1
|
Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yakimov BP, Vlasova II, Efremov YM, Maksimov EG, Shirshin EA, Kagan VE, Timashev PS. Detection of HOCl-driven degradation of the pericardium scaffolds by label-free multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10329. [PMID: 35725581 PMCID: PMC9209456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial biomaterials can significantly increase the rate of tissue regeneration. However, implantation of scaffolds leads not only to accelerated tissue healing but also to an immune response of the organism, which results in the degradation of the biomaterial. The synergy of the immune response and scaffold degradation processes largely determines the efficiency of tissue regeneration. Still, methods suitable for fast, accurate and non-invasive characterization of the degradation degree of biomaterial are highly demandable. Here we show the possibility of monitoring the degradation of decellularized bovine pericardium scaffolds under conditions mimicking the immune response and oxidation processes using multiphoton tomography combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (MPT-FLIM). We found that the fluorescence lifetimes of genipin-induced cross-links in collagen and oxidation products of collagen are prominent markers of oxidative degradation of scaffolds. This was verified in model experiments, where the oxidation was induced with hypochlorous acid or by exposure to activated neutrophils. The fluorescence decay parameters also correlated with the changes of micromechanical properties of the scaffolds as assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results suggest that FLIM can be used for quantitative assessments of the properties and degradation of the scaffolds essential for the wound healing processes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B P Yakimov
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048.,Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - I I Vlasova
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048.,Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048
| | - Y M Efremov
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048.,Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048
| | - E G Maksimov
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - E A Shirshin
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048. .,Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - V E Kagan
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048.,Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - P S Timashev
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048. .,Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia, 119048. .,Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramos DR, Fernández MI, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, García MV, Santaballa JA, Canle M. Effect of ionizing radiation on human myeloperoxidase: Reaction with hydrated electrons. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112369. [PMID: 34864529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a myeloid-lineage restricted enzyme largely expressed in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. It catalyses the formation of reactive oxygen species, mainly hypochlorous acid, contributing to anti-pathogenic defense. Disorders in the production or regulation of MPO may lead to a variety of health conditions, mainly of inflammatory origin, including autoimmune inflammation. We have studied the effect of ionizing radiation on the activity of MPO, as measured by the capacity retained by the enzyme to produce hypochlorous acid as reactive oxygen species after exposure to successive doses of solvated electrons, the strongest possible one-e- reducing agent in water. Chlorination activity was still present after a very high irradiation dose, indicating that radiation damage does not take place at the active site, hindered in the core of MPO structure. Decay kinetics show a dependence on the wavelength, supporting that the process must occur at peripheral functional groups situated on external and readily accessible locations of the enzyme. These results are relevant to understand the mechanism of resistance of our innate anti-pathogenic defense system and also to get insight into potential strategies to regulate MPO levels as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ramos
- Universidade da Coruña, Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group (REACT!), Department of Chemistry, CICA & Faculty of Sciences, A Zapateira s/n, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - M Isabel Fernández
- Universidade da Coruña, Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group (REACT!), Department of Chemistry, CICA & Faculty of Sciences, A Zapateira s/n, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Victoria García
- Universidade da Coruña, Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group (REACT!), Department of Chemistry, CICA & Faculty of Sciences, A Zapateira s/n, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - J Arturo Santaballa
- Universidade da Coruña, Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group (REACT!), Department of Chemistry, CICA & Faculty of Sciences, A Zapateira s/n, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Moisés Canle
- Universidade da Coruña, Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group (REACT!), Department of Chemistry, CICA & Faculty of Sciences, A Zapateira s/n, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trentini A, Rosta V, Spadaro S, Bellini T, Rizzo P, Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Passaro A, Zuliani G, Gentili V, Campo G, Cervellati C. Development, optimization and validation of an absolute specific assay for active myeloperoxidase (MPO) and its application in a clinical context: role of MPO specific activity in coronary artery disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:1749-1758. [PMID: 32031967 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme with a recognized prognostic role in coronary artery disease (CAD), which is also emerging as a promising biomarker for cardiac risk stratification. However, the lack of a consensus method for its quantification has hindered its implementation in clinical practice. The aim of our work was to optimize an