1
|
Yang Y, Li S, Zhang L, Fu H, Zhou G, Chen M. Skin and soft tissue infection of Nontuberculous mycobacterium after injection lipolysis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1207-1212. [PMID: 36606392 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injection lipolysis is used for body and face contouring due to its minimal invasiveness and cost-effectiveness, but related complications such as nontuberculous mycobacterium infection significantly affect its clinical application. AIMS This study aimed to review the literature on NTM infection after injection lipolysis. METHODS We conducted a literature review of scientific journals published in Medline and PubMed up to September 2022 on patients with NTM skin and soft tissue infections. We used the keywords: nontuberculous mycobacterium, infection, injection lipolysis, and lipolytic solution in various combinations with the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT. Only articles available in English and full version publications were considered for this review. Here, we reviewed the relevant mechanisms and drugs for injectable lipolysis and analyzed the possible correlation between NTM infection and injection lipolysis. We also summarize methods for the diagnosis and treatment of NTM infections and present some perspectives on this therapy. RESULTS Many patients with NTM infections had a history of fat-related surgery or therapy. NTM infection after injection lipolysis may be related to inadequate disinfection and sterilization of injection equipment and clinical procedures, the unqualified medication itself and free fatty acids released during injection lipolysis. Currently, diagnosis and treatment of NTM infection after lipolysis injections remains challenging. CONCLUSIONS Injection lipolysis represents a helpful option for local fat reduction. Doctors should strictly abide by the aseptic operation standards and use qualified products for there is a correlation between skin and soft tissue infection of nontuberculous mycobacterium and injection lipolysis. Providers should understand the mechanism, indications, and associated risks of injection lipolysis when injecting fat-dissolving drugs to reduce localized fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Fu
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Guiwen Zhou
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minliang Chen
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shleeva M, Savitsky A, Kaprelyants A. Corynebacterium jeikeium Dormant Cell Formation and Photodynamic Inactivation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:605899. [PMID: 33391228 PMCID: PMC7775403 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.605899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic non-spore forming bacteria enter a dormant state under stressful conditions, which likely allows them to acquire resistance to various antibiotics. This work revealed the efficient formation of dormant "non-culturable" (NC) Corynebacterium jeikeium cells in stationary phase upon gradual acidification of the growth medium. Such cells were unable to form colonies and existed in a prolonged stationary phase. At an early stage of dormancy (approximately 14 days post-inoculation), dormant cells are able for resuscitation in liquid medium. However, those stored for long time in dormant state needed addition of supernatant taking from active C. jeikeium cultures for successful resuscitation. NC cells possessed low RNA synthesis and significant tolerance to antibiotics (rifampicin and vancomycin). They also accumulated free porphyrins, and 5-aminolevulinic acid addition enhanced free porphyrin accumulation which makes them potentially sensitive to photodynamic inactivation (PDI). PDI of dormant bacteria was accomplished by exposing cells to a 565 nm wavelength of light using a SOLIS-4C light-emitting diode for 60 min. This revealed that increased porphyrin concentrations were correlated with elevated PDI sensitivity. Results shown here demonstrate the potential utility of employing PDI to minimize levels of dormant, persistent corynebacteria and the C. jeikeium dormancy model developed here may be useful for finding new drugs and techniques for combatting persistent corynebacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Shleeva
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chengalroyen MD, Beukes GM, Gordhan BG, Streicher EM, Churchyard G, Hafner R, Warren R, Otwombe K, Martinson N, Kana BD. Detection and Quantification of Differentially Culturable Tubercle Bacteria in Sputum from Patients with Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:1532-1540. [PMID: 27387272 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0769oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent studies suggest that baseline tuberculous sputum comprises a mixture of routinely culturable and differentially culturable tubercle bacteria (DCTB). The latter seems to be drug tolerant and dependent on resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs). OBJECTIVES To further explore this, we assessed sputum from patients with tuberculosis for DCTB and studied the impact of exogenous culture filtrate (CF) supplementation ex vivo. METHODS Sputum samples from adults with tuberculosis and HIV-1 and adults with no HIV-1 were used for most probable number (MPN) assays supplemented with CF and Rpf-deficient CF, to detect CF-dependent and Rpf-independent DCTB, respectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In 110 individuals, 19.1% harbored CF-dependent DCTB and no Rpf-independent DCTB. Furthermore, 11.8% yielded Rpf-independent DCTB with no CF-dependent DCTB. In addition, 53.6% displayed both CF-dependent and Rpf-independent DCTB, 1.8% carried CF-independent DCTB, and 13.6% had no DCTB. Sputum from individuals without HIV-1 yielded higher CF-supplemented MPN counts compared with counterparts with HIV-1. Furthermore, individuals with HIV-1 with CD4 counts greater than 200 cells/mm3 displayed higher CF-supplemented MPN counts compared with participants with HIV-1 with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3. CF supplementation allowed for detection of mycobacteria in 34 patients with no culturable bacteria on solid media. Additionally, the use of CF enhanced detection of sputum smear-negative individuals. CONCLUSIONS These observations demonstrate a novel Rpf-independent DCTB population in sputum and reveal that reduced host immunity is associated with lower prevalence of CF-responsive bacteria. Quantification of DCTB in standard TB diagnosis would be beneficial because these organisms provide a putative biomarker to monitor treatment response and risk of disease recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Chengalroyen
