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Guo E, McKenzie DR. A post Gurney quantum mechanical perspective on the electrolysis of water: ion neutralization in solution. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20170371. [PMID: 29225493 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron fluxes crossing the interface between a metallic conductor and an aqueous environment are important in many fields; hydrogen production, environmental scanning tunnelling microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy being some of them. Gurney (Gurney 1931 Proc. R. Soc. Lond.134, 137 (doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0187)) provided in 1931 a scheme for tunnelling during electrolysis and outlined conditions for it to occur. We measure the low-voltage current flows between gold electrodes in pure water and use the time-dependent behaviour at voltage switch-on and switch-off to evaluate the relative contribution to the steady current arising from tunnelling of electrons between the electrodes and ions in solution and from the neutralization of ions adsorbed onto the electrode surface. We ascribe the larger current contribution to quantum tunnelling of electrons to and from ions in solution near the electrodes. We refine Gurney's barrier scheme to include solvated electron states and quantify energy differences using updated information. We show that Gurney's conditions would prevent the current flow at low voltages we observe but outline how the ideas of Marcus (Marcus 1956 J. Chem. Phys.24, 966-978 (doi:10.1063/1.1742723)) concerning solvation fluctuations enable the condition to be relaxed. We derive an average barrier tunnelling model and a multiple pathways tunnelling model and compare predictions with measurements of the steady-state current-voltage relation. The tunnelling barrier was found to be wide and low in agreement with other experimental studies. Applications as a biosensing mechanism are discussed that exploit the fast tunnelling pathways along molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyi Guo
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David R McKenzie
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Hernández FJ, Capello MC, Naito A, Manita S, Tsukada K, Miyazaki M, Fujii M, Broquier M, Gregoire G, Dedonder-Lardeux C, Jouvet C, Pino GA. Trapped Hydronium Radical Produced by Ultraviolet Excitation of Substituted Aromatic Molecule. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12730-5. [PMID: 26637013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase structure and excited state dynamics of o-aminophenol-H2O complex have been investigated using REMPI, IR-UV hole-burning spectroscopy, and pump-probe experiments with picoseconds laser pulses. The IR-UV spectroscopy indicates that the isomer responsible for the excitation spectrum corresponds to an orientation of the OH bond away from the NH2 group. The water molecule acts as H-bond acceptor of the OH group of the chromophore. The complexation of o-aminophenol with one water molecule induced an enhancement in the excited state lifetime on the band origin. The variation of the excited state lifetime of the complex with the excess energy from 1.4 ± 0.1 ns for the 0-0 band to 0.24 ± 0.3 ns for the band at 0-0 + 120 cm(-1) is very similar to the variation observed in the phenol-NH3 system. This experimental result suggests that the excited state hydrogen transfer reaction is the dominant channel for the non radiative pathway. Indeed, excited state ab initio calculations demonstrate that H transfer leading to the formation of the H3O(•) radical within the complex is the main reactive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico J Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET - UNC. Dpto. de Fisicoquímica - Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro Láser de Ciencias Moleculares, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcela C Capello
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET - UNC. Dpto. de Fisicoquímica - Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro Láser de Ciencias Moleculares, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ayumi Naito
- Chemical Resources Laboratory and Integrated Research Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta , Midori-ku,Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shun Manita
- Chemical Resources Laboratory and Integrated Research Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta , Midori-ku,Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsukada
- Chemical Resources Laboratory and Integrated Research Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta , Midori-ku,Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Miyazaki
- Chemical Resources Laboratory and Integrated Research Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta , Midori-ku,Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fujii
- Chemical Resources Laboratory and Integrated Research Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 4259 Nagatsuta , Midori-ku,Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Michel Broquier
- Centre Laser de l'Université Paris Sud (CLUPS/LUMAT), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay, France.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gilles Gregoire
- Centre Laser de l'Université Paris Sud (CLUPS/LUMAT), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay, France.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Christophe Jouvet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS , PIIM UMR 7345, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Gustavo A Pino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET - UNC. Dpto. de Fisicoquímica - Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro Láser de Ciencias Moleculares, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Ončák M, Slavíček P, Fárník M, Buck U. Photochemistry of Hydrogen Halides on Water Clusters: Simulations of Electronic Spectra and Photodynamics, and Comparison with Photodissociation Experiments. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6155-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111264e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Ončák
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 and J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 and J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Udo Buck
- Max-Planck Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation, Bunsenstr. 10, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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