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Page KM, McCormack JJ, Lopes-da-Silva M, Patella F, Harrison-Lavoie K, Burden JJ, Quah YYB, Scaglioni D, Ferraro F, Cutler DF. Structure modeling hints at a granular organization of the Golgi ribbon. BMC Biol 2022; 20:111. [PMID: 35549945 PMCID: PMC9102599 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrate cells, the Golgi functional subunits, mini-stacks, are linked into a tri-dimensional network. How this "ribbon" architecture relates to Golgi functions remains unclear. Are all connections between mini-stacks equal? Is the local structure of the ribbon of functional importance? These are difficult questions to address, without a quantifiable readout of the output of ribbon-embedded mini-stacks. Endothelial cells produce secretory granules, the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPB), whose von Willebrand Factor (VWF) cargo is central to hemostasis. The Golgi apparatus controls WPB size at both mini-stack and ribbon levels. Mini-stack dimensions delimit the size of VWF "boluses" whilst the ribbon architecture allows their linear co-packaging, thereby generating WPBs of different lengths. This Golgi/WPB size relationship suits mathematical analysis. RESULTS WPB lengths were quantized as multiples of the bolus size and mathematical modeling simulated the effects of different Golgi ribbon organizations on WPB size, to be compared with the ground truth of experimental data. An initial simple model, with the Golgi as a single long ribbon composed of linearly interlinked mini-stacks, was refined to a collection of mini-ribbons and then to a mixture of mini-stack dimers plus long ribbon segments. Complementing these models with cell culture experiments led to novel findings. Firstly, one-bolus sized WPBs are secreted faster than larger secretory granules. Secondly, microtubule depolymerization unlinks the Golgi into equal proportions of mini-stack monomers and dimers. Kinetics of binding/unbinding of mini-stack monomers underpinning the presence of stable dimers was then simulated. Assuming that stable mini-stack dimers and monomers persist within the ribbon resulted in a final model that predicts a "breathing" arrangement of the Golgi, where monomer and dimer mini-stacks within longer structures undergo continuous linking/unlinking, consistent with experimentally observed WPB size distributions. CONCLUSIONS Hypothetical Golgi organizations were validated against a quantifiable secretory output. The best-fitting Golgi model, accounting for stable mini-stack dimers, is consistent with a highly dynamic ribbon structure, capable of rapid rearrangement. Our modeling exercise therefore predicts that at the fine-grained level the Golgi ribbon is more complex than generally thought. Future experiments will confirm whether such a ribbon organization is endothelial-specific or a general feature of vertebrate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Page
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Jessica J. McCormack
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Mafalda Lopes-da-Silva
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Current address: iNOVA4Health, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francesca Patella
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Current address: Kinomica, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG UK
| | - Kimberly Harrison-Lavoie
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Jemima J. Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Ying-Yi Bernadette Quah
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Dominic Scaglioni
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Francesco Ferraro
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, BEOM, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel F. Cutler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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Cui YJ, Liu C, Ma CC, Ji YT, Yao YL, Tang LQ, Zhang CM, Wu JD, Liu ZP. SAR Investigation and Discovery of Water-Soluble 1-Methyl-1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2- c]pyrazoles as Potent Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14840-14866. [PMID: 33201714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Taking the previously discovered 1-methyl-1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2c]pyrazol derivative LL01 as a lead, systematic structural modifications were made at the phenolic 6- and 7-positions and the aniline at the 3-position of the indenopyrazole core to investigate the SARs and to improve water solubility. Among the designed indenopyrazoles ID01-ID33, a series of potent MTAs were identified. As the hydrochloride salt(s), ID09 and ID33 showed excellent aqueous solubility and favorable Log P value and displayed noteworthily low nanomolar potency against a variety of tumor cells, including those taxol-resistant ones. They inhibited tubulin polymerization, disrupted cellular microtubule networks by targeting the colchicine site, and promoted HepG2 cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. In the HepG2 xenograft mouse model, ID09 and ID33 effectively inhibited tumor growth at an oral dose of 25 mg/kg. At an intravenous (iv) injection dose of 10 mg/kg every other day, ID09 suppressed tumor growth by 68% without obvious toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Chen Ma
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ting Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Li Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Long-Qian Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Mei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jing-De Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
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Kim KW. Peltate trichomes on biogenic silvery leaves of
Elaeagnus umbellata. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:789-795. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Woo Kim
- School of Ecology and Environmental SystemKyungpook National UniversitySangju 37224 Korea
- Tree Diagnostic Center, Kyungpook National UniversitySangju 37224 Korea
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