- 1 Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Germar M Beukes
- 1 Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhavna G Gordhan
- 1 Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth M Streicher
- 2 Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Richard Hafner
- 4 Tuberculosis Clinical Research Team, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robin Warren
- 2 Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- 5 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and
| | - Neil Martinson
- 1 Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,5 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and.,6 Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bavesh D Kana
- 1 Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu ML, Gengenbacher M, Dick T. Mild Nutrient Starvation Triggers the Development of a Small-Cell Survival Morphotype in Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:947. [PMID: 27379076 PMCID: PMC4909757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria, generally believed to be non-sporulating, are well known to survive shock starvation in saline for extended periods of time in a non-replicating state without any apparent morphological changes. Here, we uncover that mycobacteria can undergo cellular differentiation by exposing Mycobacterium smegmatis to mild starvation conditions. Traces of various carbon sources in saline triggered the development of a novel small resting cell (SMRC) morphotype. Development of SMRCs could also be observed for other mycobacteria, suggesting evolutionary conservation of this differentiation pathway. Fluorescence microscopic analyses showed that development of SMRCs progresses via septated, multi-nucleoided cell intermediates, which divide to generate mono-nucleoided SMRCs. Intriguingly, saline shock-starved large resting cells (LARCs), which did not show cell size or surface changes when observed by scanning electron microscopy, remodeled their internal structure to septated, multi-nucleoided cells, similar to the intermediates seen during differentiation to SMRCs. Our results suggest that mycobacteria harbor a starvation-induced differentiation program in which at first septated, multi-nucleoided cells are generated. Under zero-nutrient conditions bacteria terminate development at this stage as LARCs. In the presence of traces of a carbon source, these multi-nucleoided cells continue differentiation into mono-nucleoided SMRCs. Both SMRCs and LARCs exhibited extreme antibiotic tolerance. SMRCs showed increased long-term starvation survival, which was associated with the presence of lipid inclusion bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Lu Wu
- Antibacterial Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Antibacterial Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Turapov O, Waddell SJ, Burke B, Glenn S, Sarybaeva AA, Tudo G, Labesse G, Young DI, Young M, Andrew PW, Butcher PD, Cohen-Gonsaud M, Mukamolova GV. Oleoyl coenzyme A regulates interaction of transcriptional regulator RaaS (Rv1219c) with DNA in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25241-9. [PMID: 25012658 PMCID: PMC4155686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that RaaS (regulator of antimicrobial-assisted survival), encoded by Rv1219c in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and by bcg_1279c in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, plays an important role in mycobacterial survival in prolonged stationary phase and during murine infection. Here, we demonstrate that long chain acyl-CoA derivatives (oleoyl-CoA and, to lesser extent, palmitoyl-CoA) modulate RaaS binding to DNA and expression of the downstream genes that encode ATP-dependent efflux pumps. Moreover, exogenously added oleic acid influences RaaS-mediated mycobacterial improvement of survival and expression of the RaaS regulon. Our data suggest that long chain acyl-CoA derivatives serve as biological indicators of the bacterial metabolic state. Dysregulation of efflux pumps can be used to eliminate non-growing mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Obolbek Turapov
- From the Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Waddell
- the Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Burke
- From the Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Glenn
- From the Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Asel A Sarybaeva
- From the Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Griselda Tudo
- the Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gilles Labesse
- the Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, 34090 Montpellier, France, INSERM U1054, Universités Montpellier I and II, 34090 Montpellier, France, and
| | - Danielle I Young
- the Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Young
- the Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Andrew
- From the Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Butcher
- the Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- the Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, 34090 Montpellier, France, INSERM U1054, Universités Montpellier I and II, 34090 Montpellier, France, and
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- From the Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shleeva M, Goncharenko A, Kudykina Y, Young D, Young M, Kaprelyants A. Cyclic AMP-dependent resuscitation of dormant Mycobacteria by exogenous free fatty acids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82914. [PMID: 24376605 PMCID: PMC3871856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One third of the world population carries a latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, which may reactivate leading to active disease. Although TB latency has been known for many years it remains poorly understood. In particular, substances of host origin, which may induce the resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria, have not yet been described. In vitro models of dormant ("non-culturable") cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis (mc(2)155) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv were used. We found that the resuscitation of dormant M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis cells in liquid medium was stimulated by adding free unsaturated fatty acids (FA), including arachidonic acid, at concentrations of 1.6-10 µM. FA addition enhanced cAMP levels in reactivating M. smegmatis cells and exogenously added cAMP (3-10 mM) or dibutyryl-cAMP (0.5-1 mM) substituted for FA, causing resuscitation of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis dormant cells. A M. smegmatis null-mutant lacking MSMEG_4279, which encodes a FA-activated