Interaction between Highly Diluted Samples, Protein Solutions and Water in a Controlled Magnetic Field

We have previously shown that water incubated in a weak combined magnetic field (CMF) increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils. Adding high dilutions (HD) of water into the same system resulted in a similar effect. HD of antibodies to interferon-gamma (HD Abs to IFNγ) were shown to emit electromagnetic radiation and affect hydrogen bond energies. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of HD of substances (donor) on the properties of aqueous solutions (acceptor). The donor and acceptor were incubated for 1 h in a controlled magnetic field so that the walls of the two cuvettes were in close contact. As a control, the acceptor was incubated under the same conditions but without the donor. An aliquot of the acceptor solution was then added to mouse neutrophils, and ROS levels were measured using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. Joint incubation led to a 185–356% increase (p < 0.05) in ROS production, depending on the type of acceptor sample. The magnitude of the effect depended on the parameters of the magnetic field. In a CMF, the effect was strongest, completely disappearing in a magnetic vacuum or with shielding. These findings are important for understanding the physical mechanism of action of HD preparations, which opens up opportunities for expanding their practical applications.

Radical Scavenging Could Answer the Challenge Posed by Electron-Electron Dipolar Interactions in the Cryptochrome Compass Model

Many birds are endowed with a visual magnetic sense that may exploit magnetosensitive radical recombination processes in the protein cryptochrome. In this widely accepted but unproven model, geomagnetic sensitivity is suggested to arise from variations in the recombination rate of a pair of radicals, whose unpaired electron spins undergo coherent singlet-triplet interconversion in the geomagnetic field by coupling to nuclear spins via hyperfine interactions. However, simulations of this conventional radical pair mechanism (RPM) predicted only tiny magnetosensitivities for realistic conditions because the RPM's directional sensitivity is strongly suppressed by the intrinsic electron-electron dipolar (EED) interactions, casting doubt on its viability as a magnetic sensor. We show how this RPM-suppression problem is overcome in a three-radical system in which a third "scavenger" radical reacts with one member of the primary pair. We use this finding to predict substantial magnetic field effects that exceed those of the RPM in the presence of EED interactions in animal cryptochromes.

Reactive Oxygen Species: Potential Regulatory Molecules in Response to Hypomagnetic Field Exposure

Organisms, including humans, could be exposed to hypomagnetic fields (HMFs, intensity <5 μT), e.g. in some artificially shielded magnetic environments and during deep-space flights. Previous studies have demonstrated that HMF exposure could have negative effects on the central nervous system and embryonic development in many animals. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Studies have revealed that HMFs affect cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and thereby alter physiological and biological processes in organisms. ROS, the major component of highly active free radicals, which are ubiquitous in biological systems, were hypothesized to be the candidate signaling molecules that regulate diverse physiological processes in response to changes in magnetic fields. Here, we summarize the recent advances in the study of HMF-induced negative effects on the central nervous system and early embryonic development in animals, focusing on cellular ROS and their role in response to HMFs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential mechanism through which HMFs regulate ROS levels in cells. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Stimulation and inhibition of respiratory burst in neutrophils as a result of action of weak combined magnetic fields adjusted to ICR of protonated water forms

Weak combined collinear magnetic fields (CMFs) composed of constant component, 60 μT and low-frequency alternating field, 100 nT, used in 40 min pretreatment, were shown to have diverse effects (alleviation/stimulation) depending on the frequency of the alternating component on respiratory burst intensity in neutrophil suspension after activation by N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe recorded by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. About 12.6 Hz frequency formally corresponding to ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) frequency of hydrated hydronium ion (Н₉О₄ ⁺) had notable stimulating effect. On the contrary, treatment with 48.5 Hz frequency corresponding to hydronium ion (Н₃О⁺) was accompanied by significant alleviation of respiratory burst intensity. CMFs-pretreated water conducted only stimulating effect of CMFs when the field was adjusted to ICR of hydrated hydronium ion form, which is direct proof of participation of water in the mechanism of this effect of CMFs.

The Warburg hypothesis and weak ELF biointeractions

The Warburg observation concerning ATP generation in cancer cells is analyzed with regard to the likely involvement of H+ resonance effects on the angular velocity of the ATP synthase rotor. It is reasonable to expect that the variety of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction may in part be related to the ATP synthase rate of rotation. Experimental measurements of ATP synthase rotational rates, as found in the literature, are consistent with what might be expected from the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) frequencies of protons moving under a Lorentz force determined by the approximate surface intensity of the geomagnetic field (~26-65 ?T). One research approach proposes that applying the electronic sum of two critical multiple resonance frequencies simultaneously may serve to more closely resemble real world biochemical changes as compared to applying these frequencies sequentially. Accordingly, it is suggested that applying the sum of the two individual resonance frequencies corresponding to H+ and H3O+ has the capacity to both increase proton density as well as couple to ATP synthase rotation. Not only will this tend to stabilize the F0 rotational rate but also perhaps make it feasible to control this rate, thereby providing a new and potentially efficacious means of treating diseases connected to mitochondrial dysfunction electromagnetically.

Effect of weak combined static and extremely low-frequency alternating magnetic fields on spatial memory and brain amyloid-β in two animal models of Alzheimer's disease

Subchronic effect of a weak combined magnetic field (MF), produced by superimposing a constant component, 42 µT and an alternating MF of 0.08 µT, which was the sum of two frequencies of 4.38 and 4.88 Hz, was studied in olfactory bulbectomized (OBE) and transgenic Tg (APPswe, PSEN1) mice, which were used as animal models of sporadic and heritable Alzheimer's disease (AD) accordingly. Spatial memory was tested in a Morris water maze on the following day after completion of training trials with the hidden platform removed. The amyloid-β (Aβ) level was determined in extracts of the cortex and hippocampus of mice using a specific DOT analysis while the number and dimensions of amyloid plaques were detected after their staining with thioflavin S in transgenic animals. Exposure to the MFs (4 h/day for 10 days) induced the decrease of Aβ level in brain of OBE mice and reduced the number of Aβ plaques in the cortex and hippocampus of Tg animals. However, memory improvement was revealed in Tg mice only, but not in the OBE animals. Here, we suggest that in order to prevent the Aβ accumulation, MFs could be used at early stage of neuronal degeneration in case of AD and other diseases with amyloid protein deposition in other tissues.