Voltammetric Pathways for the Analysis of Ophthalmic Drugs

Background:

This review investigates the ophthalmic drugs that have been studied with voltammetry in the web of science database in the last 10 years.

Introduction:

Ophthalmic drugs are used in the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of various ophthalmological diseases and conditions. A significant literature has emerged in recent years that investigates determination of these active compounds via electroanalytical methods, particularly voltammetry. Low cost, rapid determination, high availability, efficient sensitivity and simple application make voltammetry one of the most used methods for determining various kinds of drugs including ophthalmic ones.

Methods:

In this particular review, we searched the literature via the web of science database for ophthalmic drugs which are investigated with voltammetric techniques using the keywords of voltammetry, electrochemistry, determination and electroanalytical methods.

Results:

We found 33 types of pharmaceuticals in nearly 140 articles. We grouped them clinically into seven major groups as antibiotics, antivirals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-glaucomatous drugs, steroidal drugs, local anesthetics and miscellaneous. Voltammetric techniques, electrodes, optimum pHs, peak potentials, limit of detection values, limit of quantification values, linearity ranges, sample type and interference effects were compared.

Conclusion:

Ophthalmic drugs are widely used in the clinic and it is important to determine trace amounts of these species analytically. Voltammetry is a preferred method for its ease of use, high sensitivity, low cost, and high availability for the determination of ophthalmic drugs as well as many other medical drugs. The low limits of detection values indicate that voltammetry is quite sufficient for determining ophthalmic drugs in many media such as human serum, urine and ophthalmic eye drops.

Voltammetric Techniques for the Analysis of Drugs using Nanomaterials based Chemically Modified Electrodes

Background:

Electroanalytical techniques play a very important role in the areas of medicinal, clinical as well as pharmaceutical research. Amongst these techniques, the voltammetric methods for the determination of drugs using nanomaterials based chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) have received enormous attention in recent years. This is due to the sensitivity and selectivity they provide on qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the electroactive analyte under study. The aim of the present review was to discuss the work on nanomaterials based CMEs for the analysis of drugs covering the period from 2000 to present employing various voltammetric techniques for different classes of the drugs.

Methods:

The present review deals with the determination of different classes of drugs including analgesics, anthelmentic, anti-TB, cardiovascular, antipsychotics and anti-allergic, antibiotic and gastrointestinal drugs. Also, a special section is devoted for enantioanalysis of certain chiral drugs using voltammetry. The detailed information of the voltammetric determination for the drugs from each class employing various techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry, etc. are presented in tabular form below the description of each class in the review.

Results:

Various nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, quantum dots, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, polymer based nanocomposites have been used by researchers for the development of CMEs over a period of time. The large surface area to volume ratio, high conductivity, electrocatalytic activity and biocompatibility make them ideal modifiers where they produce synergistic effect which helps in trace level determination of pharmaceutical, biomedical and medicinal compounds. In addition, macrocyclic compounds as chiral selectors have been used for the determination of enantiomeric drugs where one of the isomers captured in the cavities of chiral selector shows stronger binding interaction for one of the enantiomorphs.

Conclusion:

arious kinds of functional nanocomposites have led to the manipulation of peak potential due to drug - nanoparticles interaction at the modified electrode surface. This has facilitated the simultaneous determination of drugs with almost similar peak potentials. Also, it leads to the enhancement in voltammetric response of the analytes. It is expected that such modified electrodes can be easily miniaturized and used as portable, wearable and user friendly devices. This will pave a way for in-vivo onsite real monitoring of single as well as multi component pharmaceutical compounds.

A simple preparation method of carbon dots by weak power bathroom lamp irradiation and their application for nimesulide detection and bioimaging

In this work, a novel strategy for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs) with a quantum yield of approximately 15.36% has been established by employing a bathroom lamp as a light source. Compared with other current protocols, the method described here displayed various advantages such as environmentally friendly manipulations and low power and cost. Subsequently, we applied the CDs as a fluorescence probe for the detection of nimesulide (Nim) firstly under the optimal conditions. A linear relationship between ln(F₀/F) and the concentration of Nim was obtained in the range from 0.5 μM to 75 μM with a detection limit of 100 nM. In addition, the as-prepared CDs showed excellent biocompatibility and were applied for cell imaging, which presented great potential applications in cell imaging.

This work reported the simple preparation method of carbon dots using weak power bathroom lamp irradiation, and explored their potential application in cell imaging and as a fluorescent sensor for the determination of nimesulide.