absolute sensitive assay for active MPO without external standards, to validate the method in the clinical context of CAD patients, and to estimate the enzyme specific activity. Methods In order to determine the MPO concentration using fluorescence readings, this ELISA assay exploits the activity of the enzyme recognized by specific antibodies. The assay was validated in a small cohort of patients that included: healthy subjects (n=60); patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n=25); patients with stable CAD (SCAD, n=25) and a concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Then, total MPO concentration and specific activity (activity/total MPO) were determined. Results The assay showed an intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 5.8% and 10.4%, respectively, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.074 μU. Both AMI and SCAD patients had higher active and total MPO than controls (p<0.0001 and p<0.01, respectively). The specific activity of MPO was higher in SCAD patients compared to both controls and AMI (p<0.0001). Conclusions The study presents a robust and sensitive method for assaying MPO activity in biological fluids with low variability. Moreover, the determination of the specific activity could provide novel insight into the role of MPO in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosta
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Savino Spadaro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anesthesia and Intensive Care University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | | | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal and Cardio Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Italy.,Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramachandra CJA, Ja KPMM, Chua J, Cong S, Shim W, Hausenloy DJ. Myeloperoxidase As a Multifaceted Target for Cardiovascular Protection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1135-1149. [PMID: 31847538 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme peroxidase that is primarily expressed by neutrophils. It has the capacity to generate several reactive species, essential for its inherent antimicrobial activity and innate host defense. Dysregulated MPO release, however, can lead to tissue damage, as seen in several diseases. Increased MPO levels in circulation are therefore widely associated with conditions of increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent Advances: Several studies have shown a strong correlation between MPO and cardiovascular disease (CVD), through which elevated levels of circulating MPO are linked to poor prognosis with increased risk of CVD-related mortality. Accordingly, circulating MPO is considered a "high-risk" biomarker for patients with acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, and stroke, thereby implicating MPO as a multifaceted target for cardiovascular protection. Consistently, recent studies that target MPO in animal models of CVD have demonstrated favorable outcomes with regard to disease progression. Critical Issues: Although most of these studies have established a critical link between circulating MPO and worsening cardiac outcomes, the mechanisms by which MPO exerts its detrimental effects in CVD remain unclear. Future Directions: Elucidating the mechanisms by which elevated MPO leads to poor prognosis and, conversely, investigating the beneficial effects of therapeutic MPO inhibition on alleviating disease phenotype will facilitate future MPO-targeted clinical trials for improving CVD-related outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan J A Ramachandra
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K P Myu Mai Ja
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasper Chua
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo Cong
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Winston Shim
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Panasenko OM, Torkhovskaya TI, Gorudko IV, Sokolov AV. The Role of Halogenative Stress in Atherogenic Modification of Low-Density Lipoproteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S34-S55. [PMID: 32087053 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses formation of reactive halogen species (RHS) catalyzed by myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme mostly present in leukocytes. An imbalance between the RHS production and body's ability to remove or neutralize them leads to the development of halogenative stress. RHS reactions with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and antioxidants in the content of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) of the human blood are described. MPO binds site-specifically to the LDL surface and modifies LDL properties and structural organization, which leads to the LDL conversion into proatherogenic forms captured by monocytes/macrophages, which causes accumulation of cholesterol and its esters in these cells and their transformation into foam cells, the basis of atherosclerotic plaques. The review describes the biomarkers of MPO enzymatic activity and halogenative stress, as well as the involvement of the latter in the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O M Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - T I Torkhovskaya
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia.,Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - I V Gorudko
- Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - A V Sokolov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia. .,Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vlasova II, Sokolov AV, Kostevich VA, Mikhalchik EV, Vasilyev VB. Myeloperoxidase-Induced Oxidation of Albumin and Ceruloplasmin: Role of Tyrosines. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:652-662. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
8
|
