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Morawska K, Wardak C. Application of ionic liquids in ion-selective electrodes and reference electrodes: A review. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300818. [PMID: 38252078 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic chemical compounds that are composed only of ions, a large organic cation and a smaller inorganic or organic anion. These are salts whose melting point is lower than the boiling point of water. ILs have many interesting properties, thanks to which they find great practical applications in analytics, electrochemistry, separation techniques, catalysis and others. One of the many areas of application of ionic liquids is sensors especially electrochemical sensors including ion-selective electrodes. In this case, the properties of ILs that are particularly useful include very good electrical conductivity, high electrochemical stability, good extraction properties, hydrophobic character and compatibility with other materials, e. g. polyvinyl chloride plasticizers or carbon nanomaterials. ILs were used as components of ion-selective membranes, both polymeric ones based on PVC and membranes in carbon paste electrodes. ILs performed various functions in these membranes, including lipophilic ionic additive, ionophore/ion exchanger, plasticizer, transducer media and matrix. They were also used as a component of the intermediate layer in solid contact ISEs. The last chapter presents examples of the use of ILs in reference electrodes. This review discusses the use of ionic liquids in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and reference electrodes over the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Morawska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Cecylia Wardak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Li Z, Wang B, Zhang B, Cui G, Zhang F, Xu L, Jiao L, Pang L, Ma X. Synthesis, Characterization and Optoelectronic Property of Axial-Substituted Subphthalocyanines. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1001-1007. [PMID: 33042728 PMCID: PMC7538922 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel substituted subphthalocyanines have been prepared introducing m-hydroxybenzoic acid and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid into the axial position of bromo-subphthalocyanine. The compounds have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and single-crystal X-rays diffraction (XRD) methods. Their photophysical properties show that the axial substitution results into a relatively higher fluorescence quantum efficiency (ΦF=5.74 for m-hydroxybenzoic acid and 9.09 % for m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) in comparison with that of the prototype compound, despite the almost negligible influence on the maximum absorption or the emission position. Moreover, the electrochemical behaviors show that the axial-substituted subphthalocyanines also exhibit enhanced specific capacitances of 395 F/g (m-hydroxybenzoic acid) and 362 F/g (m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) compared with 342 F/g (the prototype) to the largest capacitance at the scan rate of 5 mV/s, and the significantly larger capacitance retentions of 83.6 % and 82.1 % versus 37.3 % upon density up to 3 A/g. These results show the potential of these axial-substituted subphthalocyanines in the use as organic photovoltaics and supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy, Shaanxi Research Center of Engineering Technology for Clean Coal Conversion, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Guoyi Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fenyan Zhang
- College of food science and technology, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Long Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Linyu Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lingyan Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiaoxun Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Chemical Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Use Technology of Shanbei Energy, Shaanxi Research Center of Engineering Technology for Clean Coal Conversion, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Pletnev IV, Smirnova SV, Shvedene NV. New Directions in Using Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry. 2: Electrochemical Methods. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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