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Karyagina AS, Grishin AV, Kudinova AG, Bulygina IN, Koudan EV, Orlova PA, Datsenko VP, Zhulina AV, Grunina TM, Poponova MS, Krivozubov MS, Gromova MS, Strukova NV, Generalova MS, Nikitin KE, Shchetinin IV, Luchnikov LO, Zaitseva SV, Kirsanova MA, Statnik ES, Senatov FS, Lunin VG, Gromov AV. Dual-Functional Implant Based on Gellan-Xanthan Hydrogel with Diopside, BMP-2 and Lysostaphin for Bone Defect Repair and Control of Staphylococcal Infection. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2400205. [PMID: 39140453 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
A new dual-functional implant based on gellan-xanthan hydrogel with calcium-magnesium silicate ceramic diopside and recombinant lysostaphin and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)-ray is developed. In this composite, BMP-2 is immobilized on microparticles of diopside while lysostaphin is mixed directly into the hydrogel, providing sustained release of BMP-2 to allow gradual bone formation and rapid release of lysostaphin to eliminate infection immediately after implantation. Introduction of diopside of up to 3% (w/v) has a negligible effect on the mechanical properties of the hydrogel but provides a high sorption capacity for BMP-2. The hydrogels show good biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Lysostaphin released from the implants over a 3 h period efficiently kills planktonic cells and completely destroys 24 h pre-formed biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, in vivo experiments in a mouse model of critically-sized cranial defects infected with S. aureus show a complete lack of osteogenesis when implants contain only BMP-2, whereas, in the presence of lysostaphin, complete closure of the defect with newly formed mineralized bone tissue is observed. Thus, the new implantable gellan-xanthan hydrogel with diopside and recombinant lysostaphin and BMP-2 shows both osteogenic and antibacterial properties and represents a promising material for the treatment and/or prevention of osteomyelitis after bone trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Karyagina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127550, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Alexander V Grishin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | - Alina G Kudinova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Inna N Bulygina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Koudan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Polina A Orlova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Vera P Datsenko
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Anna V Zhulina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Tatyana M Grunina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | - Maria S Poponova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Krivozubov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Maria S Gromova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Natalia V Strukova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Maria S Generalova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Kirill E Nikitin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Igor V Shchetinin
- Material Science Department, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Lev O Luchnikov
- LASE - Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Zaitseva
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | | | - Eugene S Statnik
- "LUCh" Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Fedor S Senatov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Lunin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | - Alexander V Gromov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
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Matsumoto Y, Sato E, Sugita T. Induction of acute silkworm hemolymph melanization by Staphylococcus aureus treated with peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes. Drug Discov Ther 2024; 18:194-198. [PMID: 38925960 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2024.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, and serious systemic diseases, such as sepsis. In the skin and nasal environment, peptidoglycan (PGN)-degrading enzymes, including lysozyme and lysostaphin, affects S. aureus PGN. However, the effects of PGN-degrading enzymes on the acute innate immune-inducing activity of S. aureus have not yet been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that PGN-degrading enzymes induce acute silkworm hemolymph melanization by S. aureus. Insoluble fractions of S. aureus treated with lysozyme, lysostaphin, or both enzymes, were prepared. Melanization of the silkworm hemolymph caused by the injection of these insoluble fractions was higher than that of S. aureus without enzyme treatment. These results suggest that structural changes in S. aureus PGN caused by PGN-degrading enzymes affect the acute innate immune response in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Eri Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
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3
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Charoenjotivadhanakul S, Sakdee S, Imtong C, Li HC, Angsuthanasombat C. Conserved loop residues-Tyr 270 and Asn 372 near the catalytic site of the lysostaphin endopeptidase are essential for staphylolytic activity toward pentaglycine binding and catalysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 668:111-117. [PMID: 37245291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysostaphin endopeptidase cleaves pentaglycine cross-bridges found in staphylococcal cell-wall peptidoglycans and proves very effective in combatting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we revealed the functional importance of two loop residues, Tyr270 in loop 1 and Asn372 in loop 4, which are highly conserved among the M23 endopeptidase family and are found close to the Zn2+-coordinating active site. Detailed analyses of the binding groove architecture together with protein-ligand docking showed that these two loop residues potentially interact with the docked ligand-pentaglycine. Ala-substituted mutants (Y270A and N372A) were generated and over-expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble form at levels comparable to the wild type. A drastic decrease in staphylolytic activity against S. aureus was observed for both mutants, suggesting an essential role of the two loop residues in lysostaphin function. Further substitutions with an uncharged polar Gln side-chain revealed that only the Y270Q mutation caused a dramatic reduction in bioactivity. In silico predicting the effect of binding site mutations revealed that all mutations displayed a large ΔΔGbind value, signifying requirements of the two loop residues for efficient binding to pentaglycine. Additionally, MD simulations revealed that Y270A and Y270Q mutations induced large flexibility of the loop 1 region, showing markedly increased RMSF values. Further structural analysis suggested that Tyr270 conceivably participated in the oxyanion stabilization of the enzyme catalysis. Altogether, our present study disclosed that two highly conserved loop residues, loop 1-Tyr270 and loop 4-Asn372, located near the lysostaphin active site are crucially involved in staphylolytic activity toward binding and catalysis of pentaglycine cross-links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathapat Charoenjotivadhanakul