Vlasova II. Peroxidase Activity of Human Hemoproteins: Keeping the Fire under Control. Molecules 2018; 23:E2561. [PMID: 30297621 PMCID: PMC6222727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme in the active center of peroxidases reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form highly reactive intermediates, which then oxidize simple substances called peroxidase substrates. Human peroxidases can be divided into two groups: (1) True peroxidases are enzymes whose main function is to generate free radicals in the peroxidase cycle and (pseudo)hypohalous acids in the halogenation cycle. The major true peroxidases are myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase. (2) Pseudo-peroxidases perform various important functions in the body, but under the influence of external conditions they can display peroxidase-like activity. As oxidative intermediates, these peroxidases produce not only active heme compounds, but also protein-based tyrosyl radicals. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c/cardiolipin complexes and cytoglobin are considered as pseudo-peroxidases. Рeroxidases play an important role in innate immunity and in a number of physiologically important processes like apoptosis and cell signaling. Unfavorable excessive peroxidase activity is implicated in oxidative damage of cells and tissues, thereby initiating the variety of human diseases. Hence, regulation of peroxidase activity is of considerable importance. Since peroxidases differ in structure, properties and location, the mechanisms controlling peroxidase activity and the biological effects of peroxidase products are specific for each hemoprotein. This review summarizes the knowledge about the properties, activities, regulations and biological effects of true and pseudo-peroxidases in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying beneficial and adverse effects of this class of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Vlasova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khan MA, Philip LM, Cheung G, Vadakepeedika S, Grasemann H, Sweezey N, Palaniyar N. Regulating NETosis: Increasing pH Promotes NADPH Oxidase-Dependent NETosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:19. [PMID: 29487850 PMCID: PMC5816902 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils migrating from the blood (pH 7.35-7.45) into the surrounding tissues encounter changes in extracellular pH (pHe) conditions. Upon activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox), neutrophils generate large amounts of H+ ions reducing the intracellular pH (pHi). Nevertheless, how extracellular pH regulates neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis) is not clearly established. We hypothesized that increasing pH increases Nox-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil protease activity, stimulating NETosis. Here, we found that raising pHe (ranging from 6.6 to 7.8; every 0.2 units) increased pHi of both activated and resting neutrophils within 10-20 min (Seminaphtharhodafluor dual fluorescence measurements). Since Nox activity generates H+ ions, pHi is lower in neutrophils that are activated compared to resting. We also found that higher pH stimulated Nox-dependent ROS production (R123 generation; flow cytometry, plate reader assay, and imaging) during spontaneous and phorbol myristate acetate-induced NETosis (Sytox Green assays, immunoconfocal microscopy, and quantifying NETs). In neutrophils that are activated and not resting, higher pH stimulated histone H4 cleavage (Western blots) and NETosis. Raising pH increased Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative)-, and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive)-induced NETosis. Thus, higher pHe promoted Nox-dependent ROS production, protease activity, and NETosis; lower pH has the opposite effect. These studies provided mechanistic steps of pHe-mediated regulation of Nox-dependent NETosis. Raising pH either by sodium bicarbonate or Tris base (clinically known as Tris hydroxymethyl aminomethane, tromethamine, or THAM) increases NETosis. Each Tris molecule can bind 3H+ ions, whereas each bicarbonate HCO3- ion binds 1H+ ion. Therefore, the amount of Tris solution required to cause the same increase in pH level is less than that of equimolar bicarbonate solution. For that reason, regulating NETosis by pH with specific buffers such as THAM could be more effective than bicarbonate in managing NET-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meraj A Khan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lijy M Philip
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guillaume Cheung
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Vadakepeedika
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Sweezey
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dai Y, Cheng S, Wang Z, Zhang R, Yang Z, Wang J, Yung BC, Wang Z, Jacobson O, Xu C, Ni Q, Yu G, Zhou Z, Chen X. Hypochlorous Acid Promoted Platinum Drug Chemotherapy by Myeloperoxidase-Encapsulated Therapeutic Metal Phenolic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2018; 12:455-463. [PMID: 29293312 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study applies in situ production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to improve the therapeutic efficacy of platinum drugs. The phagocytic enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is coated with two functional polyphenol derivatives (platinum prodrug polyphenols and PEG polyphenols) and ferric ion by metal phenolic coordination, which can shield MPO from degradation by other compounds in the blood. Moreover, the platinum prodrug can be reduced to cisplatin in cells and produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The MPO catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to HOCl in the intercellular environment. The as-prepared MPO Pt PEG nanoparticles (MPP NPs) can be employed as a reactive oxygen species cascade bioreaction to enhance platinum drug therapy. The MPP NPs show prolonged blood circulation and high tumor accumulation as evidenced by 89Zr-based positron emission tomography imaging. The MPP NPs effectively inhibit tumor growth in vivo. As a first-in-class platform to harness the highly toxic HOCl in nanomedicine for cancer therapy, this strategy may open doors for further development of progressive therapeutic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-imaging and Neuro-imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bryant C Yung
