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Fominaya A, Loarce Y, González JM, Ferrer E. Cytogenetic evidence supports Avena insularis being closely related to hexaploid oats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257100. [PMID: 34653181 PMCID: PMC8519437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic observations, phylogenetic studies and genome analysis using high-density genetic markers have suggested a tetraploid Avena species carrying the C and D genomes (formerly C and A) to be the donor of all hexaploid oats (AACCDD). However, controversy surrounds which of the three extant CCDD tetraploid species—A. insularis, A. magna and A. murphyi—is most closely related to hexaploid oats. The present work describes a comparative karyotype analysis of these three CCDD tetraploid species and two hexaploid species, A. sativa and A. byzantina. This involved the use of FISH with six simple sequence repeats (SSRs) with the motifs CT, AAC, AAG, ACG, ATC and ACT, two repeated ribosomal sequences, and C genome-specific repetitive DNA. The hybridization pattern of A. insularis with oligonucleotide (AC)10 was also determined and compared with those previously published for A. sativa and A. byzantina. Significant differences in the 5S sites and SSR hybridization patterns of A. murphyi compared to the other CCDD species rule out its being directly involved in the origin of the hexaploids. In contrast, the repetitive and SSR hybridization patterns shown by the D genome chromosomes, and by most of the C genome chromosomes of A. magna and A. insularis, can be equated with the corresponding chromosomes of the hexaploids. Several chromosome hybridization signals seen for A. insularis, but not for A. magna, were shared with the hexaploid oats species, especially with A. byzantina. These diagnostic signals add weight to the idea that the extant A. insularis, or a direct ancestor of it, is the most closely related progenitor of hexaploid oats. The similarity of the chromosome hybridization patterns of the hexaploids and CCDD tetraploids was taken as being indicative of homology. A common chromosome nomenclature for CCDD species based on that of the hexaploid species is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Fominaya
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Loarce
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. González
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Ferrer
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Cultivated hexaploid oat has three different sets of nuclear genomes (A, C, D), but its evolutionary history remains elusive. A multiplexed shotgun sequencing procedure was explored to acquire maternal phylogenetic signals from chloroplast and mitochondria genomes of 25 Avena species. Phylogenetic analyses of the acquired organelle SNP data revealed a new maternal pathway towards hexaploids of oat genome evolution involving three diploid species (A. ventricosa, A. canariensis and A. longiglumis) and two tetraploid species (A. insularis and A. agadiriana). Cultivated hexaploid A. sativa acquired its maternal genome from an AC genome tetraploid close to A. insularis. Both AC genome A. insularis and AB genome A. agadiriana obtained a maternal genome from an ancient A, not C, genome diploid close to A. longiglumis. Divergence dating showed the major divergences of C genome species 19.9–21.2 million years ago (Mya), of the oldest A genome A. canariensis 13–15 Mya, and of the clade with hexaploids 8.5–9.5 Mya. These findings not only advance our knowledge on oat genome evolution, but also have implications for oat germplasm conservation and utilization in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N, 0X2, Canada.
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Luo X, Tinker NA, Zhou Y, Wight CP, Liu J, Wan W, Chen L, Peng Y. Genomic relationships among sixteen species of Avena based on (ACT)6 trinucleotide repeat FISH. Genome 2018; 61:63-70. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2017-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the locations of repeat elements could be very important in the assembly of genome sequences and their assignment to physical chromosomes. Genomic and species relationships among 16 species were investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the Am1 and (ACT)6 probes. The Am1 oligonucleotide probe was particularly enriched in the C genomes, whereas the (ACT)6 trinucleotide repeat probe showed a diverse distribution of hybridization patterns in the A, AB, C, AC, and ACD genomes but might not be present in the B and D genomes. The hybridization pattern of Avena sativa was very similar to that of A. insularis, indicating that this species most likely originated from A. insularis as a tetraploid ancestor. Although the two FISH probes failed to identify relationships of more species, this proof-of-concept approach opens the way to the use of FISH probes in assigning other signature elements from genomic sequence to physical chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Luo
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District 611130, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nick A. Tinker
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, KW Neatby Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District 611130, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Charlene P. Wight
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, KW Neatby Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Juncheng Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District 611130, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenlin Wan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District 611130, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District 611130, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuanying Peng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District 611130, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
