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Jing H, Magdaong NCM, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Investigation of a bacteriochlorin-containing pentad array for panchromatic light-harvesting and charge separation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1781-1798. [PMID: 36597966 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new pentad array designed to exhibit panchromatic absorption and charge separation has been synthesized and characterized. The array is composed of a triad panchromatic absorber (a bis(perylene-monoimide)-porphyrin) to which are appended an electron acceptor (perylene-diimide) and an electron donor/hole acceptor (bacteriochlorin) in a crossbar arrangement. The motivation for incorporation of the bacteriochlorin versus a free-base or zinc chlorin utilized in prior constructs was to facilitate hole transfer to this terminal unit and thereby achieve a higher yield of charge separation across the array. The intense S0 → S1 (Qy) band of the bacteriochlorin also enhances absorption in the near-infrared spectral region. Due to synthetic constraints, a phenylethyne linker was used to join the bacteriochlorin to the core porphyrin of the panchromatic triad rather than the diphenylethyne linker employed for the prior chlorin-containing pentads. Static and time-resolved photophysical studies reveal enhanced excited-state quenching for the pentad in benzonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide compared to the prior chlorin-containing analogues. Success was only partial, however, as a long-lived charge separated state was not observed despite the improved energetics for the final ground-state hole/electron-shift reaction. The apparent reason is more facile competing charge-recombination due to the shorter bacteriochlorin - porphyrin linker that increases electronic coupling for this process. The studies highlight design criteria for balancing panchromatic absorption and long-lived charge separation in molecular architectures for solar-energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
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2
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Vinoth Kumar V, Gayathri P, Sankar R, Arunamaheswari C, Prasath R. Investigation on the Role of Molecular Planarity and Conjugation Effects on Physicochemical Properties of Anthracene and Pyrene Appended meso-5,15-Bis(Thien-2-yl)-10,20-Diphenylporphyrin Triads. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Vinoth Kumar
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
| | - P. Gayathri
- Department of Chemistry, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai, India
| | - R. Sankar
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
| | - C. Arunamaheswari
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
- Department of Science and Humanities, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - R. Prasath
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
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3
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Liu R, Rong J, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Panchromatic Absorbers Tethered for Bioconjugation or Surface Attachment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196501. [PMID: 36235037 PMCID: PMC9573448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of two triads are reported. Each triad is composed of two perylene-monoimides linked to a porphyrin via an ethyne unit, which bridges the perylene 9-position and a porphyrin 5- or 15-position. Each triad also contains a single tether composed of an alkynoic acid or an isophthalate unit. Each triad provides panchromatic absorption (350–700 nm) with fluorescence emission in the near-infrared region (733 or 743 nm; fluorescence quantum yield ~0.2). The syntheses rely on the preparation of trans-AB-porphyrins bearing one site for tether attachment (A), an aryl group (B), and two open meso-positions. The AB-porphyrins were prepared by the condensation of a 1,9-diformyldipyrromethane and a dipyrromethane. The installation of the two perylene-monoimide groups was achieved upon the 5,15-dibromination of the porphyrin and the subsequent copper-free Sonogashira coupling, which was accomplished before or after the attachment of the tether. The syntheses provide relatively straightforward access to a panchromatic absorber for use in bioconjugation or surface-attachment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
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4
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Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Lee SH, Matula AJ, Hu G, Troiano JL, Karpovich CJ, Crabtree RH, Batista VS, Brudvig GW. Strongly Coupled Phenazine-Porphyrin Dyads: Light-Harvesting Molecular Assemblies with Broad Absorption Coverage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8000-8008. [PMID: 30698407 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of light-harvesting architectures with broad absorption coverage in the visible region continues to be an important research area in the field of artificial photosynthesis. Here, we introduce a new class of ethynyl-linked panchromatic dyads composed of dibenzophenazines coupled ortho and meta to tetrapyrroles with an anchoring group that can be grafted onto metal oxide surfaces. Quantum chemical calculations and photophysical measurements of the synthesized materials reveal that both of the dibenzophenazine dyads absorb broadly from 300 to 636 nm and exhibit absorption bands different from those of the constituent chromophore units. Moreover, the different points of attachment of dibenzophenazines to tetrapyrroles give different absorption profiles which computations suggest result from differences in the planarity of the two dyads. Applicability of the dyads in artificial photosynthesis systems was assessed by their incorporation and characterization of their performance in dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Adam J Matula
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Troiano
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Christopher J Karpovich
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, and Yale Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
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6