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Can Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Qianqian Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Guocan Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Naffah de Souza C, Breda LCD, Khan MA, de Almeida SR, Câmara NOS, Sweezey N, Palaniyar N. Alkaline pH Promotes NADPH Oxidase-Independent Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: A Matter of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Citrullination and Cleavage of Histone. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1849. [PMID: 29375550 PMCID: PMC5767187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
pH is highly variable in different tissues and affects many enzymatic reactions in neutrophils. In response to calcium ionophores such as A23187 and ionomycin, neutrophils undergo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)-independent neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis). However, how pH influences calcium-dependent Nox-independent NET formation is not well understood. We hypothesized that increasing pH promotes Nox-independent NET formation by promoting calcium influx, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) generation, histone citrullination, and histone cleavage. Here, we show that stimulating human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood with calcium ionophore A23187 or ionomycin in the media with increasing extracellular pH (6.6, 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.8) drastically increases intracellular pH within in 10-20 min. These intracellular pH values are much higher compared to unstimulated cells placed in the media with corresponding pH values. Raising pH slightly drastically increases intracellular calcium concentration in resting and stimulated neutrophils, respectively. Like calcium, mROS generation also increases with increasing pH. An mROS scavenger, MitoTempo, significantly suppresses calcium ionophore-mediated NET formation with a greater effect at higher pH, indicating that mROS production is at least partly responsible for pH-dependent suppression of Nox-independent NETosis. In addition, raising pH increases PAD4 activity as determined by the citrullination of histone (CitH3) and histone cleavage determined by Western blots. The pH-dependent histone cleavage is reproducibly very high during ionomycin-induced NETosis compared to A23187-induced NETosis. Little or no histone cleavage was noted in unstimulated cells, at any pH. Both CitH3 and cleavage of histones facilitate DNA decondensation. Therefore, alkaline pH promotes intracellular calcium influx, mROS generation, PAD4-mediated CitH3 formation, histone 4 cleavage and eventually NET formation. Calcium-mediated NET formation and CitH3 formation are often related to sterile inflammation. Hence, understanding these important mechanistic steps helps to explain how pH regulates NOX-independent NET formation, and modifying pH may help to regulate NET formation during sterile inflammation or potential damage caused by compounds such as ionomycin, secreted by Streptomyces, a group of Gram-positive bacteria well known for producing antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Naffah de Souza
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Brazil
| | - Leandro C D Breda
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Meraj A Khan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Neil Sweezey
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aissat S, Benbarek H, Franck T, Kohnen S, Deby-Dupont G, Serteyn D, Ahmed M, Mouithys-Mickalad A. Effect of honey on purified equine myeloperoxidase activity and superoxide radical production in activated Polymorphonuclear neutrophils. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2015.1044131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Gilman-Sachs A, Tikoo A, Akman-Anderson L, Jaiswal M, Ntrivalas E, Beaman K. Expression and role of a2 vacuolar-ATPase (a2V) in trafficking of human neutrophil granules and exocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1121-31. [PMID: 25877929 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1214-620rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils kill microorganisms by inducing exocytosis of granules with antibacterial properties. Four isoforms of the "a" subunit of V-ATPase-a1V, a2V, a3V, and a4V-have been identified. a2V is expressed in white blood cells, that is, on the surface of monocytes or activated lymphocytes. Neutrophil associated-a2V was found on membranes of primary (azurophilic) granules and less often on secondary (specific) granules, tertiary (gelatinase granules), and secretory vesicles. However, it was not found on the surface of resting neutrophils. Following stimulation of neutrophils, primary granules containing a2V as well as CD63 translocated to the surface of the cell because of exocytosis. a2V was also found on the cell surface when the neutrophils were incubated in ammonium chloride buffer (pH 7.4) a weak base. The intracellular pH (cytosol) became alkaline within 5 min after stimulation, and the pH increased from 7.2 to 7.8; this pH change correlated with intragranular acidification of the neutrophil granules. Upon translocation and exocytosis, a2V on the membrane of primary granules remained on the cell surface, but myeloperoxidase was secreted. V-ATPase may have a role in the fusion of the granule membrane with the cell surface membrane before exocytosis. These findings suggest that the granule-associated a2V isoform has a role in maintaining a pH gradient within the cell between the cytosol and granules in neutrophils and also in fusion between the surface and the granules before exocytosis. Because a2V is not found on the surface of resting neutrophils, surface a2V may be useful as a biomarker for activated neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjali Tikoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leyla Akman-Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mukesh Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evangelos Ntrivalas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sokolov AV, Kostevich VA, Kozlov SO, Donskyi IS, Vlasova II, Rudenko AO, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB, Panasenko OM. Kinetic method for assaying the halogenating activity of myeloperoxidase based on reaction of celestine blue B with taurine halogenamines. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:777-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1017478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
15
|
