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Drdanová AP, Krajčovičová TE, Gál M, Nemčeková K, Imreová Z, Ryba J, Naumowicz M, Homola T, Mackuľak T, Svitková V. Unveiling Versatile Applications and Toxicity Considerations of Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7634. [PMID: 39062877 PMCID: PMC11276815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-free, low-cost, organic photocatalytic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become a promising and impressive material in numerous scientific fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. As a semiconductor with a suitable band gap of ~2.7 eV, g-C3N4 is an active photocatalytic material even after irradiation with visible light. However, information regarding the toxicity of g-C3N4 is not extensively documented and there is not a comprehensive understanding of its potential adverse effects on human health or the environment. In this context, the term "toxicity" can be perceived in both a positive and a negative light, depending on whether it serves as a benefit or poses a potential risk. This review shows the applications of g-C3N4 in sensorics, electrochemistry, photocatalysis, and biomedical approaches while pointing out the potential risks of its toxicity, especially in human and environmental health. Finally, the future perspective of g-C3N4 research is addressed, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of this material to provide safe and effective applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paulína Drdanová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Timea Ema Krajčovičová
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Miroslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Katarína Nemčeková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Zuzana Imreová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jozef Ryba
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Polymer Processing, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Tomáš Homola
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Veronika Svitková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Fouad OA, Wahsh MMS, Mohamed GG, El Dessouky MMI, Mostafa MR. Modified carbon paste ion selective electrode for determining Cr(iii) ions in aqueous solutions and some real samples using tetragonal zirconia nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11201-11214. [PMID: 37056976 PMCID: PMC10086672 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01563g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) nanoparticles (ionophore) are used in newly designed and improved ion selective electrodes for chromium ion detection as an alternative, low-cost, high-precision, and selectivity method. Tetragonal zirconia nanoparticles were synthesized using a modified co-precipitation technique and calcined at 1000 °C for an hour. The phase composition, surface area, microstructure, pore size and particle size of synthesized t-ZrO2 nanoparticles were examined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attached with an EDAX unit, respectively. Results from XRD showed that the t-zirconia was synthesized and have nanocrystallites size about 20.2 nm. The nano size of t-ZrO2 was confirmed by the SEM and TEM (the particle size between 26.48 and 40.4 nm), the mesoporous character (average pore size about 4.868 nm) and large surface area (76.2802 m2 g-1) was confirmed by BET analysis. The paste composition with 67.3 : 30.5 : 2.7 (wt%) graphite, t-ZrO2, and TCP, respectively, exhibited the best results. With a detection limit of 1.0 × 10-8 mol L-1, the electrode displayed a good Nernstian slope of 19.50 ± 0.10 mV decade-1 over the concentration range from 1.0 × 10-2 to 1.0 × 10-8 mol L-1 of Cr(iii) ions. The built-in sensor displayed a quick response time (7 s), was highly thermally stable in the range of 10 to 60 °C without departing from Nernstian behaviour and could be used for about 60 days in the pH range of 2.0 to 6.0. The electrode demonstrated excellent selectivity for the Cr(iii) ion towards a variety of metal ions. For chromium ion determination, numerous spiked real samples, including honey, water, tea, coffee, milk, cheese, and cosmetics, were used. Validation methods were used, and the results showed that there is no significant difference between the two methods (ICP and ISE) at a 95% confidence level. In several real water samples, the estimated limits of detection, limits of quantification, percent recovery, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation showed the effectiveness of the proposed electrode in the potentiometric detection of Cr(iii) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Fouad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University 12613 Giza Egypt
| | - Mohamed M S Wahsh
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre 12622 Cairo Egypt
| | - Gehad G Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University 12613 Giza Egypt
- Nanoscience Department, Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology New Borg El Arab Alexandria 21934 Egypt
| | | | - Maysa R Mostafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University 12613 Giza Egypt
