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Sadler DE, Watts PC, Uusi-Heikkilä S. Directional selection, not the direction of selection, affects telomere length and copy number at ribosomal RNA loci. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12162. [PMID: 38802448 PMCID: PMC11130246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Many fisheries exert directional selection on traits such as body size and growth rate. Whether directional selection impacts regions of the genome associated with traits related to growth is unknown. To address this issue, we characterised copy number variation in three regions of the genome associated with cell division, (1) telomeric DNA, (2) loci transcribed as ribosomal RNA (rDNA), and (3) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in three selection lines of zebrafish reared at three temperatures (22 °C, 28 °C, and 34 °C). Selection lines differed in (1) the direction of selection (two lines experienced directional selection for large or small body size) and (2) whether they experienced any directional selection itself. Lines that had experienced directional selection were smaller, had lower growth rate, shorter telomeres, and lower rDNA copy number than the line that experiencing no directional selection. Neither telomere length nor rDNA copy number were affected by temperature. In contrast, mtDNA content increased at elevated temperature but did not differ among selection lines. Though directional selection impacts rDNA and telomere length, direction of such selection did not matter, whereas mtDNA acts as a stress marker for temperature. Future work should examine the consequences of these genomic changes in natural fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Sadler
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Phillip C Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Krak K, Caklová P, Kopecký D, Blattner FR, Mahelka V. Horizontally Acquired nrDNAs Persist in Low Amounts in Host Hordeum Genomes and Evolve Independently of Native nrDNA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672879. [PMID: 34079572 PMCID: PMC8165317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) has displayed extraordinary dynamics during the evolution of plant species. However, the patterns and evolutionary significance of nrDNA array expansion or contraction are still relatively unknown. Moreover, only little is known of the fate of minority nrDNA copies acquired between species via horizontal transfer. The barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae) represents a good model for such a study, as species of section Stenostachys acquired nrDNA via horizontal transfer from at least five different panicoid genera, causing long-term co-existence of native (Hordeum-like) and non-native (panicoid) nrDNAs. Using quantitative PCR, we investigated copy number variation (CNV) of nrDNA in the diploid representatives of the genus Hordeum. We estimated the copy number of the foreign, as well as of the native ITS types (ribotypes), and followed the pattern of their CNV in relation to the genus' phylogeny, species' genomes size and the number of nrDNA loci. For the native ribotype, we encountered an almost 19-fold variation in the mean copy number among the taxa analysed, ranging from 1689 copies (per 2C content) in H. patagonicum subsp. mustersii to 31342 copies in H. murinum subsp. glaucum. The copy numbers did not correlate with any of the genus' phylogeny, the species' genome size or the number of nrDNA loci. The CNV was high within the recognised groups (up to 13.2 × in the American I-genome species) as well as between accessions of the same species (up to 4×). Foreign ribotypes represent only a small fraction of the total number of nrDNA copies. Their copy numbers ranged from single units to tens and rarely hundreds of copies. They amounted, on average, to between 0.1% (Setaria ribotype) and 1.9% (Euclasta ribotype) of total nrDNA. None of the foreign ribotypes showed significant differences with respect to phylogenetic groups recognised within the sect. Stenostachys. Overall, no correlation was found between copy numbers of native and foreign nrDNAs suggesting the sequestration and independent evolution of native and non-native nrDNA arrays. Therefore, foreign nrDNA in Hordeum likely poses a dead-end by-product of horizontal gene transfer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Krak
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Prùhonice, Czechia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Petra Caklová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Prùhonice, Czechia
| | - David Kopecký
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Frank R. Blattner
- Experimental Taxonomy, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Václav Mahelka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Prùhonice, Czechia
