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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Wohl J, Petersen M. Functional expression and characterization of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis in Physcomitrella patens. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:597-607. [PMID: 32055924 PMCID: PMC7165133 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis (AaC4H) was functionally expressed in the moss Physcomitrella patens and characterized at biochemical and molecular levels. Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), a cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylase, catalyzes the formation of 4-coumaric acid (=4-hydroxycinnamic acid) from trans-cinnamic acid. In the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis (Aa), this enzyme is supposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (a caffeic acid ester of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid) and other related compounds. The coding sequence of AaC4H (CYP73A260) was expressed in the moss Physcomitrella patens (Pp_AaC4H). Protein extracts from the transformed moss showed considerably increased C4H activity driven by NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase of the moss. Since Physcomitrella has own putative cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylases, enzyme characterization was carried out in parallel with the untransformed Physcomitrella wild type (Pp_WT). Apparent Km-values for cinnamic acid and NADPH were determined to be at 17.3 µM and 88.0 µM for Pp_AaC4H and 25.1 µM and 92.3 µM for Pp_WT, respectively. Expression levels of AaC4H as well as two Physcomitrella patens C4H isoforms were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. While PpC4H_1 displayed constantly low levels of expression during the whole 21-day culture period, AaC4H and PpC4H_2 increased their expression during the first 6-8 days of the culture period and then decreased again. This work describes the biochemical in vitro characterization of a cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme, namely C4H, heterologously expressed in the haploid model plant Physcomitrella patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wohl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Wohl J, Petersen M. Functional expression and characterization of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis in Physcomitrella patens. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:597-607. [PMID: 32055924 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis (AaC4H) was functionally expressed in the moss Physcomitrella patens and characterized at biochemical and molecular levels. Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), a cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylase, catalyzes the formation of 4-coumaric acid (=4-hydroxycinnamic acid) from trans-cinnamic acid. In the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis (Aa), this enzyme is supposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (a caffeic acid ester of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid) and other related compounds. The coding sequence of AaC4H (CYP73A260) was expressed in the moss Physcomitrella patens (Pp_AaC4H). Protein extracts from the transformed moss showed considerably increased C4H activity driven by NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase of the moss. Since Physcomitrella has own putative cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylases, enzyme characterization was carried out in parallel with the untransformed Physcomitrella wild type (Pp_WT). Apparent Km-values for cinnamic acid and NADPH were determined to be at 17.3 µM and 88.0 µM for Pp_AaC4H and 25.1 µM and 92.3 µM for Pp_WT, respectively. Expression levels of AaC4H as well as two Physcomitrella patens C4H isoforms were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. While PpC4H_1 displayed constantly low levels of expression during the whole 21-day culture period, AaC4H and PpC4H_2 increased their expression during the first 6-8 days of the culture period and then decreased again. This work describes the biochemical in vitro characterization of a cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme, namely C4H, heterologously expressed in the haploid model plant Physcomitrella patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wohl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Chasov AV, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV. Activity of Redox Enzymes in the Thallus of Anthoceros natalensis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:1157-68. [PMID: 26555468 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) belong to a group of ancient nonvascular plants and originate from a common ancestor with contemporary vascular plants. Hornworts represent a unique model for investigating mechanisms of formation of stress resistance in higher plants due to their high tolerance to the action of adverse environmental factors. In this work, we demonstrate that the thallus of Anthoceros natalensis exhibits high redox activity changing under stress. Dehydration of the thallus is accompanied by the decrease in activities of intracellular peroxidases, DOPA-peroxidases, and tyrosinases, while catalase activity increases. Subsequent rehydration results in the increase in peroxidase and catalase activities. Kinetic features of peroxidases and tyrosinases were characterized as well as the peroxidase isoenzyme composition of different fractions of the hornwort cell wall proteins. It was shown that the hornwort peroxidases are functionally similar to peroxidases of higher vascular plants including their ability to form superoxide anion-radical. The biochemical mechanism was elucidated, supporting the possible participation of peroxidases in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via substrate-substrate interactions in the hornwort thallus. It has been suggested that the ROS formation by peroxidases is an evolutionarily ancient process that emerged as a protective mechanism for enhancing adaptive responses of higher land plants and their adaptation to changing environmental conditions and successful colonization of various ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Chasov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
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GokulRaj K, Sundaresan N, Ganeshan EJ, Rajapriya P, Muthumary J, Sridhar J, Pandi M. Phylogenetic reconstruction of endophytic fungal isolates using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Bioinformation 2014; 10:320-8. [PMID: 25097373 PMCID: PMC4110421 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are inhabitants of plants, living most part of their lifecycle asymptomatically which mainly confer protection and
ecological advantages to the host plant. In this present study, 48 endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of three medicinal
plants and characterized based on ITS2 sequence – secondary structure analysis. ITS2 secondary structures were elucidated with
minimum free energy method (MFOLD version 3.1) and consensus structure of each genus was generated by 4SALE. ProfDistS
was used to generate ITS2 sequence structure based phylogenetic tree respectively. Our elucidated isolates were belonging to
Ascomycetes family, representing 5 orders and 6 genera. Colletotrichum/Glomerella spp., Diaporthae/Phomopsis spp., and Alternaria
spp., were predominantly observed while Cochliobolus sp., Cladosporium sp., and Emericella sp., were represented by singletons. The
constructed phylogenetic tree has well resolved monophyletic groups with >50% bootstrap value support. Secondary structures
based fungal systematics improves not only the stability; it also increases the precision of phylogenetic inference. Above ITS2 based
phylogenetic analysis was performed for our 48 isolates along with sequences of known ex-types taken from GenBank which
confirms the efficiency of the proposed method. Further, we propose it as superlative marker for reconstructing phylogenetic
relationships at different taxonomic levels due to their lesser length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathamuthu GokulRaj
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natesan Sundaresan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Enthai Jagan Ganeshan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandi Rajapriya
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21, Tamil Nadu,India
| | - Johnpaul Muthumary
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 25, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayavel Sridhar
- Department of Biotechnology (DDE), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Pandi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 21, Tamil Nadu, India
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Merget B, Wolf M. A molecular phylogeny of Hypnales (Bryophyta) inferred from ITS2 sequence-structure data. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:320. [PMID: 21108782 PMCID: PMC2998521 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypnales comprise over 50% of all pleurocarpous mosses. They provide a young radiation complicating phylogenetic analyses. To resolve the hypnalean phylogeny, it is necessary to use a phylogenetic marker providing highly variable features to resolve species on the one hand and conserved features enabling a backbone analysis on the other. Therefore we used highly variable internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences and conserved secondary structures, as deposited with the ITS2 Database, simultaneously. Findings We built an accurate and in parts robustly resolved large scale phylogeny for 1,634 currently available hypnalean ITS2 sequence-structure pairs. Conclusions Profile Neighbor-Joining revealed a possible hypnalean backbone, indicating that most of the hypnalean taxa classified as different moss families are polyphyletic assemblages awaiting taxonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Merget
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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