based on slip rate and paleoseismologic results. Post-seismic trenches showed that the central Longmen Shan fault zone probably undertakes an event similar to the 2008 quake, suggesting a characteristic earthquake model. In this paper, we use the published seismogenic model of the 2008 earthquake based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data and construct a characteristic seismic moment accumulation/release model to estimate recurrence interval of large earthquakes on the central Longmen Shan fault zone. Our results show that the seismogenic zone accommodates a moment rate of (2.7 ± 0.3) × 1017 N m/yr, and a recurrence interval of 3900 ± 400 yrs is necessary for accumulation of strain energy equivalent to the 2008 earthquake. This study provides a preferred interval estimation of large earthquakes for seismic hazard analysis in the Longmen Shan region.
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Kirby E, Ouimet W. Tectonic geomorphology along the eastern margin of Tibet: insights into the pattern and processes of active deformation adjacent to the Sichuan Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1144/sp353.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe present a review and synthesis of the tectonic geomorphology along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau adjacent to and north of the Sichuan Basin. Re-evaluation of spatial variations in the form of fluvial longitudinal profiles provides a refined image of the distribution of anomalously steep channels. Three new analyses demonstrate that these variations in channel steepness reflect variations in the locus and rate of differential rock uplift. First, measurements of channel width along trunk streams reveal systematic co-variations in channel hydraulic geometry and slope that suggests channels are dynamically adjusted to spatial variations in erosion rate. Second, recent determinations of the functional relationship between channel steepness indices and erosion rate allow a quantitative estimation of erosion rate from channel profile form. Third, comparison of rock uplift patterns to variations in the distribution of slip associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake confirms that channel gradients reflect differential rock uplift. Our analysis suggests that reactivated fault systems adjacent to the Sichuan Basin are primarily responsible for accommodating differential rock uplift, but that rock uplift northward along the margin is not associated with active faults and is likely sustained by flow and thickening in the deep crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kirby
- Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William Ouimet
- Department of Geography and Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Yao H, van der Hilst RD, Montagner JP. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of the lithosphere of SE Tibet from surface wave array tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe Himalayan–Tibetan orogen provides one of the best natural laboratories in which to examine the nature and dynamics of landscape development within continent–continent collision zones. Many new tectonic–climatic–geomorphological theories and models have emerged and/or have been greatly influenced as a consequence of the study of the region and the quest to understand its geomorphological development. These include models of the interactions between tectonics, climate and surfice processes, notably, the influence of climate on surface uplift by denudational unloading; the limiting of topography by glaciation (the glacial buzz-saw model); localized uplift at syntaxes by enhanced fluvial and glacial erosion that, in turn, weaken the lithosphere, enhancing surface uplift and exhumation (the tectonic aneurysm model); climate-driven out-of-sequence thrusting and crustal channel flow; glacial damming leading to differential erosion and uplift; paraglaciation; and the influence of extreme events such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods as major formative processes. The development of new technologies, including satellite remote sensing and global positioning systems, and analytical methods such as numerical dating is now allowing these theories and models to be tested and will inevitably lead to new paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A. Owen
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA (e-mail: )
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Li Y, Jia D, Shaw JH, Hubbard J, Lin A, Wang M, Luo L, Li H, Wu L. Structural interpretation of the coseismic faults of the Wenchuan earthquake: Three-dimensional modeling of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tong X, Sandwell DT, Fialko Y. Coseismic slip model of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and field data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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XU JP, LU Y. Meta-Synthesis Pattern of Analysis and Assessment of Earthquake Disaster System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-8651(10)60080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Source mechanism of strong aftershocks (M s⩾5.6) of the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake and the implication for seismotectonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-009-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shan B, Xiong X, Zheng Y, Diao F. Stress changes on major faults caused by M w7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, May 12, 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-009-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hubbard J, Shaw JH. Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan plateau, and the 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7.9) earthquake. Nature 2009; 458:194-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang W, Shen Y, Chen X. Numerical simulation of strong ground motion for the M s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-008-0130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schiermeier Q. Shock tactics point to risk after quake. Nature 2008; 454:148-9. [DOI: 10.1038/454148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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