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The genotoxicity of an organic solvent mixture: A human biomonitoring study and translation of a real-scenario exposure to in vitro. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104726. [PMID: 32659246 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate occupational exposure to a styrene and xylene mixture through environmental exposure assessment and identify the potential genotoxic effects through biological monitoring. Secondly, we also exposed human peripheral blood cells in vitro to both xylene and styrene either alone or in mixture at concentrations found in occupational settings in order to understand their mechanism of action. The results obtained by air monitoring were below the occupational exposure limits for both substances. All biomarkers of effect, except for nucleoplasmic bridges, had higher mean values in workers (N = 17) compared to the corresponding controls (N = 17). There were statistically significant associations between exposed individuals and the presence of nuclear buds and oxidative damage. As for in vitro results, there was no significant influence on primary DNA damage in blood cells as evaluated by the comet assay. On the contrary, we did observe a significant increase of micronuclei and nuclear buds, but not nucleoplasmic bridges upon in vitro exposure. Taken together, both styrene and xylene have the potential to induce genomic instability either alone or in combination, showing higher effects when combined. The obtained data suggested that thresholds for individual chemicals might be insufficient for ensuring the protection of human health.
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Vardavas AI, Stivaktakis PD, Tzatzarakis MN, Fragkiadaki P, Vasilaki F, Tzardi M, Datseri G, Tsiaoussis J, Alegakis AK, Tsitsimpikou C, Rakitskii VN, Carvalho F, Tsatsakis AM. Long-term exposure to cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide cause liver and kidney inflammation and induce genotoxicity in New Zealand white male rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:250-9. [PMID: 27321377 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CY) is a frequently used class II pyrethroid pesticide, while piperonyl butoxide (PBO) plays a major role in the pesticide formulation of synthetic pyrethroids. Synthetic pyrethroids are metabolized in mammals via oxidation and ester hydrolysis. PBO can prevent the metabolism of CY and enhances its pesticide effect. While this potentiation effect reduces the amount of pesticide required to eliminate insects, it is not clear how this mixture affects mammals. In our in vivo experiment, New Zealand white male rabbits were exposed to low and high doses of CY, PBO, and their combinations, for 4 months. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were monitored by measuring binucleated cells with micronuclei (BNMN), micronuclei (MN) and the cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI) in lymphocytes. After two months of exposure, a statistically significant increase in the frequency of BNMN was observed for all exposed animals (p < 0.001) in a dose-dependent way. MN were significantly elevated compared to controls (p < 0.001), with high dose groups reaching a 442% increase when co-exposed. BNMN and MN continued to increase after four months. Histopathological examination of lesions showed damage involving inflammation, attaining lymphoplasmatocytic infiltration in the high dose groups. Both CY and PBO cause liver and kidney inflammation and induce genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Polychronis D Stivaktakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fotini Vasilaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Voutes-Stavrakia, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Galateia Datseri
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Voutes-Stavrakia, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Tsitsimpikou
- General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Department of Hazardous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, 16 An. Tsocha Str, 1152 Athens, Greece
| | - Valerii N Rakitskii
- Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, F.F. Erisman, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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