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García-Gómez E, Insa S, Gros M, Petrović M. Rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in scrubber water using HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS. MethodsX 2024; 12:102589. [PMID: 38322135 PMCID: PMC10844971 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Scrubber water, a waste stream generated by ships exhaust gas cleaning systems, may pose a threat when released into the marine environment due to potential contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkyl derivatives (alkyl-PAHs). This study aims to develop a reliable analytical procedure combining headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to simultaneously separate and determine target compounds in aqueous samples. Method validation demonstrated good linearity up to 200 ng L-1 (r2> 0.996) and low limits of detection (0.33 to 1.67 ng L-1, except for naphthalene at 3.3 ng L-1). The method shows good precision (RSD<20%) and satisfactory analytical recoveries. The methodology was successfully applied to scrubber water samples collected from a container ship and the results highlight the prevalence of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and their alkyl derivatives.•Rapid and reproducible HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS method for the analysis of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in scrubber water.•The capacity of SPME to analyze both filtered and unfiltered samples was assessed, showing that the more hydrophobic PAHs may be lost during filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa García-Gómez
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang D, Qu S, Wang M, Liu Y, Xu C, Kan H, Wang Y, Dong K. Application of a three dimensional polyethyleneimine functionalized graphene oxide aerogel as an adsorbent for the determination of phytohormones in ginseng. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5630-5638. [PMID: 37853757 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01368e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels have attracted considerable attention in sample pretreatment for their outstanding properties, such as the unique porous structure, large surface area and abundant modifiable active sites. The present research reports a three-dimensional interconnected porous network aerogel (PEI-AGO) manufactured based on graphene oxide (GO), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and agar as basic materials through a vacuum freeze-drying treatment. The PEI-AGO aerogel exhibits great potential as a solid phase extraction adsorbent for the selective purification of six endogenous plant hormones in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Several factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized extraction conditions, a wide linear range of 0.5-100 ng mL-1 with a good linearity (r > 0.9934) was observed. Low limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were obtained in the range of 0.032-0.155 ng mL-1 and 0.107-0.518 ng mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the relative recoveries for spiked ginseng samples exhibited remarkable consistency, ranging from 90.2% to 117.6%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤9.4% (n = 3). In summary, PEI-AGO has proven to be an effective adsorbent for the pretreatment and enrichment of phytohormones which can be used for the determination of trace endogenous acidic plant hormones in ginseng leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Shuai Qu
- Jilin Institute of Biology, 1244 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Yuhan Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Hong Kan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Yingping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Kai Dong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
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Kariyawasam T, Doran GS, Howitt JA, Prenzler PD. Optimization and Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, and Eucalyptus Oil-Assisted Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soil and Sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:982-994. [PMID: 36848310 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic compounds of major concern that mainly accumulate in soils and sediments, and their extraction from environmental matrices remains a crucial step when determining the extent of contamination in soils and sediments. The objective of the present study was to compare the extraction of PAHs (phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene) from spiked soil and sediment using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with ethanol as the modifier, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and eucalyptus oil-assisted extraction (EuAE). Recoveries of PAHs were comparable between the three methods, and >80% of applied pyrene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene were recovered. The most efficient method of extracting PAHs from naturally incurred soils with different levels of contamination was SFE. A longer extraction time was required for the EuAE method compared with SFE and MAE under optimized conditions. However, EuAE required lower extraction temperatures (15-20 °C) compared with SFE (80 °C) and MAE (110-120 °C), and consumed less solvent than SFE and MAE. Compared with hexane/acetone used in MAE, the use of ethanol in SFE and eucalyptus oil in EuAE can be considered as more sustainable approaches to efficiently extract PAHs from spiked/naturally contaminated soils and sediments. And, although less efficient for matrices containing higher carbon content, EuAE offered a cheap, low-tech approach to extracting PAHs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:982-994. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiloka Kariyawasam
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory S Doran
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia A Howitt
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul D Prenzler
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Simultaneous Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Determination of Different Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238586. [PMID: 36500677 PMCID: PMC9736002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants of water, and their determination at trace levels in the aquatic ecosystems is essential. In this work, an ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure was suggested utilizing a binary dispersive agent for recovery of different molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from waters. The detection was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and diode-array detection (HPLC-FD/PDA). The method was optimized for the extraction of analytes with respect to the mixture composition, ratios of components, ultrasonication time and centrifugation parameters. The analytical schemes for PAHs extraction from water samples using different ratios of extraction and dispersive solvents are reported. The mixture consisting of chloroform and methanol was applied for the extraction of PAHs containing two or three fused aromatic rings; the mixture of chloroform and acetonitrile is suitable for PAHs containing more than four aromatic rings. The mixture of chloroform:acetone + acetonitrile was applied in the universal scheme and allowed for the simultaneous extraction of 20 PAHs with different structures. The developed sample preparation schemes were combined with GC-MS and HPLC-FD/PDA, which allowed us to determine the analytes at low concentrations (from 0.0002 µg/L) with the recoveries exceeding 80% and relative standard deviations of about 8%. The developed methods for the determination of 20 PAHs were applied to the analysis of water samples from the Karasun Lake (Krasnodar), Azov Sea (Temryuk) and Black Sea (Sochi).
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Zedan HE, Mortada WI, Khalifa ME. Microextraction procedures for preconcentration of Fe (III) in water and food samples prior to colorimetric detection: a comparative study. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTwo extraction procedures, namely dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFOD), have been compared for the spectrophotometric determination of Fe (III). In both procedures, Fe (III) was extracted after complexation with gallic acid in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Tetrachloroethylene and 1-undecanol were used as extraction solvents in DLLME and DLLME-SFOD, respectively, while acetone was used as dispersing solvents. The effects of various experimental parameters (solution pH, the concentration of ligand and CTAB, as well as nature and amount of extraction and disperser solvents) on the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 50.0–650.0 and 8.0–800.0 μg L−1 and the detection limits were 15.0 and 5.0 μg L−1 for DLLME and DLLME-SFOD, respectively. The presence of NaCl, up to 1.0% (w/v) did not impact the extraction procedures. The analyte was good tolerated in the presence of most concomitant ions. The procedures were applied for the determination of Fe (III) in standard reference materials and real samples with good recoveries (95.5–99.0%) for DLLME-SFOD while poor recoveries (68.0–82.5%) were obtained when DLLME was applied. The analytical figures of the procedures were comparable with those listed in the literature and it could be concluded that DLLME-SFOD may be considered one of the best tools used for preconcentration of Fe (III), owing to its simplicity, time-saving and the possibility of using in conventional analytical laboratories.
Graphical abstract
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Zhou S, Zhang L, Guo C, Zhong Y, Luo X, Pan X, Yang Z, Tan L. Comparing liquid-liquid, solid-phase, and supported-liquid extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in serum samples and their application for human biomonitoring. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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