adenylyl cyclase (AC), could not be resuscitated by FA but it was resuscitated by cAMP. M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis cells hyper-expressing AC were unable to form non-culturable cells and a specific inhibitor of AC (8-bromo-cAMP) prevented FA-dependent resuscitation. RT-PCR analysis revealed that rpfA (coding for resuscitation promoting factor A) is up-regulated in M. smegmatis in the beginning of exponential growth following the cAMP increase in lag phase caused by FA-induced cell activation. A specific Rpf inhibitor (4-benzoyl-2-nitrophenylthiocyanate) suppressed FA-induced resuscitation. We propose a novel pathway for the resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria involving the activation of adenylyl cyclase MSMEG_4279 by FAs resulted in activation of cellular metabolism followed later by increase of RpfA activity which stimulates cell multiplication in exponential phase. The study reveals a probable role for lipids of host origin in the resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria, which may function during the reactivation of latent TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Shleeva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Goncharenko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Kudykina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danielle Young
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Young
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Arseny Kaprelyants
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulatory network and hypoxia. Nature 2013; 499:178-83. [PMID: 23823726 DOI: 10.1038/nature12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have taken the first steps towards a complete reconstruction of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulatory network based on ChIP-Seq and combined this reconstruction with system-wide profiling of messenger RNAs, proteins, metabolites and lipids during hypoxia and re-aeration. Adaptations to hypoxia are thought to have a prominent role in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. Using ChIP-Seq combined with expression data from the induction of the same factors, we have reconstructed a draft regulatory network based on 50 transcription factors. This network model revealed a direct interconnection between the hypoxic response, lipid catabolism, lipid anabolism and the production of cell wall lipids. As a validation of this model, in response to oxygen availability we observe substantial alterations in lipid content and changes in gene expression and metabolites in corresponding metabolic pathways. The regulatory network reveals transcription factors underlying these changes, allows us to computationally predict expression changes, and indicates that Rv0081 is a regulatory hub.
Collapse
|
8
|
Manina G, McKinney JD. A single-cell perspective on non-growing but metabolically active (NGMA) bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 374:135-61. [PMID: 23793585 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing and fundamental problem in microbiology is the non-trivial discrimination between live and dead cells. The existence of physically intact and possibly viable bacterial cells that fail to replicate during a more or less protracted period of observation, despite environmental conditions that are ostensibly propitious for growth, has been extensively documented in many different organisms. In clinical settings, non-culturable cells may contribute to non-apparent infections capable of reactivating after months or years of clinical latency, a phenomenon that has been well documented in the specific case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The prevalence of these silent but potentially problematic bacterial reservoirs has been highlighted by classical approaches such as limiting culture dilution till extinction of growing cells, followed by resuscitation of apparently "viable but non-culturable" (VBNC) subpopulations. Although these assays are useful to demonstrate the presence of VBNC cells in a population, they are effectively retrospective and are not well suited to the analysis of non-replicating cells per se. Here, we argue that research on a closely related problem, which we shall refer to as the "non-growing but metabolically active" state, is poised to advance rapidly thanks to the recent development of novel technologies and methods for real-time single-cell analysis. In particular, the combination of fluorescent reporter dyes and strains, microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems, and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy offers tremendous and largely untapped potential for future exploration of the physiology of non-replicating cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Manina
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Puspita ID, Kamagata Y, Tanaka M, Asano K, Nakatsu CH. Are uncultivated bacteria really uncultivable? Microbes Environ 2012; 27:356-66. [PMID: 23059723 PMCID: PMC4103542 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many strategies have been used to increase the number of bacterial cells that can be grown from environmental samples but cultivation efficiency remains a challenge for microbial ecologists. The difficulty of cultivating a fraction of bacteria in environmental samples can be classified into two non-exclusive categories. Bacterial taxa with no cultivated representatives for which appropriate laboratory conditions necessary for growth are yet to be identified. The other class is cells in a non-dividing state (also known as dormant or viable but not culturable cells) that require the removal or addition of certain factors to re-initiate growth. A number of strategies, from simple to high throughput techniques, are reviewed that have been used to increase the cultivation efficiency of environmental samples. Some of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the success of these cultivation strategies are described. Overall this review emphasizes the need of researchers to first understand the factors that are hindering cultivation to identify the best strategies to improve cultivation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indun Dewi Puspita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
| | - Yoichi Kamagata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2–17 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062–8517,
Japan
| | - Michiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
| | - Kozo Asano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
| | - Cindy H. Nakatsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589,
Japan
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,
USA
| |
Collapse
|