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Vazifekhoran PE, Hajiaghababaei L, Allahgholi Ghasri MR, Shahvelayati AS, Kalateh K. Chromium measurement in pharmaceutical samples: a comparative study of three new membrane electrodes with different electron-ion exchangers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1431-1440. [PMID: 36852623 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01601j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with synthesis of N-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamothioyl) benzamide. It was utilized as a neutral ionophore for designing three types of chromium(III) sensors including coated wire ion selective electrodes (CW-ISEs), ion selective electrodes with liquid internal electrolyte (LIE-ISEs), and solid-state ion selective electrodes (SS-ISEs). UV-visible spectrophotometry was used to confirm the affinity of N-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamothioyl) benzamide to chromium(III). It was found that a membrane with a composition of 2% NaTPB, 8% ionophore, 60% DBP, and 30% PVC showed the best performance and a Nernstian slope of 21.6 mV per decade. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the PVC membrane morphology. The existence of chromium(III) in the liquid membrane matrix was proved by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Detection limits for SS-ISE (1 × 10-6 M) and CW-ISE (1 × 10-6 M) were enhanced relative to LIE-ISE (1 × 10-5 M). All three electrodes showed a response time of about 5 s. The sensors' applicable pH range was 4.0-6.0. Fourier transform infrared spectra recorded through the electrode membrane showed that chromium(III) ion can interact with sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms of N-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamothioyl) benzamide. The sensors were utilized as indicator electrodes in chromium(III) potentiometric titration with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and for directly measuring chromium(III) in some pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Ebadi Vazifekhoran
- Department of Chemistry, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Hajiaghababaei
- Department of Chemistry, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Ashraf Sadat Shahvelayati
- Department of Chemistry, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Kalateh
- Department of Chemistry, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Singh G, Saini A, Mohit, Pawan, Diksha, Sushma, Suman, Priyanka, Satija P. Elucidating the sensing properties of thiophene amended organosilane for detection of chromium(III) ion and its potential activity against HIV-1 RT via computational approach. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Singh S, Kumar Naik TSS, Chauhan V, Shehata N, Kaur H, Dhanjal DS, Marcelino LA, Bhati S, Subramanian S, Singh J, Ramamurthy PC. Ecological effects, remediation, distribution, and sensing techniques of chromium. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135804. [PMID: 35932914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is detected in most ecosystems due to the increased anthropogenic activities in addition to that developed from natural pollution. Chromium contamination in the food chain results due to its persistent and non-degradable nature. The release of chromium in the ecosystem accretes and thereafter impacts different life forms, including humans, aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Leaching of chromium into the ground and surface water triggers several health ailments, such as dermatitis, eczematous skin, allergic reactions, mucous and skin membrane ulcerations, allergic asthmatic reactions, bronchial carcinoma and gastroenteritis. Physiological and biological treatments for the removal of chromium have been discussed in depth in the present communication. Adsorption and biological treatment methods are proven to be alternatives to chemical removal techniques in terms of cost-effectiveness and low sludge formation. Chromium sensing is an alternative approach for regular monitoring of chromium in different water bodies. This review intended to explore different classes of sensors for chromium monitoring. However, the spectrochemical methods are more sensitive in chromium ions sensing than electrochemical methods. Future study should focus on miniaturization for portability and on-site measurements without requiring a large instrument provides a good aspect for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - T S Sunil Kumar Naik
- Department of Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Vishakha Chauhan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Nabila Shehata
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Harry Kaur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Liliana Aguilar Marcelino
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinariaen Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Jiutepec, Morelos, C.P, 62550, Mexico
| | - Shipra Bhati
- Department of Chemistry, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560068, India
| | - S Subramanian
- Department of Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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A comparative study on selectivity and sensitivity of new chromium and copper electrodes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13400. [PMID: 35927324 PMCID: PMC9352785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Methylcoumarin-7-yloxy-N-phenyl acetamide and 4-methylcoumarin-7-yloxy-N-4-nitrophenyl acetamide were synthesized and used as new ionophores in the carbon paste matrix to produce two novel potentiometric modified electrodes. The selectivity of the electrode changed from copper (II) to chromium (III) with the addition of a nitro group to the phenyl ring of the ionophore. The ionophores’ tendency to ions was confirmed by UV–visible spectrophotometry. Both electrodes were modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an excellent modifier of carbon paste electrode (CPE). The best sensor response in the case of copper (II) selective CPE was obtained by 5% ionophore, 65% graphite powder, 5% MWCNT, and 25% paraffin oil. In addition, in the case of chromium (III) selective CPE, these conditions are 20% ionophore, 50% graphite powder, 5% MWCNT, and 25% paraffin oil. The copper (II) selective CPE showed a Nernstian slope of 32.15 mV/decade within the concentration range of 1.0 × 10–10–1.0 × 10–1 mol L−1, while chromium (III) selective CPE showed a Nernstian slope of 19.28 mV/decade over the concentration range of 1.0 × 10–10–7.0 × 10–3 mol L−1. The electrodes have short response time of less than 5 s and were used successfully to determine copper (II) in wastewater and to speciation of chromium (III) and chromium (VI).
