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Ayoub VR, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA, Ibrahem IT, Motaleb MA, Geneidi AS. Novel radioiodinated desvenlafaxine-loaded lipid nanocapsule for brain delivery. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300618. [PMID: 38161231 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are lipid nanocarriers developed for drug delivery enhancement. The antidepressant drug desvenlafaxine (DSV) was entrapped in LNC to improve its brain delivery. Different DSV-loaded LNCs formulae using different oils and surfactants were studied to obtain the optimum formula for further studies. In vivo biodistribution studies were done using Swiss albino mice by intravenous injection of DSV-loaded LNCs by radioiodination technique. The optimum DSV-loaded LNC formula was obtained by using Labrafil® M1944CS as the oil and Solutol® HS15 as the surfactant in the ratio of 1:1, with a particle size of 34.28 ± 0.41 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.032 ± 0.05, a zeta potential of -25.77 ± 1.41, and good stability for up to 6 months. The in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics data ensure the bioavailability improvement for DSV brain delivery as Cmax and AUC(1-t) increased more than double for intravenously DSV-loaded LNCs compared with the DSV solution. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study give an insight into the great potential of using DSV-loaded LNC for the enhancement of brain delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronia R Ayoub
- Department of Labelled Compounds, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M A Abdel-Mottaleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ismail T Ibrahem
- Department of Labelled Compounds, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Motaleb
- Department of Labelled Compounds, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Geneidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mansour B, Salem YA, Attallah KM, El-kawy OA, Ibrahim IT, Abdel-Aziz NI. Cyanopyridinone- and Cyanopyridine-Based Cancer Cell Pim-1 Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Radiolabeling, Biodistribution, and Molecular Modeling Simulation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19351-19366. [PMID: 37305261 PMCID: PMC10249106 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two new series of 3-cyanopyridinones (3a-e) and 3-cyanopyridines (4a-e) were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity and Pim-1 kinase inhibitory activity adopting 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and in vitro Pim-1 kinase inhibition assay, respectively. Most of the tested compounds revealed promising cytotoxicity against HepG-2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and PC-3 cell lines. Among them, compounds 4c and 4d showed more potent cytotoxicity against the HePG2 cell line with IC50 = 8.02 ± 0.38 and 6.95 ± 0.34 μM, respectively, than that of the reference 5-FU (IC50 = 9.42 ± 0.46 μM). Moreover, compound 4c was more potent against HCT-116 (IC50 = 7.15 ± 0.35 μM) than 5-FU (IC50 = 8.01 ± 0.39 μM), while compound 4d with IC50 = 8.35 ± 0.42 μM displayed comparable activity to that of the reference drug. Furthermore, high cytotoxic activity was manifested by compounds 4c and 4d against MCF-7 and PC3 cell lines. Our results have also indicated that compounds 4b, 4c, and 4d elicited remarkable inhibition of Pim-1 kinase; 4b and 4c showed equipotent inhibitory activity to that of the reference quercetagetin. Meanwhile, 4d displayed IC50 = 0.46 ± 0.02 μM, showed the best inhibitory activity among the tested compounds, and was more potent than quercetagetin (IC50 = 0.56 ± 0.03 μM). For optimization of the results, docking study of the most potent compounds 4c and 4d in the Pim-1 kinase active site was carried out and compared with both quercetagetin and the reported Pim-1 inhibitor A (VRV), and the results were consistent with those of the biological study. Consequently, compounds 4c and 4d are worthy of further investigations toward the discovery of Pim-1 kinase inhibitors as drug candidates for cancer therapy. Compound 4b was successfully radiolabeled with radioiodine-131, and its biodistribution in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice showed more observable uptake in tumor sites, and hence, it can be introduced as a new radiolabeled agent for tumor imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem Mansour
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Yomna A. Salem
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University − Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Attallah
- Labeled
Compound Department, Hot Lab Center, Egyptian
Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - O. A. El-kawy
- Labeled
Compound Department, Hot Lab Center, Egyptian
Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - Ismail T. Ibrahim
- Labeled
Compound Department, Hot Lab Center, Egyptian
Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - Naglaa I. Abdel-Aziz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Dakahlia, Egypt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Mahmoud AF, Aboumanei MH, Abd-Allah WH, Swidan MM, Sakr TM. New frontier radioiodinated probe based on in silico resveratrol repositioning for microtubules dynamic targeting. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:281-291. [PMID: 35549606 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2078001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the 'de novo' drug discovery faces a highly attrition rates, drug repositioning procures a heighten concern in identifying novel uses for existing medications. This study aimed to fabricate radioiodinated resveratrol as a potent microtubules interfering agent for cancer theragnosis. METHODS Resveratrol was radiolabeled with radioactive iodine where the radioiodination efficiency was enlightened and the computational approaches were employed to investigate the affinity and specificity with tubulins. Furthermore, the in-vivo distribution and pharmacokinetic studies in normal and tumor induced mice were investigated. RESULTS The maximum radioiodination yield (94.6 ± 1.66) was achieved at optimum preparation parameters stated as 100 μg/mL of oxidizing agent, 100 μg/ml of resveratrol, reaction time of 30 min and reaction pH 5. The in silico studies showed that di-iodinated resveratrol (compound 6) exhibited the best binding score (-34.46) and interaction with the β-tubulin binding site. The in vivo distribution in tumor models revealed a significant accumulation (4.02% ID/g) in tumor lesion at 60 min p.i. The rate of drug elimination demonstrated a mono-exponential decline of radioactivity versus time in the blood. CONCLUSION Radioiodinated resveratrol revealed good microtubules targeting which render it as a novel theranostic probe for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashgan F Mahmoud
