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Paliwal S, Tripathi MK, Tiwari S, Tripathi N, Payasi DK, Tiwari PN, Singh K, Yadav RK, Asati R, Chauhan S. Molecular Advances to Combat Different Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.): A Comprehensive Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1461. [PMID: 37510365 PMCID: PMC10379177 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Flax, or linseed, is considered a "superfood", which means that it is a food with diverse health benefits and potentially useful bioactive ingredients. It is a multi-purpose crop that is prized for its seed oil, fibre, nutraceutical, and probiotic qualities. It is suited to various habitats and agro-ecological conditions. Numerous abiotic and biotic stressors that can either have a direct or indirect impact on plant health are experienced by flax plants as a result of changing environmental circumstances. Research on the impact of various stresses and their possible ameliorators is prompted by such expectations. By inducing the loss of specific alleles and using a limited number of selected varieties, modern breeding techniques have decreased the overall genetic variability required for climate-smart agriculture. However, gene banks have well-managed collectionns of landraces, wild linseed accessions, and auxiliary Linum species that serve as an important source of novel alleles. In the past, flax-breeding techniques were prioritised, preserving high yield with other essential traits. Applications of molecular markers in modern breeding have made it easy to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for various agronomic characteristics. The genetic diversity of linseed species and the evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heavy metal tolerance, and temperature, as well as resistance to biotic stress factors, viz., rust, wilt, powdery mildew, and alternaria blight, despite addressing various morphotypes and the value of linseed as a supplement, are the primary topics of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Paliwal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Sushma Tiwari
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Niraj Tripathi
- Directorate of Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur 482004, India
| | - Devendra K Payasi
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Linseed, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Sagar 470001, India
| | - Prakash N Tiwari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Kirti Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Ruchi Asati
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Shailja Chauhan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
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Povkhova LV, Pushkova EN, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Frykin RI, Novakovskiy RO, Dvorianinova EM, Gryzunov AA, Borkhert EV, Sigova EA, Vladimirov GN, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA, Melnikova NV. Development and Complex Application of Methods for the Identification of Mutations in the FAD3A and FAD3B Genes Resulting in the Reduced Content of Linolenic Acid in Flax Oil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:95. [PMID: 36616223 PMCID: PMC9824437 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flax is grown worldwide for seed and fiber production. Linseed varieties differ in their oil composition and are used in pharmaceutical, food, feed, and industrial production. The field of application primarily depends on the content of linolenic (LIN) and linoleic (LIO) fatty acids. Inactivating mutations in the FAD3A and FAD3B genes lead to a decrease in the LIN content and an increase in the LIO content. For the identification of the three most common low-LIN mutations in flax varieties (G-to-A in exon 1 of FAD3A substituting tryptophan with a stop codon, C-to-T in exon 5 of FAD3A leading to arginine to a stop codon substitution, and C-to-T in exon 2 of FAD3B resulting in histidine to tyrosine substitution), three approaches were proposed: (1) targeted deep sequencing, (2) high resolution melting (HRM) analysis, (3) cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers. They were tested on more than a thousand flax samples of various types and showed promising results. The proposed approaches can be used in marker-assisted selection to choose parent pairs for crosses, separate heterogeneous varieties into biotypes, and select genotypes with desired homozygous alleles of the FAD3A and FAD3B genes at the early stages of breeding for the effective development of varieties with a particular LIN and LIO content, as well as in basic studies of the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis in flax seeds to select genotypes adequate to the tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia
- All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, 115598 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman I. Frykin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A. Gryzunov
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Refrigeration Industry—Branch of V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127422 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Borkhert