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Yuen JM, Diers JR, Alexy EJ, Roy A, Mandal AK, Kang HS, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Origin of Panchromaticity in Multichromophore-Tetrapyrrole Arrays. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7181-7201. [PMID: 30152691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Panchromatic absorbers that have robust photophysical properties enable new designs for molecular-based light-harvesting systems. Herein, we report experimental and theoretical studies of the spectral, redox, and excited-state properties of a series of perylene-monoimide-ethyne-porphyrin arrays wherein the number of perylene-monoimide units is stepped from one to four. In the arrays, a profound shift of absorption intensity from the strong violet-blue (B y and B x) bands of typical porphyrins into the green, red, and near-infrared (Q x and Q y) regions stems from mixing of chromophore and tetrapyrrole molecular orbitals (MOs), which gives multiplets of MOs having electron density spread over the entire array. This reduces the extensive mixing between porphyrin excited-state configurations and the transition-dipole addition and subtraction that normally leads to intense B and weak Q bands. Reduced configurational mixing derives from moderate effects of the ethyne and perylene on the MO energies and a more substantial effect of electron-density delocalization to reduce the configuration-interaction energy. Quantitative oscillator-strength analysis shows that porphyrin intensity is also shifted into the perylene-like green-region absorption and that the ethyne linkers lend absorption intensity. The reduced porphyrin configurational mixing also endows the S1 state with bacteriochlorin-like properties, including a 1-5 ns lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Yuen
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521-0403 , United States
| | - Eric J Alexy
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521-0403 , United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
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7
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Hu G, Kang HS, Mandal AK, Roy A, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of arrays containing porphyrin, chlorin, and perylene-imide constituents for panchromatic light-harvesting and charge separation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23854-23874. [PMID: 35540249 PMCID: PMC9081848 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving solar light harvesting followed by efficient charge separation and transport is an essential objective of molecular-based artificial photosynthesis. Architectures that afford strong absorption across the near-UV to near-infrared region, namely panchromatic absorptivity, are critically important given the broad spectral distribution of sunlight. A tetrapyrrole–perylene pentad array was synthesized and investigated as a means to integrate panchromatic light harvesting and intramolecular charge separation. The pentad consists of three moieties: (1) a panchromatically absorbing triad, in which a porphyrin is strongly coupled to two perylene-monoimides via ethyne linkages; (2) a perylene-diimide electron acceptor; and (3) a chlorin hole-trapping unit. Integrating the three components with diphenylethyne linkers generates moderate electronic coupling for intramolecular energy and hole/electron transfer. The construction of the array relies on a stepwise strategy for incorporating modular pigment building blocks. The key building blocks include a trans-A2BC porphyrin, a chlorin, a perylene-monoimide, and a perylene-diimide, each bearing appropriate (halo, ethynyl) synthetic handles for Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reactions. One target pentad, three tetrads, four triads, and four monomeric benchmark compounds were synthesized from six building blocks (three new, three reported) and 10 new synthetic intermediates. Four of the tetrapyrrole-containing arrays are zinc chelated, and four others are in the free base form. Absorption and fluorescence spectra and fluorescence quantum yields were also measured. Collectively, investigations of the arrays reveal insights into principles for the design of novel reaction centers integrated with a panchromatic antenna for artificial photosynthetic studies. Twelve arrays containing porphyrin, chlorin, and/or perylene-imide units were synthesized to investigate panchromatic absorption integrated with charge separation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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8
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Mandal AK, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Hu G, Liu R, Alexy EJ, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Tailoring Panchromatic Absorption and Excited-State Dynamics of Tetrapyrrole–Chromophore (Bodipy, Rylene) Arrays—Interplay of Orbital Mixing and Configuration Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17547-17564. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James R. Diers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | | | - Gongfang Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Rui Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eric J. Alexy
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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9
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Amanpour J, Hu G, Alexy EJ, Mandal AK, Kang HS, Yuen JM, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Tuning the Electronic Structure and Properties of Perylene-Porphyrin-Perylene Panchromatic Absorbers. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7434-50. [PMID: 27636001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light-harvesting architectures that afford strong absorption across the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared region, namely, panchromatic absorptivity, are potentially valuable for capturing the broad spectral distribution of sunlight. One previously reported triad consisting of two perylene monoimides strongly coupled to a free base porphyrin via ethyne linkers (FbT) shows panchromatic absorption together with a porphyrin-like S1 excited state albeit at lower energy than that of a typical monomeric porphyrin. Here, two new porphyrin-bis(perylene) triads have been prepared wherein the porphyrin bears two pentafluorophenyl substituents. The porphyrin is in the free base (FbT-F) or zinc chelate (ZnT-F) forms. The zinc chelate (ZnT) of the original triad bearing nonfluorinated aryl rings also was prepared. The triads were characterized using static and time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The results were analyzed with the aid of molecular-orbital characteristics obtained using density functional theory calculations. Of the four triads, FbT is the most panchromatic in affording the most even distribution of absorption spectral intensity as well as exhibiting the largest wavelength span (380-750 nm). The triads exhibit fluorescence yields (0.35 for FbT-F in toluene) that are substantially greater than for the porphyrin benchmarks (0.049 for FbP-F). The singlet excited-state lifetimes (τS) for the triads in toluene decrease in the order FbT-F (2.7 ns) > FbT (2.0 ns) > ZnT (1.2 ns) ∼ ZnT-F (1.1 ns). The τS values in benzonitrile are FbT (1.3 ns) > FbT-F (1.2 ns) > ZnT-F (0.6 ns) > ZnT (0.2 ns). Thus, the free base triads exhibit relatively long (1.2-2.7 ns) excited-state lifetimes in both polar and nonpolar media. The combined photophysical characteristics indicate that FbT and FbT-F are the best choices for panchromatic light-harvesting systems. Collectively, the findings afford insights into the effects of electronic structure on the panchromatic behavior of ethynyl-linked porphyrin-perylene architectures that can help guide next-generation designs and utilization of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Amanpour