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Xie Y, Wang L, Khan MA, Hamburger AW, Guang W, Passaniti A, Munir K, Ross DD, Dean M, Hussain A. Metformin and Androgen Receptor-Axis-Targeted (ARAT) Agents Induce Two PARP-1-Dependent Cell Death Pathways in Androgen-Sensitive Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040633. [PMID: 33562646 PMCID: PMC7914929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored whether the anti-prostate cancer (PC) activity of the androgen receptor-axis-targeted agents (ARATs) abiraterone and enzalutamide is enhanced by metformin. Using complementary biological and molecular approaches, we determined the associated underlying mechanisms in pre-clinical androgen-sensitive PC models. ARATs increased androgren receptors (ARs) in LNCaP and AR/ARv7 (AR variant) in VCaP cells, inhibited cell proliferation in both, and induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage and death in VCaP but not LNCaP cells. Metformin decreased AR and ARv7 expression and induced cleaved PARP-1-associated death in both cell lines. Metformin with abiraterone or enzalutamide decreased AR and ARv7 expression showed greater inhibition of cell proliferation and greater induction of cell death than single agent treatments. Combination treatments led to increased cleaved PARP-1 and enhanced PARP-1 activity manifested by increases in poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) and nuclear accumulation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). Enhanced annexin V staining occurred in LNCaP cells only with metformin/ARAT combinations, but no caspase 3 recruitment occurred in either cell line. Finally, metformin and metformin/ARAT combinations increased lysosomal permeability resulting in cathepsin G-mediated PARP-1 cleavage and cell death. In conclusion, metformin enhances the efficacy of abiraterone and enzalutamide via two PARP-1-dependent, caspase 3-independent pathways, providing a rationale to evaluate these combinations in castration-sensitive PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Linbo Wang
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Mohammad A. Khan
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Anne W. Hamburger
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Guang
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Antonino Passaniti
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kashif Munir
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Douglas D. Ross
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Arif Hussain
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.W.); (M.A.K.); (A.W.H.); (W.G.); (A.P.); (D.D.R.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (A.H.)
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Starichenko VI. Hereditary component of variation in 90Sr deposition in inbred mice under exogenous conditions that affect bone formation. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 140:126-132. [PMID: 30015041 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone-seeking radionuclides (specifically 90Sr) accumulate in the bone tissue and act as a long-term source of internal irradiation. Their behaviour in the body has been studied in detail, while the impact of inheritance has not been established. On one hand, the genetic determination of both skeletal morphology and calcium metabolism is indirect evidence that the kinetics of deposition of alkaline-earth radioisotopes in the skeleton also have a hereditary component. On the other hand, analysis of 90Sr kinetics in different inbred mouse strains did not reveal any differences between the mice. This study used a classical approach to evaluating the hereditary component of variation in quantitative traits, namely, a variant of familial analysis (the method of twin families). The growth of the skeleton is known to be accompanied by distinct changes in 90Sr accumulation. That is why the hereditary (familial) component of variation in 90Sr kinetics in the bone tissue of CBA mice was analyzed under the influences that modify growth processes Individual parameters of 90Sr accumulation differed between experimental groups by a factor of 2-4.5. At the same time, features of 90Sr accumulation proved to be characteristic of entire families. The results show that the intrafamilial correlation in 90Sr deposition in the skeleton is highly significant (R = 0.542, P ≤ 0.0001) and comparable to that of morphological parameters (R = 0.532-0.546, P ≤ 0.0001). The results confirm the existence of statistically significant intrafamilial correlations of weight and metabolic parameters, which is similarly expressed in different families, thereby providing evidence for hereditary determination of 90Sr metabolism. At the same time, the stability of 90Sr metabolism inheritance to changes in morphophysiology and environmental influences (including those close to pathogenic ones) is shown. This is evidence of its authenticity and significance. The results obtained can be extrapolated to humans instead of directly analyzing the role of hereditary factors in the metabolism of toxic compounds, which are difficult and unethical to perform in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Starichenko
- Institute of Plants and Animal Ecology UB RAS, Vos'mogo Marta St. 202, Yekaterinburg 620144, Russia.
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