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta A. Sigova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anastasiya V. Snezhkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Yadav B, Kaur V, Narayan OP, Yadav SK, Kumar A, Wankhede DP. Integrated omics approaches for flax improvement under abiotic and biotic stress: Current status and future prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931275. [PMID: 35958216 PMCID: PMC9358615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) or linseed is one of the important industrial crops grown all over the world for seed oil and fiber. Besides oil and fiber, flax offers a wide range of nutritional and therapeutic applications as a feed and food source owing to high amount of α-linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid), lignans, protein, minerals, and vitamins. Periodic losses caused by unpredictable environmental stresses such as drought, heat, salinity-alkalinity, and diseases pose a threat to meet the rising market demand. Furthermore, these abiotic and biotic stressors have a negative impact on biological diversity and quality of oil/fiber. Therefore, understanding the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in stress tolerance mechanism and identification of underlying genes for economically important traits is critical for flax improvement and sustainability. In recent technological era, numerous omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, phenomics, and ionomics have evolved. The advancements in sequencing technologies accelerated development of genomic resources which facilitated finer genetic mapping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic selection in major cereal and oilseed crops including flax. Extensive studies in the area of genomics and transcriptomics have been conducted post flax genome sequencing. Interestingly, research has been focused more for abiotic stresses tolerance compared to disease resistance in flax through transcriptomics, while the other areas of omics such as metabolomics, proteomics, ionomics, and phenomics are in the initial stages in flax and several key questions remain unanswered. Little has been explored in the integration of omic-scale data to explain complex genetic, physiological and biochemical basis of stress tolerance in flax. In this review, the current status of various omics approaches for elucidation of molecular pathways underlying abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in flax have been presented and the importance of integrated omics technologies in future research and breeding have been emphasized to ensure sustainable yield in challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Yadav
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikender Kaur
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Om Prakash Narayan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shashank Kumar Yadav
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
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Akhmetshina AO, Strygina KV, Khlestkina EK, Porokhovinova EA, Brutch NB. High-throughput sequencing techniques to flax genetics and breeding. ECOLOGICAL GENETICS 2020. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.17816/ecogen16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oil and fiber crop. Using modern methods for flax breeding allows accelerating the introduction of some desired genes into the genotypes of future varieties. Today, an important condition for their creation is the development of research, that is based on next-generation sequencing (NGS). This review summarizes the results obtained using NGS in flax research. To date, a linkage map with a high marker density has been obtained for L. usitatissimum, which is already being used for a more efficient search for quantitative traits loci. Comparative studies of transcriptomes and miRNomes of flax under stress and in control conditions elucidated molecular-genetic mechanisms of abiotic and biotic stress responses. The very accurate model for genomic selection of flax resistant to pasmo was constructed. Based on NGS-sequencing also some details of the genus Linum evolution were clarified. The knowledge systematized in the review can be useful for researchers working in flax breeding and whereas fundamental interest for understanding the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Linum, the ontogenesis, and the mechanisms of the response of flax plants to various stress factors.
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Novakovskiy RO, Povkhova LV, Krasnov GS, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Kudryavtseva LP, Pushkova EN, Kezimana P, Kudryavtseva AV, Dmitriev AA, Melnikova NV. The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family is involved in the response to Fusarium oxysporum in resistant and susceptible flax genotypes. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is used for the production of textile, oils, pharmaceuticals, and composite materials. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, is a very harmful disease that reduces flax production. Flax cultivars that are resistant to Fusarium wilt have been developed, and the genes that are involved in the host response to F. oxysporum have been identified. However, the mechanisms underlying resistance to this pathogen remain unclear. In the present study, we used transcriptome sequencing data obtained from susceptible and resistant flax genotypes grown under control conditions or F. oxysporum infection. Approximately 250 million reads, generated with an Illumina NextSeq instrument, were analyzed. After filtering to exclude the F. oxysporum transcriptome, the remaining reads were mapped to the L. usitatissimum genome and quantified. Then, the expression levels of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) family genes, which are known to be involved in the response to F. oxysporum, were evaluated in resistant and susceptible flax genotypes. Expression alterations in response to the pathogen were detected for all 13 examined CAD genes. The most significant differences in expression between control and infected plants were observed for CAD1B, CAD4A, CAD5A, and CAD5B, with strong upregulation of CAD1B, CAD5A, and CAD5B and strong downregulation of CAD4A. When plants were grown under the same conditions, the expression levels were similar in all studied flax genotypes for most CAD genes, and statistically significant differences in expression between resistant and susceptible genotypes were only observed for CAD1A. Our study indicates the strong involvement of CAD genes in flax response to F. oxysporum but brings no evidence of their role as resistance gene candidates. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response of flax to F. oxysporum infection and the role of CAD genes in stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