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eric J Alexy
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan M Yuen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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10
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Hu G, Liu R, Alexy EJ, Mandal AK, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Panchromatic chromophore–tetrapyrrole light-harvesting arrays constructed from Bodipy, perylene, terrylene, porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin building blocks. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01782g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Five new chromophore–tetrapyrrole arrays bearing an ethynyl linker have been synthesized to explore the effects of chromophore nature and tetrapyrrole attachment site on panchromatic spectral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Eric J. Alexy
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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11
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Costa JIT, Oliveira E, Santos HM, Tomé AC, Neves MGPMS, Lodeiro C. Study of Multiporphyrin Compounds as Colorimetric Sitting-Atop Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Photophysical Studies. Chempluschem 2015; 81:143-153. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana I. T. Costa
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE group; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE; Chemistry Department; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University NOVA of Lisbon; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- Proteomass Scientific Society; Madan Parque; Rua dos Inventores 2825-182 Caparica Portugal
- Veterinary Science Department and CECAV; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; 5001-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Hugo M. Santos
- BIOSCOPE group; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE; Chemistry Department; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University NOVA of Lisbon; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- Proteomass Scientific Society; Madan Parque; Rua dos Inventores 2825-182 Caparica Portugal
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE group; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE; Chemistry Department; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University NOVA of Lisbon; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- Proteomass Scientific Society; Madan Parque; Rua dos Inventores 2825-182 Caparica Portugal
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12
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Yang E, Wang J, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Probing electronic communication for efficient light-harvesting functionality: dyads containing a common perylene and a porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1630-47. [PMID: 24484243 DOI: 10.1021/jp411629m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of three perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads were investigated to probe the efficacy of the arrays for use as light-harvesting constituents. Each dyad contains a common perylene-monoimide that is linked at the N-imide position via an arylethynyl group to the meso-position of the tetrapyrrole. The tetrapyrroles include a porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin, which have zero, one, and two reduced pyrrole rings, respectively. The increased pyrrole-ring reduction results in a progressive red shift and intensification of the lowest-energy absorption band, as exemplified by benchmark monomers. The arylethyne linkage affords moderate perylene-tetrapyrrole electronic coupling in the dyads as evidenced by the optical, molecular-orbital, and redox properties of the components of the dyads versus the constituent parts. All three dyads in nonpolar solvents exhibit relatively fast (subpicosecond) energy transfer from the perylene to the tetrapyrrole. Competing charge-transfer processes are also absent in nonpolar solvents, but become active for both the chlorin and bacteriochlorin-containing dyads in polar solvents. Calculations of energy-transfer rates via the Förster, through-space mechanism reveal that these rates are, on average, 3-fold slower than the observed rates. Thus, the Dexter through-bond mechanism contributes more substantially than the through-space mechanism to energy transfer in the dyads. The electronic communication between the perylene and tetrapyrrole falls in a regime intermediate between those operative in other classes of perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads that have previously been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, 63130-4889, United States
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13
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Fujimoto K, Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. Facile Preparation of β-Haloporphyrins as Useful Precursors of β-Substituted Porphyrins. Org Lett 2014; 16:972-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4037049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- ACT-C,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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14
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Wang J, Yang E, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Distinct Photophysical and Electronic Characteristics of Strongly Coupled Dyads Containing a Perylene Accessory Pigment and a Porphyrin, Chlorin, or Bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:9288-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
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15
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Xu HJ, Mack J, Wu D, Xue ZL, Descalzo AB, Rurack K, Kobayashi N, Shen Z. Synthesis and Properties of Fused-Ring-Expanded Porphyrins that were Core-Modified with Group 16 Heteroatoms. Chemistry 2012; 18:16844-67. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Hondros CJ, Aravindu K, Diers JR, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF. Effects of Linker Torsional Constraints on the Rate of Ground-State Hole Transfer in Porphyrin Dyads. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11076-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Hondros