Panasenko OM, Gorudko IV, Sokolov AV. Hypochlorous acid as a precursor of free radicals in living systems. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1466-89. [PMID: 24490735 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is produced in the human body by the family of mammalian heme peroxidases, mainly by myeloperoxidase, which is secreted by neutrophils and monocytes at sites of inflammation. This review discusses the reactions that occur between HOCl and the major classes of biologically important molecules (amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic substances) to form free radicals. The generation of such free radical intermediates by HOCl and other reactive halogen species is accompanied by the development of halogenative stress, which causes a number of socially important diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, infectious, and other diseases usually associated with inflammatory response and characterized by the appearance of biomarkers of myeloperoxidase and halogenative stress. Investigations aimed at elucidating the mechanisms regulating the activity of enzyme systems that are responsible for the production of reactive halogen species are a crucial step in opening possibilities for control of the development of the body's inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O M Panasenko
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gorudko IV, Kostevich AV, Sokolov AV, Konstatinova EÉ, Tsapaeva NL, Mironova EV, Zakharova ET, Vasil'ev VB, Cherenkevich SN, Panasenko AM. [Increased myelopepoxidase activity is a risk factor for ishemic heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2013; 58:475-84. [PMID: 23413692 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125804475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using previously developed spectro-photonmetrical method (Bioorg. Khim. 2009. V. 35. pp. 629-639), a significant increase of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was found in blood plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) without of cardiovascular complications, as well as with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Plasma MPO concentration measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was significantly higher only in blood plasma of patient with DM2 and IHD. A direct and significant correlation between MPO activity and MPO concentration was observed only in blood plasma samples from healthy donors. Increased MPO activity did not correlate with MPO concentration in blood plasma of patients with DM2 and DM2 with IHD. Taken together, these results highlight the necessity for studying of the MPO role in the development of pathological processes to determine both the amount of enzyme and its peroxidase activity in the blood. The proposed approach gives comprehensive information about the relationship between MPO activity and MPO concentration in patient blood. Since the high concentration of MPO is a diagnostically significant parameter in the prediction of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease development, the obtained results evidence the contribution of MPO-dependent reactions in cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. MPO activity may serve as an additional diagnostic criterion for determination of risk of IHD in DM patients.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nussbaum C, Klinke A, Adam M, Baldus S, Sperandio M. Myeloperoxidase: a leukocyte-derived protagonist of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:692-713. [PMID: 22823200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heme-enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major neutrophil bactericidal proteins and is stored in large amounts inside azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon cell activation, MPO is released and extracellular MPO has been detected in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES: Apart from its role during infection, MPO has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammation throughout the last decade and is currently discussed in the initiation and propagation of cardiovascular diseases. MPO-derived oxidants (e.g., hypochlorous acid) interfere with various cell functions and contribute to tissue injury. Recent data also suggest that MPO itself exerts proinflammatory properties independent of its catalytic activity. Despite advances in unraveling the complex action of MPO and MPO-derived oxidants, further research is warranted to determine the precise nature and biological role of MPO in inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of MPO as a central player in inflammation renders this enzyme an attractive prognostic biomarker and a potential target for therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the (patho-) physiology of MPO is essential for the development of successful treatment strategies in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vlasova II, Vakhrusheva TV, Sokolov AV, Kostevich VA, Gusev AA, Gusev SA, Melnikova VI, Lobach AS. PEGylated single-walled carbon nanotubes activate neutrophils to increase production of hypochlorous acid, the oxidant capable of degrading nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:131-42. [PMID: 22884993 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perspectives for the use of carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications depend largely on their ability to degrade in the body into products that can be easily cleared out. Carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (c-SWCNTs) were shown to be degraded by oxidants generated by peroxidases in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. In the present study we demonstrated that conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to c-SWCNTs does not interfere with their degradation by peroxidase/H(2)O(2) system or by hypochlorite. Comparison of different heme-containing proteins for their ability to degrade PEG-SWCNTs has led us to conclude that the myeloperoxidase (MPO) product hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the major oxidant that may be responsible for biodegradation of PEG-SWCNTs in vivo. MPO is secreted mainly by neutrophils upon activation. We hypothesize that SWCNTs may enhance neutrophil activation and therefore stimulate their own biodegradation due to MPO-generated HOCl. PEG-SWCNTs at concentrations similar to those commonly used in in vivo studies were found to activate isolated human neutrophils to produce HOCl. Both PEG-SWCNTs and c-SWCNTs enhanced HOCl generation from isolated neutrophils upon serum-opsonized zymosan stimulation. Both types of nanotubes were also found to activate neutrophils in whole blood samples. Intraperitoneal injection of a low dose of PEG-SWCNTs into mice induced an increase in percentage of circulating neutrophils and activation of neutrophils and macrophages in the peritoneal cavity, suggesting the evolution of an inflammatory response. Activated neutrophils can produce high local concentrations of HOCl, thereby creating the conditions favorable for degradation of the nanotubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Vlasova