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Aboumanei
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Hamada Abd-Allah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Science and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Swidan
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.,Radioisotopes Production Facility, Second Egyptian Research Reactor Complex, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Sakr
- Radioisotopes Production Facility, Second Egyptian Research Reactor Complex, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.,Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Future Prospective of Radiopharmaceuticals from Natural Compounds Using Iodine Radioisotopes as Theranostic Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228009. [PMID: 36432107 PMCID: PMC9694974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds provide precursors with various pharmacological activities and play an important role in discovering new chemical entities, including radiopharmaceuticals. In the development of new radiopharmaceuticals, iodine radioisotopes are widely used and interact with complex compounds including natural products. However, the development of radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds with iodine radioisotopes has not been widely explored. This review summarizes the development of radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds using iodine radioisotopes in the last 10 years, as well as discusses the challenges and strategies to improve future discovery of radiopharmaceuticals from natural resources. Literature research was conducted via PubMed, from which 32 research articles related to the development of natural compounds labeled with iodine radioisotopes were reported. From the literature, the challenges in developing radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds were the purity and biodistribution. Despite the challenges, the development of radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds is a golden opportunity for nuclear medicine advancement.
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Petrov SA, Yusubov MS, Beloglazkina EK, Nenajdenko VG. Synthesis of Radioiodinated Compounds. Classical Approaches and Achievements of Recent Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13789. [PMID: 36430267 PMCID: PMC9698107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review demonstrates the progress in the synthesis of radioiodinated compounds over the past decade. The possibilities and limitations of radiopharmaceuticals with different iodine isotopes, as well as the synthesis of low and high molecular weight compounds containing radioiodine, are discussed. An analysis of synthesis strategies, substrate frameworks, isolation methods, and metabolic stability, and the possibility of industrial production of radioiodinated organic derivatives which can find applications in the synthesis of drugs and diagnostics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, The Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena K. Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine G. Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Kabil MF, Nasr M, Ibrahim IT, Hassan YA, El-Sherbiny IM. New repurposed rolapitant in nanovesicular systems for lung cancer treatment: Development, in-vitro assessment and in-vivo biodistribution study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 171:106119. [PMID: 34998905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is characterized by poor prognosis, and is considered a serious disease that causes a significant mortality. The available conventional chemotherapeutic agents suffer from several limitations; hence, new drug molecules are constantly being sought. In the current study, lipid nanovesicles (LNVs) were selected as a colloidal vehicle for encapsulation of the FDA-approved drug; rolapitant (RP), which is used particularly for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, but is repurposed for the treatment of lung cancer in the current work. RP was loaded into various LNVs (liposomes, ethosomes and transethosomes) using the thin film hydration method, and the LNVs were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE%), storage stability and surface morphology. Besides, the in-vitro drug release, in-vitro cytotoxicity on A549 lung cancer cells, nebulization performance using next generation impactor (NGI), and the in-vivo biodistribution behaviour were evaluated. The selected ethosomal and transethosomal vesicles displayed a particle size less than 400 nm, a positive charge, and EE% exceeding 90% for RP, with a sustained release pattern over 15 days. The in-vivo biodistribution results proved the high lung deposition potential of RP-LNVs with a considerable safety. Besides, the developed RP-LNVs were able to reach the metastatic organs of lung cancer, hence they were proven promising as a possible treatment modality for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fawzi Kabil
- Nanomedicine Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ismail T Ibrahim
- Labeled compound department, Hot lab. Center, Atomic energy authority, Inshas, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt.