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
92521-0403, United States
| | - Kunche Aravindu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
92521-0403, United States
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17
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Yang E, Kirmaier C, Krayer M, Taniguchi M, Kim HJ, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Photophysical properties and electronic structure of stable, tunable synthetic bacteriochlorins: extending the features of native photosynthetic pigments. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10801-16. [PMID: 21875047 DOI: 10.1021/jp205258s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins, which are tetrapyrrole macrocycles with two reduced pyrrole rings, are Nature's near-infrared (NIR) absorbers (700-900 nm). The strong absorption in the NIR region renders bacteriochlorins excellent candidates for a variety of applications including solar light harvesting, flow cytometry, molecular imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Natural bacteriochlorins are inherently unstable due to oxidative conversion to the chlorin (one reduced pyrrole ring) or the porphyrin. The natural pigments are also only modestly amenable to synthetic manipulation, owing to a nearly full complement of substituents on the macrocycle. Recently, a new synthetic methodology has afforded access to stable synthetic bacteriochlorins wherein a wide variety of substituents can be appended to the macrocycle at preselected locations. Herein, the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of 33 synthetic bacteriochlorins are investigated. The NIR absorption bands of the chromophores range from ∼700 to ∼820 nm; the lifetimes of the lowest excited singlet state range from ∼2 to ∼6 ns; the fluorescence quantum yields range from ∼0.05 to ∼0.25; and the yield of the lowest triplet excited state is ∼0.5. The spectroscopic/photophysical studies of the bacteriochlorins are accompanied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations that probe the characteristics of the frontier molecular orbitals. The DFT calculations indicate that the impact of substituents on the spectral properties of the molecules derives primarily from effects on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Collectively, the studies show how the palette of synthetic bacteriochlorins extends the properties of the native photosynthetic pigments (bacteriochlorophylls). The studies have also elucidated design principles for tuning the spectral and photophysical characteristics as required for a wide variety of photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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18
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Xu HJ, Mack J, Descalzo AB, Shen Z, Kobayashi N, You XZ, Rurack K. meso-Aryl Phenanthroporphyrins: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties. Chemistry 2011; 17:8965-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Langlois G, Aly SM, Gros CP, Barbe JM, Harvey PD. Rational synthetic design of well-defined Pt(bisethynyl)/Zn(porphyrin) oligomers for potential applications in photonics. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Nieves-Bernier EJ, Diers JR, Taniguchi M, Holten D, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Probing the rate of hole transfer in oxidized synthetic chlorin dyads via site-specific (13)C-labeling. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3193-202. [PMID: 20429592 DOI: 10.1021/jo100527h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding electronic communication among interacting constituents of multicomponent molecular architectures is important for rational design in diverse fields including artificial photosynthesis and molecular electronics. One strategy for examining ground-state hole/electron transfer in an oxidized tetrapyrrolic array relies on analysis of the hyperfine interactions observed in the EPR spectrum of the pi-cation radical. This strategy has been previously employed to probe the hole/electron-transfer process in oxidized multiporphyrin arrays of normal isotopic composition, wherein (1)H and (14)N serve as the hyperfine "clocks", and in arrays containing site-specific (13)C-labels, which serve as additional hyperfine clocks. Herein, the hyperfine-clock strategy is applied to dyads of dihydroporphyrins (chlorins). Chlorins are more closely related structurally to chlorophylls than are porphyrins. A de novo synthetic strategy has been employed to introduce a (13)C label at the 19-position of the chlorin macrocycle, which is a site of large electron/hole density and is accessible synthetically beginning with (13)C-nitromethane. The resulting singly (13)C-labeled chlorin was coupled with an unlabeled chlorin to give a dyad wherein a diphenylethyne linker spans the 10-positions of the two zinc chlorins. EPR studies of the monocations of both the natural abundance and (13)C-labeled zinc chlorin dyads and benchmark zinc chlorin monomers reveal that the time scale for hole/electron transfer is in the 4-7 ns range, which is 5-10-fold longer than that in analogous porphyrin arrays. The slower hole/electron transfer rate observed for the chlorin versus porphyrin dyads is attributed to the fact that the HOMO is a(1u)-like for the chlorins versus a(2u)-like for the porphyrins; the a(1u)-like orbital exhibits little (or no) electron/hole density at the site of linker attachment whereas the a(2u)-like orbital exhibits significant electron/hole density at this site. Collectively, the studies of the chlorin and porphyrin dyads provide insights into the structural features that influence the hole/electron-transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elías J Nieves-Bernier
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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21
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Diers JR, Taniguchi M, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF. Probing the Rate of Hole Transfer in Oxidized Porphyrin Dyads Using Thallium Hyperfine Clocks. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12121-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Diers
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Dewey Holten
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - David F. Bocian
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
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22
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Synthesis of oligo(p-phenylene)-linked dyads containing free base, zinc(II) or thallium(III) porphyrins for studies in artificial photosynthesis. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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