| | - L. V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
| | - G. S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - T. A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops
| | - A. A. Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops; All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery
| | | | - E. N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - P. Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
| | | | - A. A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - N. V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences
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Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA, Zyablitsin AV, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Kezimana P, Snezhkina AV, Fedorova MS, Novakovskiy RO, Pushkova EN, Povkhova LV, Bolsheva NL, Kudryavtseva AV, Melnikova NV. Aluminum Responsive Genes in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5023125. [PMID: 30941364 PMCID: PMC6421055 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5023125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a multipurpose crop which is used for the production of textile, oils, composite materials, pharmaceuticals, etc. Soil acidity results in a loss of seed and fiber production of flax, and aluminum toxicity is a major factor that depresses plant growth and development in acid conditions. In the present work, we evaluated gene expression alterations in four flax genotypes with diverse tolerance to aluminum exposure. Using RNA-Seq approach, we revealed genes that are differentially expressed under aluminum stress in resistant (Hermes, TMP1919) and sensitive (Lira, Orshanskiy) cultivars and selectively confirmed the identified alterations using qPCR. To search for differences in response to aluminum between resistant and sensitive genotypes, we developed the scoring that allowed us to suggest the involvement of MADS-box and NAC transcription factors regulating plant growth and development and enzymes participating in cell wall modifications in aluminum tolerance in flax. Using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, we revealed that glutathione metabolism, oxidoreductase, and transmembrane transporter activities are the most affected by the studied stress in flax. Thus, we identified genes that are involved in aluminum response in resistant and sensitive genotypes and suggested genes that contribute to flax tolerance to the aluminum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Zyablitsin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok 172002, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok 172002, Russia
- All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow 115598, Russia
| | - Parfait Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Snezhkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria S. Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Dmitriev AA, Krasnov GS, Rozhmina TA, Zyablitsin AV, Snezhkina AV, Fedorova MS, Pushkova EN, Kezimana P, Novakovskiy RO, Povkhova LV, Smirnova MI, Muravenko OV, Bolsheva NL, Kudryavtseva AV, Melnikova NV. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) response to non-optimal soil acidity and zinc deficiency. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:54. [PMID: 30813909 PMCID: PMC6393972 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown for fiber and seed production. Unfavorable environments, such as nutrient deficiency and non-optimal soil acidity, decrease the quantity and quality of yield. Cultivation of tolerant to stress varieties can significantly reduce the crop losses. Understanding the mechanisms of flax response to the stresses and identification of resistance gene candidates will help in breeding of improved cultivars. In the present work, the response of flax plants to increased pH level and zinc (Zn) deficiency was studied. RESULTS We performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of two flax cultivars with diverse tolerance to increased pH level and Zn deficiency: Norlin (tolerant) and Mogilevsky (sensitive). Sixteen cDNA libraries were created from flax plants grown under control conditions, increased pH level, Zn deficiency, and both stresses simultaneously, and about 35 million reads were obtained for each experiment type. Unfavorable pH resulted in significantly stronger gene expression alterations compared to Zn deficiency. Ion homeostasis, oxidoreductase activity, cell wall, and response to stress Gene Ontology terms were the most affected by unfavorable pH and Zn deficiency both in tolerant and sensitive flax cultivars. Upregulation of genes encoding metal transporters was identified under increased pH level, Zn deficiency, and both stresses simultaneously. Under Zn deficiency, only in tolerant cultivar Norlin, we revealed the induction of several photosynthesis-related genes and, in this way, this tolerant genotype could overcome unfavorable effects of reduced Zn content. CONCLUSIONS We identified genes with expression alterations in flax under non-optimal soil acidity and Zn deficiency based on high-throughput sequencing data. These genes are involved in diverse processes, including ion transport, cell wall biogenesis, and photosynthesis, and could play an important role in flax response to the studied stresses. Moreover, genes with distinct expression changes between examined tolerant and sensitive genotypes could determine the mechanisms of flax tolerance to non-optimal soil acidity and Zn deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Research Institute for Flax, Torzhok, Russia
| | | | | | - Maria S. Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Parfait Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga V. Muravenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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