Thornton BF, Prytherch J, Andersson K, Brooks IM, Salisbury D, Tjernström M, Crill PM. Shipborne eddy covariance observations of methane fluxes constrain Arctic sea emissions.
SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020;
6:eaay7934. [PMID:
32064354 PMCID:
PMC6989137 DOI:
10.1126/sciadv.aay7934]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate direct eddy covariance (EC) observations of methane (CH4) fluxes between the sea and atmosphere from an icebreaker in the eastern Arctic Ocean. EC-derived CH4 emissions averaged 4.58, 1.74, and 0.14 mg m-2 day-1 in the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas, respectively, corresponding to annual sea-wide fluxes of 0.83, 0.62, and 0.03 Tg year-1. These EC results answer concerns that previous diffusive emission estimates, which excluded bubbling, may underestimate total emissions. We assert that bubbling dominates sea-air CH4 fluxes in only small constrained areas: A ~100-m2 area of the East Siberian Sea showed sea-air CH4 fluxes exceeding 600 mg m-2 day-1; in a similarly sized area of the Laptev Sea, peak CH4 fluxes were ~170 mg m-2 day-1. Calculating additional emissions below the noise level of our EC system suggests total ESAS CH4 emissions of 3.02 Tg year-1, closely matching an earlier diffusive emission estimate of 2.9 Tg year-1.
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