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Somsri Sakdee
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Chompounoot Imtong
- Laboratory of Cell Chemical Biology, Biophysics Institute for Research and Development (BIRD), Chiang Mai, 50110, Thailand
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chanan Angsuthanasombat
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom, 73170, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Boksha IS, Lunin VG, Danilova TA, Poponova MS, Polyakov NB, Lyashchuk AM, Konstantinova SV, Galushkina ZM, Ustenko EV. Recombinant Endopeptidases IdeS and IdeZ and Their Potential Application. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:731-740. [PMID: 37748870 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Endopeptidases IdeS and IdeZ (streptococcal virulence factors that specifically cleave IgG heavy chains) are of particular interest because of their potential use in biotechnology, medicine, and veterinary. Genes encoding these enzymes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli heterologous expression system (ideS was cloned from a Streptococcus pyogenes collection strain; ideZ from Streptococcus zooepidemicus was synthesized). The 6His-tag was introduced into the amino acid sequence of each endopeptidase, and IdeS and IdeZ were purified by metal affinity chromatography to an apparent homogeneity (according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Purified enzymes were active against human and animal IgGs; their specificity toward human IgGs was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recombinant IdeZ was used for immunological analysis of equine strangles infection (diagnostics and determination of the titer of specific antibodies in blood). Hence, IdeZ can be used in veterinary and sanitary microbiology to diagnose infections caused by Streptococcus equi and S. zooepidemicus in addition to its application in medicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Boksha
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Lunin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Danilova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Maria S Poponova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Nikita B Polyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Alexander M Lyashchuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Konstantinova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Zoya M Galushkina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Ustenko
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
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Zha J, Li J, Su Z, Akimbekov N, Wu X. Lysostaphin: Engineering and Potentiation toward Better Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11441-11457. [PMID: 36082619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysostaphin is a potent bacteriolytic enzyme with endopeptidase activity against the common pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. By digesting the pentaglycine crossbridge in the cell wall peptidoglycan of S. aureus including the methicillin-resistant strains, lysostaphin initiates rapid lysis of planktonic and sessile cells (biofilms) and has great potential for use in agriculture, food industries, and pharmaceutical industries. In the past few decades, there have been tremendous efforts in potentiating lysostaphin for better applications in these fields, including engineering of the enzyme for higher potency and lower immunogenicity with longer-lasting effects, formulation and immobilization of the enzyme for higher stability and better durability, and recombinant expression for low-cost industrial production and in situ biocontrol. These achievements are extensively reviewed in this article focusing on applications in disease control, food preservation, surface decontamination, and pathogen detection. In addition, some basic properties of lysostaphin that have been controversial and only elucidated recently are summarized, including the substrate-binding properties, the number of zinc-binding sites, the substrate range, and the cleavage site in the pentaglycine crossbridge. Resistance to lysostaphin is also highlighted with a focus on various mechanisms. This article is concluded with a discussion on the limitations and future perspectives for the actual applications of lysostaphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zheng Su
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Nuraly Akimbekov
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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6
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Influence of NaCl and pH on lysostaphin catalytic activity, cell binding, and bacteriolytic activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6519-6534. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Salinas Ibáñez ÁG, Origone AL, Liggieri CS, Barberis SE, Vega AE. Asclepain cI, a proteolytic enzyme from Asclepias curassavica L., a south American plant, against Helicobacter pylori. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961958. [PMID: 36060760 PMCID: PMC9433900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram negative bacterium most frequently associated with human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. The increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant isolates of H. pylori constitutes a challenge. The eradication of the microorganism is currently being considered a “high priority” by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this context, bioactive compounds found in natural products seem to be an effective therapeutic option to develop new antibiotics against the pathogen. In this study, we investigated the effect of asclepain cI, the main purified proteolytic enzyme of the latex of petioles and stems from Asclepia curassavica L. (Asclepiadaceae), a South American native plant, against H. pylori; in order to obtain a natural therapeutic adjuvant and a safe nutraceutical product. Asclepain cI showed antibacterial activity against reference strains and drug-resistant clinical isolates of H. pylori in vitro. A range of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 1 to 2 μg/ml and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) from 2 to 4 μg/ml was obtained, respectively. The action of asclepain cI on the transcription of omp18, ureA, flaA genes showed a significantly decreased expression of the selected pathogenic factors. Furthermore, asclepain cI did not induce toxic effects at the concentrations assayed. Asclepain cI could be considered a highly feasible option to be used as a natural therapeutic adjuvant and a safe nutraceutical product against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Gabriel Salinas Ibáñez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
- Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP) - Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) San Luis - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Anabella L. Origone
- Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP) - Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) San Luis - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad y Desarrollo de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Constanza S. Liggieri
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sonia E. Barberis
- Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP) - Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) San Luis - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad y Desarrollo de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Sonia E. Barberis
| | - Alba E. Vega
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Antimicrobial Properties of Lysostaphin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020125. [PMID: 35203727 PMCID: PMC8868216 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative transcriptome analysis and de novo short-read assembly of S. aureus Newman strains revealed significant transcriptional changes in response to the exposure to triple-acting staphylolytic peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) 1801. Most altered transcriptions were associated with the membrane, cell wall, and related genes, including amidase, peptidase, holin, and phospholipase D/transphosphatidylase. The differential expression of genes obtained from RNA-seq was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Moreover, some of these gene expression changes were consistent with the observed structural perturbations at the DNA and RNA levels. These structural changes in the genes encoding membrane/cell surface proteins and altered gene expressions are the candidates for resistance to these novel antimicrobials. The findings in this study could provide insight into the design of new antimicrobial agents.
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Salinas Ibáñez ÁG, Vallés D, Adaro M, Barberis S, Vega AE. Antimicrobial Effect of a Proteolytic Enzyme From the Fruits of Solanum granuloso-leprosum (Dunal) Against Helicobacter pylori. Front Nutr 2022; 8:699955. [PMID: 34977105 PMCID: PMC8717831 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.699955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, helix-shaped, and microaerophilic bacteria that colonizes the human gastric mucosa, causing chronic infections, gastritis, peptic ulcer, lymphomas associated with lymphoid mucosa tissue, and gastric cancer. H. pylori is considered a Type 1 human carcinogen by WHO. The prevalence of the infection is estimated in more than half of the world population. Treatment of H. pylori infection includes antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, but the increasing antibiotic resistance promotes the research of novel, more effective, and natural antibacterial compounds. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the partially purified proteolytic extract (RAP) of the fruits from Solanum granuloso-leprosum (Dunal), a South American native plant, and a purified fraction named granulosain I, against H. pylori, to obtain natural food additives for the production of anti-H. pylori functional foods. Furthermore, granulosain I and RAP could be used as natural adjuncts to conventional therapies. Granulosain I and RAP antibacterial activity was evaluated as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against H. pylori NCTC 11638 (reference strain) and twelve H. pylori wild strains, using a microdilution plating technique (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). All the strains tested were susceptible to granulosain I with MIC from 156.25 to 312.5 μg/mL and MBC from 312.5 to 625 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, all the strains tested were susceptible to the RAP with MIC from 312.5 to 625 μg/mL and MBC from 625 to 1,250 μg/mL, respectively. The effect of granulosain I and RAP on the transcription of H. pylori genes encoding pathogenic factors, omp18, ureA, and flaA, with respect to a housekeeping gene (16S rRNA), was evaluated by RT-PCR technique. The band intensity between pathogenic factors and control gene was correlated under treated or untreated conditions, using the ImageJ program. Granulosain I and RAP significantly decreased the expression of pathogenic factors: omp18, ureA, and flaA. The combined inhibitory effect of granulosain I or RAP and an antibiotic such as, amoxicillin (AML, 10 μg), clarithromycin (CLA, 15 μg), levofloxacin (LEV, 5 μg), and metronidazole (MTZ, 5 μg) was evaluated, using the agar diffusion technique. Granulosain I and RAP showed significant synergistic effect on AML, CLA, and LEV, but no significant effect on MTZ was observed. Besides, granulosain I and RAP did not show toxicological effects at the concentrations studied. Finally, granulosain I and RAP could be used as safe natural food additives and as adjuvants for conventional therapies against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Gabriel Salinas Ibáñez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.,Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP)-Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) San Luis-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Diego Vallés
- Laboratorio de Enzimas Hidrolíticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Adaro
- Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP)-Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) San Luis-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Control de Calidad y Desarrollo de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Sonia Barberis
- Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP)-Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) San Luis-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Control de Calidad y Desarrollo de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Alba E Vega
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Far BE, Ragheb M, Rahbar R, Mafakher L, Nojookambari NY, Achinas S, Yazdansetad S. Cloning and expression of Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin enzyme gene in Bacillus subtilis WB600. AIMS Microbiol 2021; 7:271-283. [PMID: 34708172 PMCID: PMC8500799 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysostaphin is a glycylglycine endopeptidase, secreted by Staphylococcus simulans, capable of specifically hydrolyzing pentaglycine crosslinks present in the peptidoglycan of the Staphylococcus aureus cell wall. In this paper, we describe the cloning and expression of the lysostaphin enzyme gene in Bacillus subtilis WB600 host using pWB980 expression system. Plasmid pACK1 of S. simulans was extracted using the alkaline lysis method. Lysostaphin gene was isolated by PCR and cloned into pTZ57R/T-Vector, then transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. The amplified gene fragment and uncloned pWB980 vector were digested using PstI and XbaІ enzymes and purified. The restricted gene fragment was ligated into the pWB980 expression vector by the standard protocols, then the recombinant plasmid was transformed into B. subtilis WB600 using electroporation method. The recombinant protein was evaluated by the SDS-PAGE method and confirmed by western immunoblot. Analysis of the target protein showed a band corresponding to 27-kDa r-lysostaphin. Protein content was estimated 91 mg/L by Bradford assay. The recombinant lysostaphin represented 90% of its maximum activity at 40 °C and displayed good thermostability by keeping about 80% of its maximum activity at 45 °C. Heat residual activity assay of recombinant lysostaphin demonstrated that the enzyme stability was up to 40 °C and showed good stability at 40 °C for 16 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Elyasi Far
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehran Ragheb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbar
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ladan Mafakher
- Medical Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Neda Yousefi Nojookambari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Spyridon Achinas
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sajjad Yazdansetad
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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A Simple Protocol for the Determination of Lysostaphin Enzymatic Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120917. [PMID: 33348544 PMCID: PMC7766845 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial lysins are enzymes that hydrolyze bacterial peptidoglycan, which results in the rapid death of bacterial cells due to osmotic lysis. Lysostaphin is one of the most potent and well-studied lysins active against important nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly to most other lysins, lysostaphin is composed of enzymatic and peptidoglycan-binding domains, and both domains influence its antibacterial activity. It is thus desirable to be able to study the activity of both domains independently. Lysostaphin cleaves pentaglycine cross-bridges within the staphylococcal peptidoglycan. Here, we report the protocol to study the catalytic activity of lysostaphin on the isolated pentaglycine peptide that is based on the chromogenic reaction of peptide amino groups with ninhydrin. Unlike previously reported assays, this protocol does not require in-house chemical synthesis or specialized equipment and can be readily performed in most laboratories. We demonstrate the use of this protocol to study the effect of EDTA treatment on the lysostaphin enzymatic activity. We further used this protocol to determine the catalytic efficiency of lysostaphin on the isolated pentaglycine and compared it to the apparent catalytic efficiency on the whole staphylococcal cells. These results highlight the relative impact of enzymatic and peptidoglycan-binding domains of lysostaphin on its bacteriolytic activity.
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12
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Opportunities for broadening the application of cell wall lytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9019-9040. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lysin cell-binding domain-functionalized magnetic beads for detection of Staphylococcus aureus via inhibition of fluorescence of Amplex Red/hydrogen peroxide assay by intracellular catalase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7177-7185. [PMID: 31522243 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is of great significance for controlling the food poisoning and infectious diseases caused by S. aureus. In this study, a novel strategy that combines lysin cell-binding domain (CBD)-based magnetic separation with fluorescence detection was developed for the specific and sensitive quantification of S. aureus in authentic samples. The S. aureus cells were separated from the sample matrix by lysin CBD-functionalized magnetic beads. Following lysis by lysostaphin, intracellular catalase was released from S. aureus cells and detected by a fluorometric system composed of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and Amplex Red. S. aureus was quantified via the inhibitory effect of the released intracellular catalase on the fluorometric system since the catalase could decompose the H2O2. Optimized conditions afforded a calibration curve for S. aureus ranging from 1.0 × 102 to 1.0 × 107 CFU mL-1. The detection limit was as low as 78 CFU mL-1 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and the total detection process could be completed in less than 50 min. Other bacteria associated with common food-borne and nosocomial infections negligibly interfered with S. aureus detection, except for Staphylococcus epidermidis, which may have slightly interfered. Moreover, the potential of this proposed method for practical applications has been demonstrated by detection assays of sterilized milk and human serum. Graphical abstract.