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Fominaya A, Loarce Y, Montes A, Ferrer E. Chromosomal distribution patterns of the (AC) 10 microsatellite and other repetitive sequences, and their use in chromosome rearrangement analysis of species of the genus Avena. Genome 2016; 60:216-227. [PMID: 28156137 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine the physical location of the (AC)10 microsatellite in metaphase chromosomes of six diploid species (AA or CC genomes), two tetraploid species (AACC genome), and five cultivars of two hexaploid species (AACCDD genome) of the genus Avena, a genus in which genomic relationships remain obscure. A preferential distribution of the (AC)10 microsatellite in the pericentromeric and interstitial regions was seen in both the A- and D-genome chromosomes, while in C-genome chromosomes the majority of signals were located in the pericentromeric heterochromatic regions. New large chromosome rearrangements were detected in two polyploid species: an intergenomic translocation involving chromosomes 17AL and 21DS in Avena sativa 'Araceli' and another involving chromosomes 4CL and 21DS in the analyzed cultivars of Avena byzantina. The latter 4CL-21DS intergenomic translocation differentiates clearly between A. sativa and A. byzantina. Searches for common hybridization patterns on the chromosomes of different species revealed chromosome 10A of Avena magna and 21D of hexaploid oats to be very similar in terms of the distribution of 45S and Am1 sequences. This suggests a common origin for these chromosomes and supports a CCDD rather than an AACC genomic designation for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Fominaya
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Loarce
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Montes
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Ferrer
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Yan H, Martin SL, Bekele WA, Latta RG, Diederichsen A, Peng Y, Tinker NA. Genome size variation in the genus Avena. Genome 2016; 59:209-20. [PMID: 26881940 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome size is an indicator of evolutionary distance and a metric for genome characterization. Here, we report accurate estimates of genome size in 99 accessions from 26 species of Avena. We demonstrate that the average genome size of C genome diploid species (2C = 10.26 pg) is 15% larger than that of A genome species (2C = 8.95 pg), and that this difference likely accounts for a progression of size among tetraploid species, where AB < AC < CC (average 2C = 16.76, 18.60, and 21.78 pg, respectively). All accessions from three hexaploid species with the ACD genome configuration had similar genome sizes (average 2C = 25.74 pg). Genome size was mostly consistent within species and in general agreement with current information about evolutionary distance among species. Results also suggest that most of the polyploid species in Avena have experienced genome downsizing in relation to their diploid progenitors. Genome size measurements could provide additional quality control for species identification in germplasm collections, especially in cases where diploid and polyploid species have similar morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Yan
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Bldg. 20, C.E.F., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.,b Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sara L Martin
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Bldg. 20, C.E.F., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Wubishet A Bekele
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Bldg. 20, C.E.F., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Robert G Latta
- c Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Axel Diederichsen
- d Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Plant Gene Resources of Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Yuanying Peng
- b Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicholas A Tinker
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Bldg. 20, C.E.F., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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Roa F, Guerra M. Non-Random Distribution of 5S rDNA Sites and Its Association with 45S rDNA in Plant Chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 146:243-9. [PMID: 26489031 DOI: 10.1159/000440930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
5S and 45S rDNA sites are the best mapped chromosome regions in eukaryotic chromosomes. In this work, a database was built gathering information about the position and number of 5S rDNA sites in 784 plant species, aiming to identify patterns of distribution along the chromosomes and its correlation with the position of 45S rDNA sites. Data revealed that in most karyotypes (54.5%, including polyploids) two 5S rDNA sites (a single pair) are present, with 58.7% of all sites occurring in the short arm, mainly in the proximal region. In karyotypes of angiosperms with only 1 pair of sites (single sites) they are mostly found in the proximal region (52.0%), whereas in karyotypes with multiple sites the location varies according to the average chromosome size. Karyotypes with multiple sites and small chromosomes (<3 µm) often display proximal sites, while medium-sized (between 3 and 6 µm) and large chromosomes (>6 µm) more commonly show terminal or interstitial sites. In species with holokinetic chromosomes, the modal value of sites per karyotype was also 2, but they were found mainly in a terminal position. Adjacent 5S and 45S rDNA sites were often found in the short arm, reflecting the preferential distribution of both sites in this arm. The high frequency of genera with at least 1 species with adjacent 5S and 45S sites reveals that this association appeared several times during angiosperm evolution, but it has been maintained only rarely as the dominant array in plant genera.
