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Świerczek B, Ciemerych MA, Archacka K. From pluripotency to myogenesis: a multistep process in the dish. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:363-75. [PMID: 26715014 PMCID: PMC4762919 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine as they can differentiate into all cell types building a mammalian body. However, protocols leading to efficient and safe in vitro generation of desired cell types must be perfected before PSCs can be used in cell therapies or tissue engineering. In vivo, i.e. in developing mouse embryo or teratoma, PSCs can differentiate into skeletal muscle, but in vitro their spontaneous differentiation into myogenic cells is inefficient. Numerous attempts have been undertaken to enhance this process. Many of them involved mimicking the interactions occurring during embryonic myogenesis. The key regulators of embryonic myogenesis, such as Wnts proteins, fibroblast growth factor 2, and retinoic acid, have been tested to improve the frequency of in vitro myogenic differentiation of PSCs. This review summarizes the current state of the art, comparing spontaneous and directed myogenic differentiation of PSCs as well as the protocols developed this far to facilitate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Świerczek
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Novosadova EV, Grivennikov IA. Induced pluripotent stem cells: From derivation to application in biochemical and biomedical research. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1425-41. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629791413001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nair R, Santos L, Awasthi S, von Erlach T, Chow LW, Bertazzo S, Stevens MM. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Preosteoblasts Influence Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1625-35. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Nair
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lívia Santos
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siddhant Awasthi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas von Erlach
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley W. Chow
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Archacka K, Denkis A, Brzóska E, Świerczek B, Tarczyluk M, Jańczyk-Ilach K, Ciemerych MA, Moraczewski J. Competence of in vitro cultured mouse embryonic stem cells for myogenic differentiation and fusion with myoblasts. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2455-68. [PMID: 24940624 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are a potential source of various cell types for use in regenerative medicine. Despite accumulating knowledge, there is currently no efficient and reproducible protocol that does not require genetic manipulation for generation of myogenic cells from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we examined whether mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are able to undergo myogenic differentiation and fusion in response to signals released by differentiating myoblasts. Using ES cells expressing the histone 2B-green fluorescent fusion protein, we were able to detect hybrid myotubes formed by ES cells and differentiating myoblasts. ES cells that fused with myoblasts downregulated the expression of pluripotency markers and induced the expression of myogenic markers, while unfused ES cells did not exhibit this expression pattern. Thus, the signals released by myoblasts were not sufficient to induce myogenic differentiation of ES cells. Although ES cells synthesize many proteins involved in myoblast adhesion and fusion, we did not observe any myotubes formed exclusively by ES cells. We found that ES cells lacked M-cadherin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which may account for the low frequency of hybrid myotube formation in ES cell-myoblast co-cultures and the inability of ES cells alone to form myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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Mouse and human pluripotent stem cells and the means of their myogenic differentiation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2012; 55:321-56. [PMID: 22918815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30406-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, are an important tool in the studies focusing at the differentiation of various cell types, including skeletal myoblasts. They are also considered as a source of the cells that due to their pluripotent character and availability could be turned into any required tissue and then used in future in regenerative medicine. However, the methods of the derivation of some of cell types from pluripotent cells still need to be perfected. This chapter summarizes the history and current advancements in the derivation and testing of pluripotent stem cells-derived skeletal myoblasts. It focuses at the in vitro methods allowing the differentiation of stem cells grown in monolayer or propagated as embryoid bodies, and also at in vivo tests allowing the verification of the functionality of obtained skeletal myoblasts.
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Skalnikova H, Motlik J, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Mapping of the secretome of primary isolates of mammalian cells, stem cells and derived cell lines. Proteomics 2011; 11:691-708. [PMID: 21241017 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Within a mammalian organism, the interaction among cells both at short and long distances is mediated by soluble factors released by cells into the extracellular environment. The secreted proteins may involve extracellular matrix proteins, proteinases, growth factors, protein hormones, immunoregulatory cytokines, chemokines or other bioactive molecules that have a direct impact on target cell phenotype. Stem cells of mesenchymal, adipose, neural and embryonic origin, fibroblast feeder cells as well as primary isolates of astrocytes, endothelial and muscle cells have recently become targets of intensive secretome profiling with the search for proteins regulating cell survival, proliferation, differentiation or inflammatory response. Recent advances and challenges of the stem cell and primary cell secretome analysis together with the most relevant results are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Skalnikova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Libechov, Czech Republic
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