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vlasova II, Sokolov AV, Arnhold J. The free amino acid tyrosine enhances the chlorinating activity of human myeloperoxidase. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 106:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
20
|
Banerjee D, Bhattacharyya R, Kaul D, Sharma P. Diabetes and tuberculosis. Adv Clin Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385855-9.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Davies MJ, Hawkins CL, Pattison DI, Rees MD. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1199-234. [PMID: 18331199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A marked increase in interest has occurred over the last few years in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, may play in both disease prevention and human pathologies. This increased interest has been sparked by developments in our understanding of polymorphisms that control the levels of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of specific biomarkers that can be used in vivo to detect damage induced by these oxidants, the detection of active forms of these peroxidases at most, if not all, sites of inflammation, and a correlation between the levels of these enzymes and a number of major human pathologies. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the enzymology, chemistry, biochemistry and biologic roles of mammalian peroxidases and the oxidants that they generate, the potential role of these oxidants in human disease, and the use of the levels of these enzymes in disease prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia., Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed chlorination: The quest for the active species. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1300-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Ramos DR, Victoria García M, Canle L M, Arturo Santaballa J, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed taurine chlorination: Initial versus equilibrium rate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466:221-33. [PMID: 17868637 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of chloride, thereby producing hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Taurine (2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid, Tau) is thought to act as a trap of HOCl forming the long-lived oxidant monochlorotaurine [(N-Cl)-Tau], which participates in pathogen defense. Here, we amend and extend previous studies by following initial and equilibrium rate of formation of (N-Cl)-Tau mediated by MPO at pH 4.0-7.0, varying H(2)O(2) concentration. Initial rate studies show no saturation of the active site under assay conditions (i.e. [H(2)O(2)] > or = 2000 [MPO]). Deceleration of Tau chlorination under equilibrium is quantitatively described by the redox equilibrium established by H(2)O(2)-mediated reduction of compound I to compound II. At equilibrium regime the maximum chlorination rate is obtained at [H(2)O(2)] and pH values around 0.4mM and pH 5. The proposed mechanism includes known acid-base and binding equilibria taking place at the working conditions. Kinetic data ruled out the currently accepted mechanism in which a proton participates in the molecular step (MPO-I+Cl(-)) leading to the formation of the chlorinating agent. Results support the formation of a chlorinating compound I-Cl(-) complex (MPO-I-Cl) and/or of ClO(-), through the former or even independently of it. ClO(-) diffuses away and rapidly protonates to HOCl outside the heme pocket. Smaller substrates will be chlorinated inside the enzyme by MPO-I-Cl and outside by HOCl, whereas bulkier ones can only react with the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ramos
- Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group, Department of Physical Chemistry & Chemical Engineering I, University of A Coruña, Alejandro de la Sota 1, E-15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang L, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase produces two chlorinating species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:581-6. [PMID: 17303078 PMCID: PMC1852486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the hemes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP) undergo vinyl and meso-carbon modifications when the enzymes oxidize chloride ion. Here we demonstrate for ARP that, although both modifications exhibit the same pH profile with an optimum at approximately pH 4.0, monochlorodimedone suppresses the vinyl but not meso-carbon modifications. Furthermore, meso-chlorination occurs when ARP reacts with exogenous HOCl, implicating an Fe(III)-O-Cl intermediate in the reaction. These results establish that (a) the chloro species involved in meso-modification differs from that which reacts with the vinyl groups, (b) equilibration of the vinyl modifying species (HOCl) into the medium occurs more rapidly than vinyl group modification, and (c) the oxidation of chloride by ARP produces two reactive species: HOCl, which adds to the heme vinyl but not meso-positions, and a distinct second species that adds to the meso-carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R. Ortiz de Montellano
- To whom editorial correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Paul Ortiz de Montellano, University of California, Genentech Hall N572D, 600 16 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, TEL: (415) 476-2903, FAX: (415) 502-4728, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|