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Yan HH, Baum BR, Zhou PP, Zhao J, Wei YM, Ren CZ, Xiong FQ, Liu G, Zhong L, Zhao G, Peng YY. Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Avena based on chloroplast intergenic spacer psbA-trnH and single-copy nuclear gene Acc1. Genome 2015; 57:267-77. [PMID: 25188288 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2014-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two uncorrelated nucleotide sequences, chloroplast intergenic spacer psbA-trnH and acetyl CoA carboxylase gene (Acc1), were used to perform phylogenetic analyses in 75 accessions of the genus Avena, representing 13 diploids, seven tetraploid, and four hexaploids by maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Phylogenic analyses based on the chloroplast intergenic spacer psbA-trnH confirmed that the A genome diploid might be the maternal donor of species of the genus Avena. Two haplotypes of the Acc1 gene region were obtained from the AB genome tetraploids, indicating an allopolyploid origin for the tetraploid species. Among the AB genome species, both gene trees revealed differences between Avena agadiriana and the other species, suggesting that an AS genome diploid might be the A genome donor and the other genome diploid donor might be the Ac genome diploid Avena canariensis or the Ad genome diploid Avena damascena. Three haplotypes of the Acc1 gene have been detected among the ACD genome hexaploid species. The haplotype that seems to represent the D genome clustered with the tetraploid species Avena murphyi and Avena maroccana, which supported the CD genomic designation instead of AC for A. murphyi and A. maroccana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hai Yan
- a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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Yan H, Baum BR, Zhou P, Zhao J, Wei Y, Ren C, Xiong F, Liu G, Zhong L, Zhao G, Peng Y. Genetic diversity of seed storage proteins in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid Avena species. Isr J Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2014.949114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversities of 106 Avena accessions, including diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species, derived from different countries were characterized based on seed storage proteins polymorphism using SDS-PAGE. A total of 24 protein bands and 72 protein patterns were detected in all 106 accessions. The genetic similarity value varied from 0.50 to 1.00. The seed storage protein patterns were largely independent of environmental fluctuation. Accessions of the same species or with identical genome constitutions had the same or similar protein patterns. Relatively lower within-species variations were observed compared with among-species variations. The AACCDD genome hexaploid species and the AA genome diploid species were more divergent than other species, with percentages of polymorphic bands of 85.7% and 61.1% respectively. In the AA genome diploid species, the AsAs genome diploids displayed higher variations than the modified AA genome diploid species. Clustering results showed a close relationship between the hexaploid species and the AACC genome tetraploid species. The AABB genome tetraploid species were similar to the AsAs genome diploid species, with the exception of the species A. agadiriana with AABB genome constitution, which showed a close relationship with the AcAc genome diploid species A. canariensis and the polyploid species carrying the A and C genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Yan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University
| | - B. R. Baum
- Agricultural & Agri-Food Canada,Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre
| | - Pingping Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University
| | - Jun Zhao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University
| | - Yuming Wei
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University
| | | | | | - Gang Liu
- Liangshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Lin Zhong
- Liangshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Gang Zhao
- College of Biological Industry, Chengdu University
| | - Yuanying Peng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University
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Phylogenetic Relationships of Tetraploid AB-Genome Avena Species Evaluated by Means of Cytogenetic (C-Banding and FISH) and RAPD Analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/742307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetraploid oat species Avena abyssinica, A. vaviloviana, A. barbata, and A. agadiriana were studied using C-banding technique, in situ hybridization with the 45S and 5S rDNA probes, and RAPD analysis in comparison with the diploid species carrying different types of the A-genome (A. wiestii, As; A. longiglumis, Al; A. canariensis, Ac; A. damascena, Ad, A. prostrata, Ap). The investigation confirmed that all four tetraploids belong to the same AB-genome group; however A. agadiriana occupies distinct position among others. The C-banding, FISH, and RAPD analyses showed that Avena abyssinica, A. vaviloviana, and A. barbata are very similar; most probably they originated from a common tetraploid ancestor as a result of minor translocations and alterations of C-banding polymorphism system. AB-genome species are closely related with the A-genome diploids, and an As-genome species may be regarded as the most probable donor of their A-genome. Although their second diploid progenitor has not been identified, it seems unlikely that it belongs to the As-genome group. The exact diploid progenitors of A. agadiriana have not been determined; however our results suggest that at least one of them could be related to A. damascena.
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Badaeva ED, Shelukhina OY, Diederichsen A, Loskutov IG, Pukhalskiy VA. Comparative cytogenetic analysis of Avena macrostachya and diploid C-genome Avena species. Genome 2010; 53:125-37. [DOI: 10.1139/g09-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome set of Avena macrostachya Balansa ex Coss. et Durieu was analyzed using C-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S and 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA gene probes, and the results were compared with the C-genome diploid Avena L. species. The location of major nucleolar organizer regions and 5S rDNA sites on different chromosomes confirmed the affiliation of A. macrostachya with the C-genome group. However, the symmetric karyotype, the absence of “diffuse heterochromatin”, and the location of large C-band complexes in proximal chromosome regions pointed to an isolated position of A. macrostachya from other Avena species. Based on the distribution of rDNA loci on the C-genome chromosomes of diploid and polyploid Avena species, we propose a model of the chromosome alterations that occurred during the evolution of oat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D. Badaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Shelukhina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Axel Diederichsen
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor G. Loskutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vitaly A. Pukhalskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Shelukhina OY, Badaeva ED, Brezhneva TA, Loskutov IG, Pukhalsky VA. Comparative analysis of diploid species of Avena L. Using cytogenetic and biochemical markers: Avena pilosa M. B. and A. clauda Dur. RUSS J GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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