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Levdansky AV, Vasilyeva NY, Malyar YN, Kondrasenko AA, Fetisova OY, Kazachenko AS, Levdansky VA, Kuznetsov BN. An Efficient Method of Birch Ethanol Lignin Sulfation with a Sulfaic Acid-Urea Mixture. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196356. [PMID: 36234893 PMCID: PMC9571609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the process of birch ethanol lignin sulfation with a sulfamic acid-urea mixture in a 1,4-dioxane medium was optimized experimentally and numerically. The high yield of the sulfated ethanol lignin (more than 96%) and containing 7.1 and 7.9 wt % of sulfur was produced at process temperatures of 80 and 90 °C for 3 h. The sample with the highest sulfur content (8.1 wt %) was obtained at a temperature of 100 °C for 2 h. The structure and molecular weight distribution of the sulfated birch ethanol lignin was established by FTIR, 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The introduction of sulfate groups into the lignin structure was confirmed by FTIR by the appearance of absorption bands characteristic of the vibrations of sulfate group bonds. According to 2D NMR spectroscopy data, both the alcohol and phenolic hydroxyl groups of the ethanol lignin were subjected to sulfation. The sulfated birch ethanol lignin with a weight average molecular weight of 7.6 kDa and a polydispersity index of 1.81 was obtained under the optimum process conditions. Differences in the structure of the phenylpropane units of birch ethanol lignin (syringyl-type predominates) and abies ethanol lignin (guaiacyl-type predominates) was manifested in the fact that the sulfation of the former proceeds more completely at moderate temperatures than the latter. In contrast to sulfated abies ethanol lignin, the sulfated birch ethanol lignin had a bimodal and wider molecular weight distribution, as well as less thermal stability. The introduction of sulfate groups into ethanol lignin reduced its thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Levdansky
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Yu. Vasilyeva
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy N. Malyar
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.N.M.); (B.N.K.); Tel.: +7-908-2065-517 (Y.N.M.)
| | - Alexander A. Kondrasenko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Fetisova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandr S. Kazachenko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Levdansky
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Boris N. Kuznetsov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50/24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.N.M.); (B.N.K.); Tel.: +7-908-2065-517 (Y.N.M.)
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Kazachenko AS, Akman F, Vasilieva NY, Malyar YN, Fetisova OY, Lutoshkin MA, Berezhnaya YD, Miroshnikova AV, Issaoui N, Xiang Z. Sulfation of Wheat Straw Soda Lignin with Sulfamic Acid over Solid Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022. [DOI: doi.org/10.3390/polym14153000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soda lignin is a by-product of the soda process for producing cellulose from grassy raw materials. Since a method for the industrial processing of lignin of this type is still lacking, several research teams have been working on solving this problem. We first propose a modification of soda lignin with sulfamic acid over solid catalysts. As solid catalysts for lignin sulfation, modified carbon catalysts (with acid sites) and titanium and aluminum oxides have been used. In the elemental analysis, it is shown that the maximum sulfur content (16.5 wt%) was obtained with the Sibunit-4® catalyst oxidized at 400 °C. The incorporation of a sulfate group has been proven by the elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular weight distribution has been examined by gel permeation chromatography. It has been demonstrated that the solid catalysts used in the sulfation process causes hydrolysis reactions and reduces the molecular weight and polydispersity index. It has been established by the thermal analysis that sulfated lignin is thermally stabile at temperatures of up to 200 °C. According to the atomic force microscopy data, the surface of the investigated film consists of particles with an average size of 50 nm. The characteristics of the initial and sulfated β-O-4 lignin model compounds have been calculated and recorded using the density functional theory.
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Kazachenko AS, Akman F, Vasilieva NY, Malyar YN, Fetisova OY, Lutoshkin MA, Berezhnaya YD, Miroshnikova AV, Issaoui N, Xiang Z. Sulfation of Wheat Straw Soda Lignin with Sulfamic Acid over Solid Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153000. [PMID: 35893964 PMCID: PMC9331396 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Soda lignin is a by-product of the soda process for producing cellulose from grassy raw materials. Since a method for the industrial processing of lignin of this type is still lacking, several research teams have been working on solving this problem. We first propose a modification of soda lignin with sulfamic acid over solid catalysts. As solid catalysts for lignin sulfation, modified carbon catalysts (with acid sites) and titanium and aluminum oxides have been used. In the elemental analysis, it is shown that the maximum sulfur content (16.5 wt%) was obtained with the Sibunit-4® catalyst oxidized at 400 °C. The incorporation of a sulfate group has been proven by the elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular weight distribution has been examined by gel permeation chromatography. It has been demonstrated that the solid catalysts used in the sulfation process causes hydrolysis reactions and reduces the molecular weight and polydispersity index. It has been established by the thermal analysis that sulfated lignin is thermally stabile at temperatures of up to 200 °C. According to the atomic force microscopy data, the surface of the investigated film consists of particles with an average size of 50 nm. The characteristics of the initial and sulfated β-O-4 lignin model compounds have been calculated and recorded using the density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S. Kazachenko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.Y.V.); (Y.N.M.); (O.Y.F.); (M.A.L.); (Y.D.B.); (A.V.M.)
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Feride Akman
- Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, University of Bingöl, Bingöl 12000, Turkey;
| | - Natalya Yu. Vasilieva
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.Y.V.); (Y.N.M.); (O.Y.F.); (M.A.L.); (Y.D.B.); (A.V.M.)
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy N. Malyar
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.Y.V.); (Y.N.M.); (O.Y.F.); (M.A.L.); (Y.D.B.); (A.V.M.)
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Fetisova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.Y.V.); (Y.N.M.); (O.Y.F.); (M.A.L.); (Y.D.B.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Maxim A. Lutoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.Y.V.); (Y.N.M.); (O.Y.F.); (M.A.L.); (Y.D.B.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Yaroslava D. Berezhnaya
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.Y.V.); (Y.N.M.); (O.Y.F.); (M.A.L.); (Y.D.B.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Angelina V. Miroshnikova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.Y.V.); (Y.N.M.); (O.Y.F.); (M.A.L.); (Y.D.B.); (A.V.M.)
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, pr. Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Noureddine Issaoui
- Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics (LR18ES18), Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir 5079, Tunisia;
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
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