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Sharif Manesh S, Masrournia M. Carbon nitride nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrodes as potentiometric sensors for determination of nickel(II) and chromium(III) ions in tap water samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Frag EY, Mohamed NM, Elashery SEA. Exploitation of o-benzoyl benzoic acid as an efficient electroactive material for selective determination of Cr (III) ions in pharmaceutical samples and industrial waste water using carbon sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338322. [PMID: 33736802 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, for the first time, o-benzoyl benzoic acid has been explored as a promising electroactive material for the fabrication of sensitive, precise and accurate carbon paste electrode (CPE) for selective detection of Cr (III) ion. o-benzoyl benzoic acid (o-BBA) as a sensing material and tricresylphosphate (TCP) as a solvent mediator improved the developed sensor performance to get the Nernstian cationic slope of 20.03 ± 0.11 mV decade-1 within the concentration range of 5.0 × 10-7-1.0 × 10-1 mol L-1. The sensor displayed a fast response time of 12 s reflecting a pH independency over the pH range of 3.1-4.7. Moreover, the reaction between the sensing material and Cr (III) ion on the developed sensor surface was elucidated using the microscopic technique such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) in addition to the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). The proposed sensor showed an adequate shelf lifetime (∼33 days). The values of potentiometric selectivity coefficient were obtained by fixed interference and separate solution methods affirming a high distinguishing power of the fabricated sensor toward Cr (III) ions over the other interfering ions. The established sensor could be utilized with a promising success for the Cr (III) ion estimation in the industrial waste water and in the pharmaceutical forms. Additionally, it has been employed as a promising indicator sensor with a superior performance for potentiometric titration of Cr (III) ion against EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Yossri Frag
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Str., 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Sally E A Elashery
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Str., 12613, Giza, Egypt.
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Hilali N, Mohammadi H, Amine A, Zine N, Errachid A. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Monitoring of Chromium. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185153. [PMID: 32917045 PMCID: PMC7570498 DOI: 10.3390/s20185153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of chromium by several industries conducts to the discharge of an immense quantity of its various forms in the environment which affects drastically the ecological and biological lives especially in the case of hexavalent chromium. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are useful devices for chromium determination. In the last five years, several sensors based on the modification of electrode surface by different nanomaterials (fluorine tin oxide, titanium dioxide, carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles and nanocomposite) and biosensors with different biorecognition elements (microbial fuel cell, bacteria, enzyme, DNA) were employed for chromium monitoring. Herein, recent advances related to the use of electrochemical approaches for measurement of trivalent and hexavalent chromium from 2015 to 2020 are reported. A discussion of both chromium species detections and speciation studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazha Hilali
- Laboratory of Process Engineering & Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia B.P.146, Morocco; (N.H.); (H.M.)
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, University of Claude Bernard Lyon-1, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Street of Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (N.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Hasna Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Process Engineering & Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia B.P.146, Morocco; (N.H.); (H.M.)
| | - Aziz Amine
- Laboratory of Process Engineering & Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia B.P.146, Morocco; (N.H.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +212-661454198
| | - Nadia Zine
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, University of Claude Bernard Lyon-1, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Street of Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (N.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, University of Claude Bernard Lyon-1, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Street of Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (N.Z.); (A.E.)
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Isildak Ö, Özbek O, Gürdere MB. Development of Chromium(III)-selective Potentiometric Sensor by Using Synthesized Pyrazole Derivative as an Ionophore in PVC Matrix and its Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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