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14
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Grishin AV, Shestak NV, Lavrova NV, Lyashchuk AM, Popova LI, Strukova NV, Generalova MS, Ryazanova AV, Polyakov NB, Galushkina ZM, Soboleva LA, Boksha IS, Karyagina AS, Lunin VG. Fusion of Lysostaphin to an Albumin Binding Domain Prolongs Its Half-Life and Bactericidal Activity in the Systemic Circulation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2892. [PMID: 31395814 PMCID: PMC6719061 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial lysins are promising proteins that are active against both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. However, a major limitation of antibacterial lysins is their fast elimination from systemic circulation. PEGylation increases the plasma half-life of lysins but renders them inactive. Here we report the construction of a fusion protein of lysostaphin, a potent anti-staphylococcal lysin, and an albumin-binding domain from streptococcal protein G. The resulting fusion protein was less active than the parent enzyme lysostaphin, but it still retained significant antibacterial activity even when bound to serum albumin. The terminal half-life of the fusion protein in rats was five-fold greater than that of lysostaphin (7.4 vs. 1.5 h), and the area under the curve increased more than 115 times. Most importantly, this increase in systemic circulation time compensated for the decrease in activity. The plasma from rats that received an injection of the fusion protein retained bactericidal activity for up to 7 h, while plasma from rats that received plain lysostaphin lacked any detectable activity after 4 h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an antibacterial lysin with both improved pharmacokinetic parameters and prolonged bactericidal activity in the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Grishin
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Natalia V Lavrova
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Lyashchuk
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I Popova
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Strukova
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Generalova
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Ryazanova
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita B Polyakov
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoya M Galushkina
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov A Soboleva
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina S Boksha
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Mental Health Research Center, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Karyagina
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Lunin
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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15
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The Influence of Dimerization on the Pharmacokinetics and Activity of an Antibacterial Enzyme Lysostaphin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101879. [PMID: 31100806 PMCID: PMC6572387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria is a major healthcare problem. Antibacterial lysins are enzymes that cleave the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall. These proteins hold potential as a supplement or an alternative to traditional antibiotics since they are active against antibiotic resistant strains. However, antibacterial lysins are rapidly eliminated from the systemic circulation, which limits their application. Dimerization of an anti-pneumococcal lysin Cpl-1 has been demonstrated to decrease the clearance rate of this protein in mice. In the present work, we constructed a dimer of an anti-staphylococcal lysin lysostaphin by fusing it with an anti-parallel α-helical dimerization domain. Lysostaphin dimer had a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile with increased terminal half-life and area under the curve (AUC) values compared to monomeric lysostaphin. However, the staphylolytic activity of dimerized lysostaphin was decreased. This decrease in activity was likely caused by the dimerization; since the catalytic efficacy of lysostaphin dimer towards pentaglycine peptide was unaltered. Our results demonstrate that, although dimerization is indeed beneficial for the pharmacokinetics of antibacterial lysins, this approach might not be suitable for all lysins, as it can negatively affect the lysin activity.
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Duman ZE, Ünlü A, Çakar MM, Ünal H, Binay B. Enhanced production of recombinant Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin using medium engineering. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:521-528. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1599393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Efsun Duman
- Department of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aişe Ünlü
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mervan Çakar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Ünal
- Nanotechnology Research Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Binay
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Karyagina AS, Boksha IS, Grunina TM, Demidenko AV, Poponova MS, Sergienko OV, Lyashchuk AM, Galushkina ZM, Soboleva LA, Osidak EO, Bartov MS, Gromov AV, Lunin VG. Two Variants of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with Additional Protein Domains: Synthesis in an Escherichia coli Heterologous Expression System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:613-624. [PMID: 28601071 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Two variants of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with additional N-terminal protein domains were obtained by expression in E. coli. The N-terminal domains were s-tag (15-a.a. oligopeptide from bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A) and lz (leucine zipper dimerization domain from yeast transcription factor GCN4). The s-tag-BMP-2 and lz-BMP-2 were purified by a procedure that excluded a long refolding stage. The resulting dimeric proteins displayed higher solubility compared to rhBMP-2 without additional protein domains. Biological activity of both proteins was demonstrated in vitro by induction of alkaline phosphatase in C2C12 cells, and the activity of s-tag-BMP-2 in vivo was shown in various experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Karyagina
- Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
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