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Chloramine-T (N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium salt), a versatile reagent in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry: An up to date review. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Zheng L, Tang S, Tang R, Xu M, Jiang X, Wang L. Dose Adjustment of Quetiapine and Aripiprazole for Pregnant Women Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 60:623-635. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Moustapha ME. Radioiodination of Atorvastatin as a Model Radiopharmaceutical for Targeting Liver. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362220040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Moustapha ME, Geesi MH, Farag ZR, Anouar EH. Electrophilic Aromatic Synthesis of Radioiodinated Aripiprazole: Experimental and DFT Investigations. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:295-303. [PMID: 32271696 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200409145824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aripiprazole is a quinolinone derivative. It shows a high affinity for neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin receptors, which can overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the central nervous system (CNS) to exert therapeutic effects. Its radioiodination may lead to high radiochemical yield and improved its affinity. Aripiprazole radioiodination is an aromatic electrophilic substitution. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigate the favorable atom site of the aromatic electrophilic substitution of aripiprazole by calculating the Fukui indices of heavy atoms and ESP charges of the parent molecule. METHODS The calculations have been carried out at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory. The iodinated aripiprazole structure is confirmed by comparing the experimental and the predicted 1H NMR chemical shifts of the parent molecule and its iodinated forms. RESULTS Finally, the electronic properties of aripiprazole and its iodinated form were calculated at the same level of theory. Nucleophilic Fukui indices and ESP charges calculations confirm that C8 is the most favorable site of the electrophilic substitution. The calculated electronic properties (e.g, gap energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity) of aripiprazole and its iodinated form reveal the higher reactivity of iodinated aripiprazole compared with aripiprazole. CONCLUSION This may explain the higher affinity of iodinated aripiprazole and the increase of its radiochemical yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha E Moustapha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Geesi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab R Farag
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - El Hassane Anouar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Proposal for an ecofriendly and economic strategy for efficient radioiodination of coumarin derivatives. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 151:265-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Al-Salahi R, Moustapha ME, Abuelizz HA, Alharthi AI, Alburikan KA, Ibrahim IT, Marzouk M, Motaleb MA. Radioiodination and biodistribution of newly synthesized 3-benzyl-2-([3-methoxybenzyl]thio)benzo[ g]quinazolin-4-(3 H)-one in tumor bearing mice. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:1120-1126. [PMID: 30532632 PMCID: PMC6260473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Benzyl-2-((3-methoxybenzyl)thio)benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one was previously synthesized and proved by physicochemical analyses (HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR). The target compound was examined for its radioactivity and the results showed that benzo[g]quinazoline was successfully labeled with radioactive iodine using NBS via an electrophilic substitution reaction. The reaction parameters that affected the labeling yield such as concentration, pH and time were studied to optimize the labeling conditions. The radiochemical yield was 91.2 ± 1.22% and the in vitro studies showed that the target compound was stable for up to 24 h. The thyroid was among the other organs in which the uptake of 125I-benzoquinazoline has increased significantly over the time up to 4.1%. The tumor uptake was 6.95%. Radiochemical and metabolic stability of the benzoquinazoline in vivo/in vitro and biodistribution studies provide some insights about the requirements for developing more potent radiopharmaceutical for targeting the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustapha E. Moustapha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I. Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Alburikan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail T. Ibrahim
- Labeled Compound Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry of Natural Products Group, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Motaleb
- Labeled Compound Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Critical analysis of radioiodination techniques for micro and macro organic molecules. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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15
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of technetium-sarafloxacin complex for infection imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Preparation and biological evaluation of radioiodinated risperidone and lamotrigine as models for brain imaging agents. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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